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        <title>BRUXELLES KORNER  COPYRIGHT 2015-2026</title>
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        <description>Bruxelles Korner Posta
Son Dakika Haberleri: Türkiye, Orta Asya ve Belçika’nın Fransızca, İngilizce ve Türkçe Haber Portalı
Les dernières actualités en direct de Turquie, d’Asie centrale et de Belgique,  votre portail d’information trilingue en français, anglais et turc.</description>
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                                <item>
                <title>ÖMÜR KISA, SEVGİ SONSUZ: BİR GÖNÜLDE GÜZEL İZ BIRAKABİLMEK</title>
                <category>UZM. ZUMULAİTİ  ABDUWAILİ</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/omur-kisa-sevgi-sonsuz-bir-gonulde-guzel-iz-birakabilmek-1353</link>
                <author>ZUMULA@bruxelleskorner.com (UZM. ZUMULAİTİ  ABDUWAILİ)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/omur-kisa-sevgi-sonsuz-bir-gonulde-guzel-iz-birakabilmek-1353</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[ÖMÜR KISA, SEVGİ SONSUZ: BİR GÖNÜLDE GÜZEL İZ BIRAKABİLMEK]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>ÖMÜR KISA, SEVGİ SONSUZ: BİR GÖNÜLDE GÜZEL İZ BIRAKABİLMEK</strong></span></p>

<p><em>Yazar: Zumulaiti ABDUWALI</em></p>

<h1>ÖMÜR KISA, SEVGİ SONSUZ: BİR GÖNÜLDE GÜZEL İZ BIRAKABİLMEK</h1>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Neden küçücük meseleleri büyütüyor, haklı çıkmak uğruna sevdiklerimizi kaybediyor, birkaç kelime yüzünden günlerce birbirimizle konuşmuyoruz? Neden bir insanın gözyaşına sebep olabiliyor, sonra da hiçbir şey olmamış gibi hayatımıza devam edebiliyoruz?</p>

<p>Oysa hepimiz aynı gerçeğin içindeyiz: Bu dünyaya misafir olarak geldik ve hiçbirimiz burada sonsuza kadar kalmayacağız.</p>

<p>Bir gün hepimizin sesi susacak. Bir gün soframızdaki yerimiz boş kalacak. Bir gün bizi seven insanlar fotoğraflarımıza bakıp iç çekecek. Belki de arkamızdan, "Keşke ona bir kez daha sarılsaydım, keşke kalbini kırmasaydım, keşke sevgimi daha çok gösterebilseydim." diyecekler.</p>

<p>İşte o gün, ne kadar zengin olduğumuzun, kaç kişiyi alt ettiğimizin, kaç tartışmayı kazandığımızın hiçbir önemi kalmayacak. Belki de geriye yalnızca bir insanın yüreğine dokunup dokunmadığımız, bir gönlü alıp almadığımız, bir acıyı hafifletip hafifletmediğimiz kalacak.</p>

<p>Çünkü insanın gerçek zenginliği, biriktirdiği mallar değil; kalplerde bıraktığı güzelliktir.</p>

<p>Gelin, birbirimizi kırmak yerine birbirimize sarılalım.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/f22004c6-b640-4346-81c9-59bbd51d0ca3.png" style="height:800px; width:533px" /></p>

<p>Birbirimizi yargılamak yerine anlamaya çalışalım. Bir insanın hatasını gördüğümüzde onu ezmek yerine elinden tutalım. Gururumuz yüzünden söyleyemediğimiz "Seni seviyorum" sözünü bugün söyleyelim. Özür dilememiz gerekiyorsa özür dileyelim. Affedebiliyorsak affedelim.</p>

<p>Çünkü bazen bir özür, yıllardır kapalı duran bir kapıyı açar; bazen bir tebessüm, bir insanı karanlığın içinden çıkarır.</p>

<p>Unutmayalım ki herkesin içinde görünmeyen bir mücadele var. Gülen bir yüzün ardında gözyaşları, suskun bir insanın içinde fırtınalar olabilir. Bu yüzden kimsenin yükünü ağırlaştırmayalım. Dünya zaten yeterince zor; hiç değilse birbirimizin yarasına tuz değil, merhem olalım.</p>

<p>Sevgi göstermek için özel bir gün beklemeyelim. Bir gönül almak için bayramı, birini aramak için kötü bir haberi, birine değer vermek için onu kaybetmeyi beklemeyelim.</p>

<p>Çünkü hayat, yalnızca aldıklarımızla değil, verdiklerimizle güzelleşir.</p>

<p>Birine verdiğimiz sevgi eksilmez. Paylaştığımız iyilik tükenmez. Bir insanın yüzünde oluşturduğumuz tebessüm, bazen kendi kalbimize dönen en güzel duadır.</p>

<p>Belki de bu dünyadaki en büyük başarı, herkesten üstün olmak değil; bir insanın hayatında iyilikle hatırlanan biri olabilmektir.</p>

<p>Öyleyse gelin, şu kısacık ömrümüzü kinle, nefretle, kıskançlıkla ve kırgınlıklarla tüketmeyelim. Her sabaha yeni bir başlangıç olarak bakalım. Sevdiklerimizin kıymetini onlar yanımızdayken bilelim. Birbirimize daha çok zaman ayıralım, daha çok dua edelim, daha çok sarılalım.</p>

<p>Zira zaman geçiyor... Ömür tükeniyor... Ve hiçbirimiz yarına çıkacağımızın garantisine sahip değiliz.</p>

<p>Belki de bugün, birinin hayatını güzelleştirmek için önümüzdeki son fırsattır.</p>

<p>Allah'ım, kalplerimizi sevgiyle doldur. Dilimizi kırıcı sözlerden, gönlümüzü kibirden, hayatımızı kin ve nefretten uzak tut. Bize birbirimizi incitmeden yaşamayı, hatalarımızı affetmeyi, sevdiklerimizin kıymetini zamanında bilmeyi nasip et. Ardımızda kırılmış kalpler değil, güzel hatıralar ve hayırla anılan bir isim bırakalım.</p>

<p>Ve unutmayalım:</p>

<p>Bu dünya hepimizin yalnızca kısa bir misafirliği ise, neden birbirimize cehennemi yaşatalım? Gelin, birbirimizin hayatında bir parça huzur, bir damla umut ve kocaman bir sevgi olalım.</p>

<p>Çünkü ömür kısa...</p>

<p>Zaman emanet...</p>

<p>Dünya geçici...</p>

<p>Ama bir gönülde bıraktığımız iyilik, belki de bu hayattan geriye kalan en güzel izdir.</p>

<p>Bugünü kırarak değil, sarılarak yaşayalım. Sevgiyi saklayarak değil, paylaşarak çoğaltalım. Çünkü bu hayat, almakla değil; sevgiyle vermekle güzeldir.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2026 01:30:07 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>Gazze’de Gözlerden Çalınan Şafak</title>
                <category>Ferda (Boz) Güneri</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gazzede-gozlerden-calinan-safak-1352</link>
                <author>FerdaGuneri@bruxelleskorner.com (Ferda (Boz) Güneri)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gazzede-gozlerden-calinan-safak-1352</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Gazze’de Gözlerden Çalınan Şafak]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><br />
<span style="font-size:20px"><strong>Gazze’de Gözlerden Çalınan Şafak</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bir sabah düşledim Gazze’deki çocuklara<br />
Güneş doğsun istedim korkusuz gözlerine<br />
Kuşlar konsun yeniden o kırılmış dallara<br />
Bebekler doysun yine anne ninnilerine&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Oysa şafak sökmeden karanlıkta kaldı gün<br />
Ve çocuklar oyunsuz ne bir toy ne bir düğün<br />
Duvarlar sustu birden, sokaklar öksüz kaldı<br />
Ve gökyüzü unuttu maviliğini bugün</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Hangi düş sığar şimdi küçücük mezarlara<br />
Hangi ninni ses olur her yanı sara sara<br />
Bir anne evladının kokusunu ararken<br />
Hangi söz tesellidir kalpteki yaralara</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Ben o çocuk gözlerde şafak söksün istedim<br />
Her gülüşe bir ömür bahar çöksün istedim<br />
Toprağa düşenlere kutlu yüce şehadet<br />
Kevser’den ırmak ırmak şerbet döksün istedim</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3d6fbd6e-e55a-45e1-9eed-1159dd6a2397.png" style="height:800px; width:667px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bir cebinde sapan, taş; bir cebinde oyuncak<br />
Düşünde okul yolu ve uçurtma uçurmak<br />
Ne bilsin ki çocuklar bu kirli savaşları<br />
Yine de hayalleri yeni bir dünya kurmak</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Acılar çocuklarda mahzun solgun gülüşler<br />
Hangi yürek dayanır, ah bu boyun büküşler<br />
Bir lokma ekmek için çırpınan yürekleri<br />
Neden kana bulanır, neden sahipsiz düşler</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Gazze gecelerinde yıldızlar parlar şimdi<br />
Her yıldız bir çocuk, boştur sokaklar şimdi<br />
Toprak örter bedeni, örtemez hakikati<br />
Hakikat ki koynunda sonsuzluk saklar şimdi</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Yığıldı çocukların gönlünde onca kırık<br />
Zulüm karanlığının sabahı olsun artık<br />
Çocukların gözleri şafakların muştusu<br />
Yok olsun bu bombalar yok olsun bu karanlık</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Elbet o güller açar yıkılmış bahçelerde<br />
Ve bülbüller özgürce öter özgür seherde<br />
Sönmüş ocaklar tüter, zulüm de elbet biter<br />
Çocuklar bayram eder yarınlarda her yerde</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2026 01:23:16 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>Brüksel’de tarihi siyasi karar: CHP Belçika Birliği, oybirliğiyle YENİ Parti çatısı altında yoluna devam ediyor</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/brukselde-tarihi-siyasi-karar-chp-belcika-birligi-oybirligiyle-yeni-parti-catisi-altinda-yoluna-devam-ediyor-1351</link>
                <author>duranskynetbe@hotmail.com (Kadir Duran)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/brukselde-tarihi-siyasi-karar-chp-belcika-birligi-oybirligiyle-yeni-parti-catisi-altinda-yoluna-devam-ediyor-1351</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Brüksel’de tarihi siyasi karar: CHP Belçika Birliği, oybirliğiyle YENİ Parti çatısı altında yoluna devam ediyor]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>BRUXELLES KORNER | SİYASET • AVRUPA • TÜRKİYE | 26 EKİM 2026</p>

<p><span style="font-size:36px"><strong>Brüksel’de tarihi siyasi karar: CHP Belçika Birliği, oybirliğiyle YENİ Parti çatısı altında yoluna devam ediyor</strong></span></p>

<p>Yaklaşık 200 üyenin katıldığı Olağanüstü Genel Kurul’da isim değişikliği kararı alındı, 28 maddelik yeni tüzük ele alındı ve Derya Bulduk başkanlığındaki yönetimin yeni dönemine onay verildi.</p>

<p>Haber ve analiz: Kadir Duran — Bruxelles Korner</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/865140430_2997130367301146_7174426459975428816_n.jpg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>BRÜKSEL, 26 Ekim 2026 — Belçika’daki Türk siyasi diasporasında önemli bir değişim yaşandı. Uzun yıllardır Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) Belçika Birliği adı altında faaliyetlerini sürdüren Union belge de Solidarité du CHP – CHP Belçika Birliği ASBL, 25 Ekim 2026 Pazar günü Brüksel’de gerçekleştirdiği Olağanüstü Genel Kurul toplantısında YENİ Parti çatısı altında yoluna devam etme kararı aldı.</p>

<p>Yaklaşık 200 üyenin katıldığı bildirilen toplantıda, derneğin yeni adı, kurumsal yapısı, faaliyet amaçları ve gelecekteki yönetim modeli ele alındı. Organizasyon tarafından aktarılan bilgilere göre, YENİ Parti’ye geçiş ve isim değişikliği oybirliğiyle kabul edildi.</p>

<p>Genel Kurul’da yeni tüzük tanıtılırken Derya Bulduk başkanlığındaki yönetimin devamına da onay verildiği belirtildi.</p>

<p>Toplantı, Türkiye’de yaşanan siyasi yeniden yapılanmanın Avrupa’daki Türk toplumuna doğrudan yansıması bakımından dikkat çekti. Yerel basın da 25 Ekim’deki isim değişikliği kararını haberleştirdi.</p>

<p>Türkiye’de başlayan siyasi değişim Brüksel’e uzandı</p>

<p>24 Temmuz 2026 tarihinde Özgür Özel öncülüğünde YENİ Parti’nin kurulması, Türk siyasetinde yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı oldu.</p>

<p>CHP’de yaşanan kurultay ve yargı süreçleri sonrasında Özgür Özel ve kendisiyle birlikte hareket eden 91 milletvekili partiden ayrılarak YENİ Parti’nin kuruluş sürecinde yer aldı. Özgür Özel, yeni siyasi oluşumun genel başkanlığına seçildi.</p>

<p>Türkiye’deki bu siyasi ayrışma, Avrupa’daki parti bağlantılı derneklerde de yeni bir yön belirleme ihtiyacı doğurdu.</p>

<p>Belçika’da faaliyet gösteren CHP Belçika Birliği, 10 Ekim’de yayımladığı genel kurul çağrısında, YENİ Parti’den alınan yetki belgesi doğrultusunda geleceğini üyelerinin ortak iradesiyle belirleyeceğini duyurmuştu.</p>

<p>25 Ekim’de gerçekleştirilen Olağanüstü Genel Kurul, bu karar sürecinin son aşamasını oluşturdu.</p>

<p>Yaklaşık 200 üye aynı salonda: Karar üyelerin iradesine bırakıldı</p>

<p>Brüksel’in Schaerbeek belediyesi sınırları içerisindeki Avenue Rogier 29 adresinde düzenlenen toplantıya, organizasyonun verdiği bilgiye göre yaklaşık 200 üye katıldı.</p>

<p>Genel Kurul, derneğin yalnızca siyasi aidiyetini değil, Belçika hukukuna tabi kurumsal yapısını da yeniden değerlendirdi.</p>

<p>Üyelere CHP ile mevcut kurumsal ilişkilerin durumu, YENİ Parti’nin yetkilendirmesi, isim değişikliği, tüzük düzenlemeleri ve yeni dönem faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi verildi.</p>

<p>Yapılan görüşmelerin ardından birlik yönetiminin önerileri oylamaya sunuldu. Aktarılan sonuçlara göre, YENİ Parti çatısı altında faaliyetlerin devam ettirilmesine ilişkin karar oybirliğiyle kabul edildi.</p>

<p>Derneğin yeni adı: Union de Yeni Parti Belgique – Yeni Parti Belçika Birliği</p>

<p>Genel Kurul’un birinci temel kararı, derneğin resmî unvanının değiştirilmesine ilişkin oldu.</p>

<p>Eski unvan:</p>

<p>Union belge de Solidarité du CHP – CHP Belçika Birliği ASBL</p>

<p>Yeni unvan:</p>

<p>Union de Yeni Parti Belgique (UYPB) – Yeni Parti Belçika Birliği (YPBB)</p>

<p>Bu değişikliğin en önemli hukuki özelliği, yeni bir tüzel kişilik oluşturulmadan mevcut derneğin faaliyetlerini sürdürmesidir.</p>

<p>Dolayısıyla derneğin Belçika’daki 0535.571.840 işletme numarası ve tüzel kişiliği değişmeyecek; mevcut dernek, yeni ismi ve değiştirilmiş statüleriyle faaliyetlerine devam edecektir.</p>

<p>Bu tercih, kurumsal devamlılık bakımından önem taşıyor. Derneğin geçmişten gelen hukuki hakları, yükümlülükleri ve ilişkileri, geçerli mevzuat çerçevesinde aynı tüzel kişilik içerisinde varlığını sürdürecek.</p>

<p>Yeni tüzük: 28 maddelik kapsamlı yeniden yapılanma</p>

<p>Toplantının en önemli gündemlerinden bir diğeri, Belçika Şirketler ve Dernekler Kanunu’na (Code des sociétés et des associations – CSA) uyumlu yeni tüzüğün değerlendirilmesiydi.</p>

<p>Genel Kurul’a sunulan 28 maddelik koordineli tüzük metni, derneğin amaçları, üyelik hakları, yönetim organları ve karar alma mekanizmalarında değişiklikler öngörüyor.</p>

<p>Yeni düzenlemeler çerçevesinde derneğin faaliyetleri yalnızca siyasi dayanışmayla sınırlandırılmayacak. Sosyal, kültürel, toplumsal ve yurttaşlık alanlarındaki çalışmalar da faaliyet kapsamı içerisinde yer alacak.</p>

<p>Özellikle yeni tüzüğün 3 ve 4. maddeleri, derneğin karşılıksız amacı (but désintéressé) ve faaliyet konusuna ilişkin yeniden düzenlemeler içeriyor.</p>

<p>Bu kapsamda YENİ Parti ile dayanışma, toplumsal faaliyetler, kültürel etkinlikler, yurttaşlık çalışmaları, bilgilendirme ve yayıncılık gibi faaliyetlerin derneğin amaçları içerisinde tanımlanması öngörülüyor.</p>

<p>Yönetim modeli: İki yıllık görev süresi ve doğrudan seçim</p>

<p>Yeni tüzükte yönetsel işleyişe ilişkin düzenlemeler de önemli bir yer tutuyor.</p>

<p>Sunulan metin, dernek başkanının ve yöneticilerin iki yıllık görev süreleri için doğrudan seçilmesini öngörüyor.</p>

<p>Bunun yanında üye kategorileri, üyeliğe kabul şartları, üyelikten çıkarma prosedürleri, günlük yönetim ve derneğin dış temsil yetkileri yeniden düzenleniyor.</p>

<p>Tüzükte ayrıca iki farklı denetim mekanizmasına yer veriliyor: Denetim Kurulu (Conseil de contrôle) ve Disiplin Kurulu (Conseil de discipline).</p>

<p>Derneğin üçüncü kişilere karşı temsili konusunda ise yönetim kurulunun kolektif temsil yetkisine ek olarak iki yöneticinin birlikte hareket etmesi esasının getirilmesi öngörülüyor.</p>

<p>Bu düzenlemelerin amacı, derneğin karar alma mekanizmalarını daha açık kurallara bağlamak ve kurumsal işleyişini Belçika mevzuatıyla uyumlu hâle getirmek olarak değerlendirilebilir.</p>

<p>Derya Bulduk başkanlığında yeni dönem</p>

<p>Genel Kurul’da ele alınan siyasi ve kurumsal dönüşümün yönetim boyutunda Derya Bulduk ve ekibi yer aldı.</p>

<p>Organizasyonun aktardığı bilgilere göre, Bulduk başkanlığındaki yönetimin yeni dönemde faaliyetlerini sürdürmesi üyeler tarafından onaylandı.</p>

<p>Yeni dönemde yönetimin öncelikli sorumlulukları arasında alınan genel kurul kararlarının uygulanması, yeni statülerin yürürlüğe konulması, resmî kayıtların güncellenmesi ve derneğin yeni çalışma programının hazırlanması bulunuyor.</p>

<p>Hukuki süreç: Belçika’daki resmî kayıtlar güncellenecek</p>

<p>Genel Kurul gündeminin önemli bir başka maddesi de yeni düzenlemelerin yasal formalitelerinin tamamlanmasıydı.</p>

<p>Bu kapsamda yönetim, gerekli belgelerin yetkili mercilere sunulması, kanunen yayımlanması gereken kararların Belçika Resmî Gazetesi eklerinde (Annexes du Moniteur belge) yayımlanması ve Banque-Carrefour des Entreprises (BCE/KBO) kayıtlarının güncellenmesi için yetkilendirilmeye davet edildi.</p>

<p>Derneğin resmî merkez adresi ise şu şekilde yer aldı:</p>

<p>Avenue Rogier 29, rez-de-chaussée, 1030 Schaerbeek, Belgique.</p>

<p>Belçika’daki CHP ve YENİ Parti ayrışması: İki farklı siyasi yol</p>

<p>Bu yeniden yapılanma, Belçika’daki Türkiye kökenli siyasi çevrelerin geleceği açısından yeni bir tablo ortaya çıkarıyor.</p>

<p>Bir yandan mevcut tüzel kişiliğini koruyarak YENİ Parti ile yoluna devam etme kararı alan dernek bulunurken, diğer yandan CHP adı altında örgütlenmeyi sürdürmek isteyen farklı bir grubun varlığı yerel basına yansımış durumda.</p>

<p>25 Ekim toplantısında bu ayrışmaya ilişkin tartışmaların yaşandığı da haberleştirildi.</p>

<p>Burada hukuken ve siyaseten önemli bir ayrım bulunuyor: Genel Kurul’un aldığı karar, toplantıyı gerçekleştiren derneğin kurumsal tercihidir. Bu karar, Belçika’daki bütün CHP kökenli üyelerin veya tüm Türk diasporasının aynı siyasi tercihte bulunduğu anlamına gelmez.</p>

<p>Dolayısıyla yeni dönemde hem siyasi temsil hem de derneklerin kurumsal meşruiyeti ve faaliyet alanları açısından gelişmelerin dikkatle izlenmesi gerekiyor.</p>

<p>Bruxelles Korner analizi: Bir isim değişikliğinden daha fazlası</p>

<p>25 Ekim 2026 tarihinde Brüksel’de alınan kararın üç temel boyutu bulunuyor.</p>

<p>Birincisi, siyasi aidiyetin yeniden tanımlanmasıdır. Türkiye’de yaşanan parti içi ayrışmalar ve yeni siyasi oluşumların ortaya çıkışı, Avrupa’daki ilgili derneklerin de siyasi bağlarını yeniden değerlendirmesine neden oluyor.</p>

<p>İkincisi, kurumsal ve hukuki devamlılıktır. Genel Kurul’a sunulan model, mevcut derneği tasfiye etmeden aynı tüzel kişilik altında yeni isim, yeni amaçlar ve değiştirilmiş tüzükle faaliyetlerin sürdürülmesini hedefliyor.</p>

<p>Üçüncüsü ise diaspora siyasetinin dönüşümüdür. Türkiye’deki gelişmeler, Belçika’da yaşayan Türkiye kökenli vatandaşların örgütlenme biçimleri üzerinde etkili olmaya devam ediyor. Özellikle Brüksel gibi Avrupa kurumlarının merkezinde bulunan bir şehirde siyasi örgütlenmeler, Türkiye ile Avrupa arasındaki toplumsal ve siyasi bağların bir parçasını oluşturuyor.</p>

<p>Bununla birlikte, bir derneğin siyasi dayanışma faaliyetleri ile Belçika hukukundaki karşılıksız amacı arasındaki ilişkinin açık ve hukuka uygun biçimde tanımlanması da büyük önem taşıyor.</p>

<p>Sonuç: Brüksel’de yeni bir sayfa</p>

<p>25 Ekim 2026 Pazar günü gerçekleştirilen Olağanüstü Genel Kurul, CHP Belçika Birliği adıyla faaliyet gösteren derneğin kurumsal tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası oluşturdu.</p>

<p>Üyelerinin katılımıyla YENİ Parti çatısı altında devam etme kararı alan birlik, yeni adı, yeniden düzenlenen tüzüğü ve Derya Bulduk başkanlığındaki yönetimiyle yeni dönemin hazırlıklarına başladı.</p>

<p>Bu sürecin uzun vadeli etkileri, yeni yapılanmanın faaliyetleri, üyelerle ilişkileri ve Belçika’daki resmî tescil ve ilan işlemlerinin tamamlanmasıyla daha net görülecek.</p>

<p>Brüksel’de yaşanan gelişme, Türkiye’deki siyasi değişimlerin Avrupa diasporasındaki etkilerini ortaya koyan güncel örneklerden biri olarak kayıtlara geçti.</p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>NOT:&nbsp;Toplam 197 üyeden 177’sinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen genel kurulda, vekâletler de katılım hesabına dâhil edildi. Oylama sonucunda 173 kabul, 3 ret ve 1 çekimser oy kullanıldı.</strong></span></p>

<p>Kadir Duran Bruxelles Korner — Brüksel, 26 Ekim 2026</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2026 21:01:15 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Décision politique majeure à Bruxelles : l’Union belge du CHP rejoint le YENİ Parti avec 173 voix favorables sur 177</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/decision-politique-majeure-a-bruxelles-lunion-belge-du-chp-rejoint-le-yeni-parti-avec-173-voix-favorables-sur-177-1350</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/decision-politique-majeure-a-bruxelles-lunion-belge-du-chp-rejoint-le-yeni-parti-avec-173-voix-favorables-sur-177-1350</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Décision politique majeure à Bruxelles : l’Union belge du CHP rejoint le YENİ Parti avec 173 voix favorables sur 177]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>BRUXELLES KORNER | POLITIQUE • EUROPE • TURQUIE | 26 OCTOBRE 2026</p>

<p>« Décision politique majeure à Bruxelles : l’Union belge du CHP rejoint le YENİ Parti avec 173 voix favorables sur 177 »</p>

<p>Décision politique majeure à Bruxelles : l’Union belge du CHP rejoint à l’unanimité le YENİ Parti</p>

<p>Réunis en Assemblée générale extraordinaire le dimanche 25 octobre 2026, près de 200 membres ont approuvé le changement de dénomination de leur association, examiné une refonte statutaire de 28 articles et confirmé la poursuite des activités sous la présidence de Derya Bulduk.</p>

<p>Par Kadir Duran — Bruxelles Korner</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/863816706_3664032110431301_476675045576365742_n.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>BRUXELLES, le 26 octobre 2026 — Un changement majeur vient de se produire au sein de la diaspora politique turque en Belgique. L’association Union belge de Solidarité du CHP – CHP Belçika Birliği ASBL, qui menait depuis de nombreuses années ses activités sous la bannière du Parti républicain du peuple (CHP), a décidé, lors de son Assemblée générale extraordinaire organisée le dimanche 25 octobre 2026 à Bruxelles, de poursuivre son engagement au sein du YENİ Parti.</p>

<p>Selon les informations communiquées par les organisateurs, près de 200 membres ont participé à cette réunion consacrée à l’avenir de l’association, à sa nouvelle dénomination, à ses objectifs, à son organisation institutionnelle et à son fonctionnement.</p>

<p>Le changement de nom et l’orientation vers le YENİ Parti auraient été approuvés à l’unanimité.</p>

<p>L’Assemblée générale a également examiné un nouveau texte statutaire et confirmé, selon les informations transmises, la poursuite des activités de l’équipe dirigeante présidée par Derya Bulduk.</p>

<p>Cette réunion illustre les répercussions directes des recompositions politiques intervenues en Turquie sur les organisations de la diaspora turque en Europe.</p>

<p>Une recomposition politique née en Turquie et prolongée à Bruxelles</p>

<p>La création du YENİ Parti, le 24 juillet 2026, sous l’impulsion d’Özgür Özel, a ouvert une nouvelle séquence dans la vie politique turque.</p>

<p>À la suite des procédures judiciaires et des controverses entourant les congrès du CHP, Özgür Özel et 91 députés qui lui étaient favorables ont quitté leur formation politique pour participer à la constitution du YENİ Parti.</p>

<p>Özgür Özel a ensuite pris la présidence de cette nouvelle formation.</p>

<p>Cette séparation politique a également placé les associations européennes historiquement proches du CHP devant un choix institutionnel et politique : conserver leur affiliation précédente ou accompagner le nouveau mouvement.</p>

<p>En Belgique, l’Union belge de Solidarité du CHP avait annoncé, dans sa convocation à l’Assemblée générale publiée le 10 octobre, son intention de soumettre cette question à la volonté collective de ses membres, dans le cadre d’une autorisation délivrée par le YENİ Parti.</p>

<p>L’Assemblée générale extraordinaire du 25 octobre constituait ainsi une étape déterminante de ce processus.</p>

<p>Près de 200 membres réunis : une décision soumise à la volonté collective</p>

<p>La réunion s’est tenue dans les locaux de l’association, situés avenue Rogier 29, à Schaerbeek, dans la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.</p>

<p>Selon les organisateurs, près de 200 membres ont participé à cette séance extraordinaire.</p>

<p>Les discussions ont porté non seulement sur l’orientation politique de l’organisation, mais également sur son identité juridique et institutionnelle en Belgique.</p>

<p>Les participants ont été informés de l’évolution des relations avec le CHP, de l’autorisation accordée par le YENİ Parti, du projet de changement de dénomination et des modifications statutaires proposées.</p>

<p>Au terme des échanges, les propositions de la direction ont été soumises au vote.</p>

<p>D’après les résultats communiqués, la décision de poursuivre les activités de l’association dans le cadre du YENİ Parti a été adoptée à l’unanimité.</p>

<p>Cette décision traduit la volonté exprimée par les membres ayant participé au processus de maintenir leur engagement politique et associatif dans une nouvelle structure de référence.</p>

<p>Une nouvelle dénomination officielle : Union de Yeni Parti Belgique</p>

<p>La première résolution majeure de l’Assemblée générale concernait la modification de la dénomination officielle de l’association.</p>

<p>Ancienne dénomination :</p>

<p>Union belge de Solidarité du CHP – CHP Belçika Birliği ASBL</p>

<p>Nouvelle dénomination :</p>

<p>Union de Yeni Parti Belgique (UYPB) – Yeni Parti Belçika Birliği (YPBB)</p>

<p>La particularité juridique de cette transformation réside dans le maintien de la personnalité morale existante.</p>

<p>En effet, il ne s’agit pas de créer une nouvelle ASBL, mais de modifier les statuts et la dénomination de l’association actuelle.</p>

<p>L’organisation conservera donc son numéro d’entreprise belge 0535.571.840, ainsi que la continuité de sa personnalité juridique.</p>

<p>Cette décision est importante sur le plan institutionnel. Les droits, obligations et relations juridiques de l’association continueront à relever de la même entité, conformément à la législation belge applicable.</p>

<p>La modification de la dénomination ne constitue donc pas, en elle-même, une dissolution ou une liquidation.</p>

<p>Une refonte statutaire de 28 articles pour adapter l’association à sa nouvelle orientation</p>

<p>L’un des autres points essentiels de l’ordre du jour concernait la présentation et l’examen de nouveaux statuts coordonnés, composés de 28 articles.</p>

<p>Cette réforme vise à mettre le fonctionnement de l’association en conformité avec le Code belge des sociétés et des associations (CSA), tout en adaptant son objet social et ses organes de gouvernance à sa nouvelle orientation.</p>

<p>Le texte soumis à l’Assemblée générale prévoit notamment une modification du but désintéressé et de l’objet de l’association.</p>

<p>Les articles 3 et 4 intègrent notamment la solidarité avec le YENİ Parti ainsi que des activités associatives, sociales, culturelles, civiques, d’information et de publication.</p>

<p>L’association entend ainsi inscrire ses activités dans un cadre plus large que la seule solidarité politique, en intégrant différentes formes d’action collective, culturelle et citoyenne.</p>

<p>Le projet statutaire prévoit également de nouvelles règles relatives à l’admission et à l’exclusion des membres, aux différentes catégories d’adhérents, aux compétences des organes dirigeants et aux procédures internes.</p>

<p>La réforme comprend aussi des dispositions concernant la comptabilité, la dissolution éventuelle de l’association et les règles de fonctionnement institutionnel.</p>

<p>Sur le plan juridique, les modifications du but désintéressé et de l’objet doivent respecter les conditions de quorum et la majorité qualifiée prévues par le CSA. Le projet de résolution prévoyait, à cet égard, une majorité d’au moins quatre cinquièmes des voix exprimées.</p>

<p>Les autres modifications statutaires sont soumises aux règles de majorité qui leur sont applicables.</p>

<p>Une nouvelle organisation interne : mandats de deux ans et élection directe</p>

<p>Le projet de statuts apporte également des précisions importantes concernant le mode de désignation des responsables associatifs.</p>

<p>Il prévoit notamment l’élection directe du président et des administrateurs pour une durée de deux ans.</p>

<p>Les dispositions proposées redéfinissent également les pouvoirs des différents organes et les modalités selon lesquelles l’association peut être valablement représentée auprès des tiers.</p>

<p>Le texte prévoit ainsi une représentation conjointe par deux administrateurs, sans préjudice de la représentation collégiale du conseil d’administration.</p>

<p>La gestion journalière fait également l’objet de dispositions spécifiques.</p>

<p>Deux organes complémentaires sont prévus dans l’architecture institutionnelle :</p>

<p>* Le Conseil de contrôle (Conseil de contrôle / Denetim Kurulu), destiné à exercer les missions de vérification et de contrôle définies par les statuts.</p>

<p>* Le Conseil de discipline (Conseil de discipline / Disiplin Kurulu), chargé des compétences disciplinaires prévues par les dispositions statutaires.</p>

<p>Cette organisation vise à clarifier les responsabilités internes et à formaliser davantage les mécanismes de décision et de contrôle.</p>

<p>Derya Bulduk à la tête d’une nouvelle étape institutionnelle</p>

<p>Derya Bulduk, qui préside l’association, a occupé une place centrale dans cette transition politique et institutionnelle.</p>

<p>Selon les informations communiquées, l’Assemblée générale a confirmé la poursuite des activités de l’équipe dirigeante sous sa présidence.</p>

<p>La nouvelle étape institutionnelle implique désormais la mise en œuvre des résolutions, la finalisation du texte statutaire et la préparation des démarches administratives nécessaires.</p>

<p>La direction aura également pour mission d’organiser les futures activités de l’association dans le cadre de sa nouvelle dénomination et de ses objectifs révisés.</p>

<p>La distinction entre une confirmation de mandat et une nouvelle élection devra toutefois être précisée dans le procès-verbal définitif de l’Assemblée générale.</p>

<p>Les formalités juridiques : publication au Moniteur belge et actualisation de la BCE</p>

<p>La modification de la dénomination et des statuts implique également l’accomplissement de plusieurs formalités administratives en Belgique.</p>

<p>L’ordre du jour prévoit de donner mandat pour le dépôt des actes nécessaires, la publication des décisions concernées aux annexes du Moniteur belge et l’actualisation des informations enregistrées auprès de la Banque-Carrefour des Entreprises (BCE/KBO).</p>

<p>Le siège de l’association figure dans le projet de statuts à l’adresse suivante :</p>

<p>Avenue Rogier 29, rez-de-chaussée, 1030 Schaerbeek, Belgique.</p>

<p>La rédaction définitive devra correspondre exactement aux informations officielles du siège.</p>

<p>Il convient de distinguer la décision adoptée par l’Assemblée générale des formalités légales qui permettent de publier et de rendre opposables aux tiers les changements concernés.</p>

<p>La continuité de la personne morale reste toutefois l’un des principes fondamentaux de cette transformation.</p>

<p>Entre CHP et YENİ Parti : deux orientations politiques au sein de la diaspora turque de Belgique</p>

<p>Cette réorganisation ouvre également une nouvelle période pour les milieux politiques turcs établis en Belgique.</p>

<p>D’un côté, l’association historiquement connue sous le nom de CHP Belçika Birliği a décidé de poursuivre ses activités dans le cadre du YENİ Parti, tout en conservant sa personnalité juridique.</p>

<p>De l’autre, des initiatives visant à maintenir une organisation sous la dénomination CHP en Belgique ont également été évoquées dans la presse locale.</p>

<p>Les conséquences de cette séparation dépassent donc la seule question du nom d’une association.</p>

<p>Elles soulèvent également des interrogations sur la représentation des militants, les affiliations politiques, l’organisation des activités et la coexistence de différentes structures issues d’une histoire politique commune.</p>

<p>Une distinction demeure néanmoins fondamentale : la décision de l’Assemblée générale engage l’association concernée selon ses règles statutaires et légales. Elle ne signifie pas que l’ensemble des sympathisants ou anciens membres du CHP résidant en Belgique ont adopté la même orientation politique.</p>

<p>Cette précision est essentielle pour comprendre les enjeux institutionnels et éviter toute confusion concernant la représentation de la diaspora turque.</p>

<p>Bruxelles Korner | Analyse : bien davantage qu’un changement de nom</p>

<p>La décision prise à Bruxelles le 25 octobre 2026 présente trois dimensions principales.</p>

<p>La première est politique. Les recompositions intervenues au sein de la vie politique turque produisent désormais des effets directs sur les organisations européennes historiquement liées aux partis politiques de Turquie.</p>

<p>Les choix effectués par ces associations illustrent la manière dont les liens politiques transnationaux se maintiennent et se transforment au-delà des frontières nationales.</p>

<p>La deuxième dimension est juridique et institutionnelle. Le modèle retenu consiste à préserver la personne morale existante tout en modifiant sa dénomination, ses objectifs et son cadre de gouvernance.</p>

<p>Ce mécanisme permet d’assurer une continuité organisationnelle sans procéder à la dissolution de l’association.</p>

<p>La troisième dimension concerne l’évolution de l’engagement politique de la diaspora. Les citoyens originaires de Turquie établis en Belgique continuent de participer, directement ou indirectement, aux débats politiques concernant leur pays d’origine.</p>

<p>À Bruxelles, siège de nombreuses institutions européennes, ces organisations participent également à une vie associative et citoyenne qui s’inscrit dans un environnement politique et juridique belge.</p>

<p>La question de leur fonctionnement, de leur autonomie et de leur conformité aux règles applicables aux ASBL demeure donc essentielle.</p>

<p>En particulier, les activités de solidarité politique doivent être formulées et exercées dans le respect du but désintéressé de l’association et des obligations prévues par la législation belge.</p>

<p>Conclusion : une nouvelle page s’ouvre à Bruxelles</p>

<p>L’Assemblée générale extraordinaire du dimanche 25 octobre 2026 marque une étape importante dans l’histoire de l’association jusque-là connue sous le nom d’Union belge de Solidarité du CHP.</p>

<p>En décidant de poursuivre ses activités sous la dénomination Union de Yeni Parti Belgique – Yeni Parti Belçika Birliği, les membres ayant participé à cette assemblée ont exprimé leur volonté d’accompagner la nouvelle orientation politique liée à Özgür Özel.</p>

<p>La transformation engagée concerne à la fois l’identité politique de l’organisation, son cadre statutaire et son mode de gouvernance.</p>

<p>Sous la présidence de Derya Bulduk, l’association entre désormais dans une phase de mise en œuvre des décisions adoptées et de finalisation des procédures légales.</p>

<p>Les effets à long terme de cette réorganisation dépendront de ses futures activités, de l’évolution de ses relations avec les membres et de l’achèvement des formalités officielles en Belgique.</p>

<p>Le 25 octobre 2026 restera ainsi une date marquante dans la réorganisation de cette structure politique et associative de la diaspora turque à Bruxelles.</p>

<p>⸻</p>

<p>Précision importante : 173 voix favorables sur 177 participants, une large majorité pour le YENİ Parti</p>

<p>Selon les résultats publiés le 25 octobre 2026</p>

<p>l’Assemblée générale extraordinaire de l’Union belge de Solidarité du CHP a enregistré une participation de 177 membres, présents ou représentés par procuration, sur un total de 197 membres.</p>

<p>Le scrutin consacré à la poursuite des activités de l’association sous la bannière du YENİ Parti a donné les résultats suivants :</p>

<p>* 173 voix favorables</p>

<p>* 3 voix contre</p>

<p>* 1 abstention</p>

<p>Ces résultats correspondent à 97,74 % de votes favorables parmi les 177 suffrages exprimés ou comptabilisés, soit une très large majorité, sans toutefois constituer une unanimité.</p>

<p>Le taux de participation, procurations comprises, atteint 89,85 % des membres.</p>

<p>Source : Avrupa TV, 25 octobre 2026</p>

<p>Belgique : une écrasante majorité des membres approuve le passage au YENİ Parti</p>

<p>Kadir Duran — Bruxelles Korner</p>

<p>Bruxelles, le 26 octobre 2026</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2026 20:56:34 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>ATATÜRK VE CUMA NAMAZI</title>
                <category>Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ataturk-ve-cuma-namazi-1349</link>
                <author>ProfDrHilmiozden@bruxelleskorner.com (Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ataturk-ve-cuma-namazi-1349</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[ATATÜRK VE CUMA NAMAZI]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ATATÜRK VE CUMA NAMAZI</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hilmi Özden</span></strong><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cuma namazlarının kılınabilmesi için her ne kadar Fıkıh âlimlerinde farklı görüşleri olmasına rağmen Hanefi fıkhına göre devlet başkanının izin şartı öngörülmüştür.&nbsp; Böylece fıkıh âlimlerinden bazılarında işgal altındaki İslam topraklarında Cuma namazı kılınamayacağı görüşü hâkim olmuştur. Tarihsel olarak İslam ülkelerinde Osmanlı dâhil Cuma namazları kılınmıştır. Fakat Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin Cuma namazlarına getirdiği çok önemli katkılar bulunmaktadır. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bunlardan birincisi</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> “Müslümanlar, Yahudileri taklit ederek kadınlara Cuma namazını farz yapmamışlardı. Yahudilikte kadın toplu cemaat ibadetlerine alınmazdı. <strong>Hatta Cuma köylülere de farz değildi. Cumayı köylülere farz yapan kişi Atatürk olmuştur. “Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu” 1933 yılının 16 Nisan tarihinde toplanmış ve 190 sayılı kararı ile cumanın köylere farz olduğunu ilan etmiştir. Böyle olunca da başka câmilerde ve köylerde de Cuma namazı kılınması zorunlu yapılmıştır</strong><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></a>”.<br />
<img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/9fee1e20-1da9-4397-85f1-7095f11b52d6.png" /></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İkinci katkısı ise Cuma hutbelerinin anlaşılması için Atatürk Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığına Türkçe Hutbeler hazırlatmıştır. </span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün 7 Şubat 1923 tarihinde Zağanos Paşa Camii'nde yaptığı konuşmasında hutbelerin Türkçe olması hakkındaki düşünceleri şunlardır: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Efendiler! Hutbe demek halka hitap etmek, yani söz söylemek demektir. Hutbenin manası budur. Hutbe denildiği zaman bundan birtakım manalar ve mefhumlar çıkarılmamalıdır. Hutbeyi irat eden hatiptir. Yani söz söyleyen demektir. Biliyoruz ki, Hazreti Peygamber zaman-ı saadetlerinde hutbeyi kendileri verirlerdi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></a>. Gerek Peygamber Efendimiz gerekse Raşit halifelerin hutbelerini okuyacak olursanız görürsünüz ki, gerek peygamberin gerekse Hulefayı Raşidin'in söylediği şeyler, o günün meseleleridir. O günün askeri, idarî, malî, siyasî ve içtimai konularıdır. İslâm ümmeti çoğalıp, İslâm memleketleri genişlemeye başlayınca, Cenab-ı Peygamber ve Hulefa-yı Raşidin'in hutbeyi her yerde bizzat kendilerinin irad etmelerine imkân olmadığından halka söylemek istedikleri şeyleri bildirmeye birtakım zevatı memur etmişlerdir. Bunlar herhalde ileri gelenlerin en birtakım büyüğü idi. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Onlar cami-i şerifte ve meydanlarda ortaya çıkar, halkı aydınlatmak ve doğru yolu göstermek için ne söylemek gerekiyorsa söylerlerdi. Bu tarzın devam edebilmesi için bir şart lâzımdı. O da milletin reisi olan zatın halka doğruları söylemesi ve halkı aydınlatması; halkı, umumî ahvalden haberdar etmek son derece ehemmiyetlidir. Çünkü her şey açık söylendiği zaman halkın dimağı faaliyet halinde bulunacak, iyi şeyleri yapacak ve milletin zararına olan şeyleri reddederek, şunun veya bunun arkasından gitmeyecektir...</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hutbeden maksat, halkın aydınlatılması ve doğru yolun gösterilmesidir. Başka şey değildir. Yüz, iki yüz, hatta bin sene evvelki hutbeleri okumak, insanları cehl ve gaflet içinde bırakmak demektir. Hutbeyi okuyanın her halde halkın kullandığı dili kullanması lâzımdır. Geçen sene T.B.M.M'de irad ettiğim bir nutukta demiştim ki: 'Minberler halkın dimağları, vicdanları için bir feyz membaı, bir nur membaı olmuştur. Böyle olabilmesi için minberlerde aksedecek sözlerin bilinmesi ve anlaşılması, fenni ve ilmi hakikatlere uygun olması lazımdır. Hatiplerin siyasî, içtimaî ve medenî ahvali her gün takip etmeleri zaruridir. Bunlar bilinmediği takdirde halka yanlış telkinler verilmiş olur. <strong>Binaenaleyh hutbeler tamamen Türkçe ve zamanın icaplarına uygun olmalıdır. Ve olacaktır.</strong><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Atatürk’ün</strong> <strong>Minberler Hakkındaki Sözleri</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Minberler Halkın Ruhanî Feyiz Yerleridir</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(Üçüncü Toplanma Yılını Açarken - 1 Mart 1922)</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Umuru Şeriye Vekâletimizin bir senelik mesaisini kemali ehemmiyetle tetkik ettim. Muhassalayı şayân-ı takdir buldum. Teşekkür ve tebrik ederim. Umur-u şeriye'nin temşiyeti hakkında nokta-i nazar serdine esasen mahal yoktur. Çünkü bu husus Kur'an'ın nasları ile hâsıldır. Yalnız varidi hatır olan bir noktayı söylemeden geçmeyeceğim: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Efendiler! Camilerin mukaddes minberleri halkın ruhanî, ahlâkî gıdalarına en âli, en feyiz membalardır. Binaenaleyh camilerin ve mescitlerin minberlerinden halkı tenvir ve irşat edecek kıymetli hutbelerin muhteviyatına halkça ittila imkânını temin, Şeriye Vekâleti celilesinin mühim bir vazifesidir. (Şiddetli alkışlar, bravo sadaları) Minberlerden halkın anlaya-bileceği lisanla ruh ve dimağa hitap olunmakla Müslümanların vücudu ve dimağı canlanır, imanı kuvvetlenir, kalbi cesaret bulur. Fakat buna nazaran huteba-i kiramın haiz olmaları lâzım gelen ilmi vasıflar, özel liyakatler ve ahvali âleme vukuf haiz-i ehemmiyettir<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></a>. (<strong>Camilerin mukaddes minberleri halkın ruhi, ahlaki gıdalarına en yüksek, en verimli kaynaklardır. Minberlerden halkın anlayabileceği dille ruh ve beyne seslenilmekle Müslümanların vücudu canlanır beyni temizlenir, imanı kuvvetlenir, kalbi cesaret bulur. Fakat buna karşılık hutbe okuyanların taşımaları gereken bilimsel özellikler, özel yeterlilik ve dünya durumunu anlayıp bilme, önemlidir<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></strong></a></strong>). &nbsp;Bütün vaiz ve hatiplerin bu ümniyeye hâdim olacak surette yetiştirilmesine Şeriye Vekâletinin önem vereceğini ümit ederim. Evkaf mesailine gelince: Malûmdur ki evkaf, memleketimizin mühim bir servetini teşkil eder. Bu servetten millet ve memleketi hakkıyla istifade edebilmek için Şeriye Vekâletiyle beraber bütün vekil heyetlerinin ve hatta Meclisi âlinin bu hususu ehemmiyetle tetkik ile bu büyük müessesenin harâbiden vikayesini ve memlekete faydalı bir hale gelmesini temenni eylerim. Efendiler! Evkafın hikmet-i mevzuu nazar-ı dikkate alınınca, bunun dini müesseseler ile beraber hizmet ve sosyal yardımlaşmayı sağladığı tahakkuk eder<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></a>”</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Emine Şeyma Usta</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> “ <strong>Atatürk'ün Hazırlattığı Türkçe Hutbelerin” önsözünde o hutbelerin bulunuşu ile ilgili şu çarpıcı bilgileri vermektedir: </strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“1987 yılında Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi'nde araştırma yaparken Arapça, Farsça, Osmanlıca çevirilerde zaman zaman zorlanıyordum. Kütüphane müdürü Muammer Ülker Hocam devamlı olarak bana yardım etmekte ve yol göstermekteydi. Bir gün beni yanına çağırdı ve “Yavrum, sen çok zorlanıyorsun.” dedi. “Seni büyük bir hocamıza göndereceğim. Onun sizi tam manasıyla yetiştireceğine inanıyorum.” Beni, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi'nde uzun yıllar görev yaptıktan sonra emekli olmuş Selahattin Alpay Hoca'ya gönderdi. Rahmetli Hocam Selahattin Alpay, bana her gün saatlerce ders vermeyi kabul etmişti. Bir gün, ders arası, hocamla sohbet ederken bana bir generalin oğlu olduğunu ve babasının Atatürk'ün silah arkadaşı ve sağ kolu olduğunu söyleyince kendisine: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Hocam, siz Atatürk'ü tanıdınız mı, diye sordum. Hocamın yüz ifadesi değişti. Gözyaşlarıyla tebessümü birbirine karıştı ve söze şöyle devam etti: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Yavrum, o benim manevi babamdı. Hatta beni okutmayı, yetiştirmeyi o üstlendi. Hocama devamlı Atatürk ile ilgili sorular soruyordum, sorular bitmek bilmiyordu. Bir gün de hocama: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Atatürk'ün dine bakışı nasıldır, diye sordum. Yüz ifadesi yine aynı hali aldı. Yerinden kalkıp kütüphanesinden bana elinizdeki bu kitabı verdi. Dedi ki: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Kızım, ben anlatmasına anlatayım da sen bu kitabı günümüz Türkçesine çevir; senin gibi milyonlarca vatandaşımızın, milletimizin bunları iyi bilmediğine inanıyorum. Sen bu eseri çevir, o zaman Atatürk'ün dine bakışını benim anlatmamdan çok daha iyi anlayacaksın. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Heyecanla eseri aldım ve o günün İstanbul Müftülüğü Daire Başkanı Dr. Abdülaziz Hocama götürdüm. Abdülaziz Hoca, fıkıhçıydı. Bana uzun yıllar emek vermişti. Çalışmaya başladığım her eseri ona danışıyordum. Bana yol gösteriyordu. Değerli Hocam Abdülaziz Bey, böyle bir çalışmadan kendisinin de haberi olmadığını söyledi ve Selahattin Alpay Hocam gibi, o da çevirmemi emretti. Çevirme sırasında bana yardım etti<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hutbelerin Hazırlanışı</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1927 yılında Diyanet İşleri Reisliğine ilk atanan Rıfat Börekçi Hoca, Atatürk'ün beğendiği, saygı duyduğu bir ilim adamıydı. Atatürk kendisiyle sık sık vatan hakkında, din hakkında müzakere ederdi. Rahmetli Hocam Selahattin Alpay'ın bana aktardığına göre Atatürk bir gün Rıfat Börekçi Hoca'ya şöyle der:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Hocam! Camilerimizde okunan hutbelerden milletimiz tam aydınlanıyor mu? Senden istediğim, ayetlere dayanan bir hutbe kitabının hazırlanması. Çünkü bizim dilimiz Türkçedir. Okunan hutbeler de siz daha iyi bilirisiniz ki Arapça aktarılmaktadır. Milletimiz bu yüce İslam dinini çok iyi anlamamaktadır. İyi anlaşılması için açık bir Türkçe ile vatandaşımıza seslenilmesini istiyorum. Bu büyük milletin diniyle, kültürüyle daha iyi büyüyeceğine inanıyorum. Yalnız dinimiz bilginin ışığında, müspet ilimler yolunda ele alınmazsa vatanımız ve milletimiz için bir felakettir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rıfat Börekçi ise şöyle demiştir:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Paşam! Tespitinizin çok büyük ve çok önemli olduğuna inanıyorum. Nelere değinmemiz gerektiğine bu çalışmayla birlikte karar verelim. Ve bu hutbeler böylece hazırlanmıştır<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Eserin 1927 Tarihli Baskısının Önsözü</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Dinimizin farz kıldığı ibadetler incelenince, görülür ki, Halik’a ibadet etme ve boyun eğme, yaratılmışlara şefkat ve eşitlik gibi ahlaki kurallar ve manevi değerlerden başka, bir milletin olgunlaşması ile ilgili birtakım toplumsal esasları da içermektedir. Cemaatle kılınan namazların yalnız kılınan namazlar üzerine olan erdemi ve üstünlüğü, haftada bir defa cemaatle cuma namazının farz olması, Müslümanlığın yalnız ferdî değil, aynı zamanda sosyal bir din olduğunu da gösterir. Müslümanlıkta cemaatin, cumanın pek büyük önemi vardır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Beş vakit namazı cemaatle kılmak vacip derecesinde olduğu gibi, cuma namazı da farzdır. Cuma namazının farz oluşu:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Ey iman edenler! Cuma günü namaza çağırıldığı (ezan okunduğu) zaman, hemen Allah'ı anmaya koşun ve alışverişi bırakın (Cum'a, 62/9).” âyet-i kerimesiyle sabittir. Bu âyet-i kerime gereğince her Müslümanın cuma ezanı okunduktan sonra işini gücünü terk ederek cami-i şerife koşması farzdır. Özrü yok iken cuma namazını terk edenler hakkında çok şiddetli korkutma vardır:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Ey imân edenler! Cuma günü namaza çağırıldığı (ezan okunduğu) zaman, hemen Allah'ı anmaya koşun ve alışverişi bırakın (Cum'a, 62/9).” âyet-i kerimesindeki “zikrullah” (Allah'ın anılmasını), fıkıh âlimlerinin ve Kur'ân'ı hakkıyla tefsir eden âlimlerin çoğuna göre hem hutbeyi, hem de cuma namazını kapsar. <strong>Namaz, zikrullahı kapsadığı gibi hutbe de zikrullahı içerir. Bu yönüyle ikisine de "zikir" denmiştir. Bundan dolayı cuma namazı nasıl farz ise cuma hutbesi de öylece farzdır. Farz olan hutbe okunmadıkça namaz düzgün değildir.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hutbenin esasları ve kuralları şunlardır:</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">* Öğle vakti girdikten sonra ve cuma namazından evvel okunmak,</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">* "Elhamdülillah" cümlesiyle başlamak,</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">*Ulu ve Yüce Zat hazretlerini ilahlığına layık biçimde yüceltmek<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></strong></a>,</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-*Vahdaniyet-i bâri (mükemmel birliğe) ve hazret Peygamber in Risalet’inin doğruluğuna şehadet eylemek,</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">*Resul-i Ekrem Efendimiz hazretlerine salât ü selam.</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">* Takva ile vasiyet,</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">* Öğüt ve nasihat.</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hutbeyi ikiye ayırıp birinci hutbede ayet-i kerime okumak,</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">* İkincisinde Allah'a hamd ve Resulüne salát ü selamdan sonra Müslümanlara dua etmektir.</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hutbelerin pek uzun olmaması da lazımdır. Aleyhissalatü ve's-selam efendimiz durumun gereğine göre hutbe söylerdi. Bununla beraber bütün hutbeleri ortalama bir halde bulunurdu. Hatta bir hadis-i şerifinde:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Bir adamın namazı uzatması ve hutbeyi kısa okuması zekâsının, dini hükümleri bildiğinin delilidir. Buna göre, namazı uzatınız, hutbeyi kısa yapınız.” buyurmuştur.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sözün özü, bu hususta Efendimiz'in yaptıkları gibi, hikmet ve maksada göre hareket olunur. Hutbe; duruma, zamana, sebep ve olaylara göre bazen kısa bazen de bir dereceye kadar uzun olabilir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Buraya kadar vermiş olduğumuz açıklamadan anlaşılacağı üzere hutbeler de zikrullahı (Allah'ı anmayı) içeren bir ibadettir. Bununla beraber hutbeler İslâm ehlinin, Müslüman cemaatin gözünün açılmasına vesile olacak öğütleri de içerecektir. Hutbede bir de öğüt kısmı bulunacak ve öğüt kısmında durumun gereklerine göre, halka, dünyada ve ahrette muhtaç oldukları şeyler açıklanacak, hükümler ve İslami yollar kendilerine anlatılacaktır. O halde hutbeler hangi lisan ile okunmalıdır ki esaslarına ve kurallarına uyulmuş ve bununla beraber dine uygunluğundaki hikmet de belirmiş olsun!</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hutbenin tamamen Arapça okunması, hutbelerdeki öğütlerden yararlanmak isteyen; ama Arapça bilmeyen Müslümanların bu bir dindara yakışır emelinin gerçekleşmesine imkân vermemektedir<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></strong></a>. Ondan dolayı hem İslam’ın yüce mezheplerine ve gün boyu Müslümanların arasında geçen uygulama birlikteliklerine muhalefet etmemek, hem de temenni edilen gayeyi elde edebilmek için hutbelerin zikrullah, salat ve selam gibi kuralları içeren kısmı dini lisan olan Arapça ile yerine getirilerek hutbe kuralları tamamlandıktan sonra öğüt kısmının memleketimizde Türkçe okunması, daha doğrusu okunan ayet-ı kerimeler ve hadis-i şeriflerin mealleri Türkçe izah edilmesi uygun görülmüş ve fakat her hatip bu yolda hutbe düzenleme gücünde olamayacağından dolayı hatiplerimize bir rehber olmak üzere dinin kabul ettiği halleri toplamış olarak elli kadar hutbe örneği düzenlenmiştir.</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Ümit ederiz ki milletimiz bu tarzdaki hutbelerden faydalanacaktır. Herhalde yardım ve doğruluk yalnız Cenab-ı Allah'tandır. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">17 Şubat sene 927 </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Diyanet İşleri Reisi Rifat<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rıfat Börekçinin öncülüğünde her cuma için hazırlanan hutbelerden iki örnek vermek gerekirse:&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">HUTBE-9</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Namazın Geçerli Hikmeti</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hamd, namaz kılmayı mutluluğun işaretlerinden kılan namazı güzelce yerine getiren için kat kat iyilikler ihsan eden ve gafillere bir delil kılan Allah'adır. Şehadet ederim ki, Allah'tan başka ilah yoktur, O ortağı olmayan tektir, kullarının açığa çıkardıklarını ve gizlediklerini bilendir. Ve Muhammed Efendimiz, sünnet ve farzın esaslarını dikkate almayanlardan yüz çeviren, Allah'ın resulü olduğuna şehadet ederim. O'nun âline ve dinin önderleri olan ashabına salát olsun.</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Allah'ın kulları! Allah'tan sakının ve ona itaat edin. "Muhakkak Allah sakınanlar ile beraberdir ve işte onlar muhsinlerdir (Nahl, 16/128)."</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Allah Teâlâ yüce kitabında şöyle buyurmuştur:"(Resûlüm!) Sana vahyedilen Kitab'ı oku ve namaz kıl. Muhakkak ki, namaz, hayāsızlıktan ve kötülükten alıkoyar. Allah'ı anmak elbette (ibadetlerin) en büyüğüdür. Allah yap-tıklarınızı bilir (Ankebût, 29/45)."</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Efendimiz sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem buyuruyor ki: "Beş vakit namaz, aralarındaki sakındırılmış büyük günahlara keffarettir."</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ey cemaat-i müslimin!</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bilmiş olun ki bu dünyada her fenalık Allah'ı unutmaktan doğar. Her türlü kötülük hep Cenab-ı Hakk'ı düşünmemekten ileri gelir. Allah'ını unutandan korkulur. Çünkü öylesinden her şey umulur. İnsanoğlu bir kere Mevla'sını unutmasın; yoksa bir daha onun önüne geçilmez. Sonra artık o kendi keyfinden, kendi çıkarından başka bir şey düşünmez. Canı ne isterse onu yapar. Gönlü neyi arzu ederse onu elde etmeye bakar. Hak gözetmez, hukuk gözetmez. Başkalarının kârını, zararını hatırına bile getirmez<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></a>. Fırsat bulunca, kabahati meydan çıkmayacağını aklı kesince yapacağını yapar. Elinden gelende asla kusur etmez.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İşte insanların bu hale gelmemesi için herkese Allah'ını unutturmamak, herkesin gönlüne âdeta bir bekçi koymak lazımdır. Bu da olsa olsa ancak namazla olabilir. Çünkü namaz insanı fenalığa bırakmaz. Namaz insana Mevla'sını unutturmaz. Namaz insanı çeker, çevirir. Biraz düşündürüp kendine getirir. Namaz insanı Hakk'ın divanına sokar. Daha doğrusu her zaman Allah'ın huzurunda bulunduğunu adamın zihnine koyar. Yirmi dört saatte hiç olmazsa beş kere dünya işlerini bir tarafa bırakıp Allah divanına durmak az şey değildir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Böylece daima Mevla'sını unutmayanı kimse asla bir fenalık yapamaz. Öylesine dünyanın hazineleri bırakılsa mümkün değil bir hıyanet edemez. Çünkü o daima huzurda bulunuyor. O daima kendini Allah'la görüyor. Artık böyle olan, bir kere bu mertebeyi bulan kimse âlemin malına, canına, ırzına, namusuna hiç göz diker mi? Hiç öyle fena şeylere tenezzül eder mi? Hiç öyle adilikleri kendine yakıştırır mı?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gördünüz mü ey cemaat namazın büyüklüğünü? Bu din tevekkeli mi insanlara bunu bildiriyor? Boşu boşuna mı Cenab-ı Hak bize namaz kılın buyuruyor? Namazın ne olduğunu bilmeyenler, işin zevkine iyice varmayanlar, namazı sade yatıp kalkmaktan ibaret zannederler. Bilmezler ki namaz adamı meleklere döndürür. Namaz insanı Mevla'sıyla birlikte bulundurur. Dünyada bundan daha büyük ibadet olmaz. Dünyada bundan daha büyük gönül sefası bulunmaz.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İşte siz de namazı böyle bilin. Siz de namazın zevkine böyle varın. Müezzin "Allahü ekber!" der demez hemen kendinize gelin. Elinizi, eteğinizi dünyadan çekin. O sırada iş, uyku, soğuk, sıcak demeyin. Hemen namaza kalkın. Hiç namazınızı geçirmemeye gayret edin. Hem de namaza çok önem verin. Öyle baştan savma namaz kılmayın. <strong>Kalbinizi seccadede bırakıp aklınızı fikrinizi orada burada gezdirmeyin. Sade vücudunuza değil, gönlünüze de namaz kıldırın</strong><a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[14]</span></span></a>. Gönülsüz kılınan namazdan fayda çıkmaz. Öyle namaz adamı Allah huzuruna sokmaz.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bir insan böyle kırk yıl namaz kılsa ne gönlü yumuşar, ne ahlakı düzelir, ne de ruhu bir zevk duyar. Bunun için ne yaptığınızı biler kimin divanına varmak istediğinizi düşünerek namaza durun. Eğer böyle yaparsanız, namazı böyle kılarsanız hiç şüphe etmeyin ki gökleri aşar, melekleri geçersiniz. Hiç olmazsa bir lahzacık Allah ile olup kendinizi unutursunuz. <strong>İşte bu da sizin miracınızdır</strong>. <strong>Ne mutlu namazı böyle bilip böyle kılanlara. Ne kadar yazık ki Rahman'a secde etmeyip Mevla'sını unutanlara.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dikkat edin sözün en güzeli ve düzeni en derin olanı, Melik, Aziz ve Allâm olan Allah'ın kelâmıdır. Allah Tebâreke ve Teâlâ şöyle buyurduğu gibi: "Kur'ân okunduğunda onu dinleyin ve susun. Umulur ki size merhamet edilir. (A'raf, 7/204) </span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kovulmuş şeytandan Allah'a sığınırım. Rahmân Rahîm olan Allah'ın adıyla. </span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">"Namazlara ve orta namaza dikkat edin. Allah'a saygı ve bağlılık için namaz kılın (Bakara, 2/238)<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></strong></a>."</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">HUTBE-10</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Namaz ve Hikmeti</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hamd, namazı dinin direği kılan ve onu bütün sorumlu Müslümanlara farz kılan Allah'adır. Şehadet ederiz ki, yüce ihsanlar sahibi Allah'tan başka ilah yoktur. Ve yine şehadet ederiz ki onun kulu ve iyiliğin hası Resûlüdür. Ey Allah'ım ona, âline, arkadaşlarına, ona tâbi olan ve onu sevenlere salât ve selâm eyle. </span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ey Allah'ın kulları! Sizlere Allah'tan sakının ve ona itaat edin. "Muhakkak Allah sakınanlar ile beraberdir ve işte onlar muhsinlerdir (Nahl, 16/128)."</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Allah Teâlâ yüce kitabında şöyle buyurmuştur "(Resûlum!) Sana vahyedilen Kitab'ı oku ve namaz kıl. Muhakkak ki, namaz, hayâsızlıktan ve kötülükten alıkoyar. Allah'ı anmak elbette (ibadetlerin) en büyüğüdür. Allah yaptıklarınızı bilir (Ankebut, 29/45)." ve Hz. Peygamber sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem buyuruyor ki: "Allah Teâlâ beş vakit namazı farz kılmıştır. Kim güzelce abdest alır, vaktini gözeterek namazını kılarsa, rükü'larını Allah'a karşı derin bir saygı içinde tamamlarsa, Allah o kimseyi affeder. Bunu yapmayana ise Allah'ın bir ahdi yoktur. Dilerse onu affeder, dilerse onu cezalandırır."</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ey cemaat-i müslimin!</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Şanı yüce Allah hazretleri Kur'an-ı Kerim'inde namazın büyüklüğüne, faydalarına işaret için buyuruyor ki: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-Ey şanlı Resul'üm! Sana vahyolunan kitabı, açık seçik izah eden Kur'ân'ın delili ayetlerini oku, namazı usul ve kurallarıyla eda et. Şüphe yok ki namaz, büyük günahlardan, Allah'ın razı olmadıklarından yasaklar, şeriatça, akılca çirkin ve reddedilmiş olan şeylere son verir<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></a>. Daima Allah'ı hatırlamak elbette pek büyüktür. Şanı yüce Allah sizin ne yaptığınızı, nasıl ibadetlerde bulunduğunuzu bilir. Ve amellerinize göre mükâfat verir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bir mümin riya ve ikiyüzlülükten temiz, usuller ve esasların toplamış bir halde gerçek olgunlukla ve ihlás ile namaza devam ederse kalbinde zikrullahın nurları parlamaya başlar. Kalbinde Allah korkusu tecelli eder. Kendisinde birçok yüksek duygular oluşur. Böyle bir mümin, ululuk sahibi Mabud'a isyan edemez. Böyle bir mümin birtakım yasaklanmış şeylere, ahlak dışı durumlara yönelmez. Namazın bolluk ve bereketi onun için bir saadet rehberi olur. Onu Hak yoluna, fazilet sahasına götürür. Bunun için namaz, Allah'ı anmaktır. En büyük bir ibadettir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Resul-i ekrem sallallahü aleyhi ve sellem efendimiz buyuruyor ki: "Allahü teâlâ hazretleri beş vakit namazı farz kılmıştır. Bir kimse güzelce, şeraiti dairesinde abdest alır, vaktinde kılar, usul ve esaslarına uyar, rükû ve secdelerini tamamlarsa huşu ve tevazu içinde edâ eylerse Cenab-ı Hak o mümini affıyla şereflendirir. Bir kimse böyle yapmazsa, bu kutsal görevi layıkıyla edaya çalışmazsa onun için Cenab-ı Hakk'ın sözü, ilahi vaadi yoktur. Cenab-ı Hak dilerse onu affeder. Dilerse ona azap eder. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Din kardeşlerim! Namazın ne yüce, ne büyük bir ibadet olduğunda hiç şüphe yoktur. Öyle ise namazlarımıza dikkat edelim. Bu kutsal vazifemizi usul ve esaslarıyla, huşu ve tevazu ile yerine getirmeye çalışalım. Mabudumuzun hesapsız lütuflarına, nimetlerine nail oluyoruz. Bunların karşılığında şükretmemiz lazım gelmez mi? İşte namaz, şükrün bütün türlerini toplayan bir ibadettir. Eğer biz namaz kılmaz isek, eğer biz kıldığımız namazların şartlarına ve farzlarına uymazsak nimete nankörlükte bulunmuş oluruz. Cenab-ı Hak cümlemizi namazın şartlarını gerektiği biçimde yerine getirmeyi başarabilen günahkâr olmayanlar zümresine dâhil etsin<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[17]</span></span></a>. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dikkat edin sözün en güzeli ve düzeni en derin olanı, Melik, Aziz ve Allâm olan Allah'ın kelâmıdır. Allah Tebareke ve Teala söyle buyurduğu gibi: "Kur'an okunduğunda onu dinleyin ve susun. Umulur ki ki size merhamet edilir. (A'raf. 7/204)</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kovulmuş şeytandan Allah'a sığınırım. Rahman ve Rahim olan Allah'ın adıyla. "Namaz, müminler üzerine vakitleri belli bir faradır (Nisâ, 4/103<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[18]</span></span></strong></a>)</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün namaz ve cuma namazı ile ilgili uygulamalarını/ düşüncelerini hatıralarda da bulmak mümkündür Bunlardan biri de Tamburi Kemal Beyin anısıdır:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“1916 Ocak ayında Edirne’ye tayin edilmiştim. Albay Mustafa Kemal’de Edirne’de imiş.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Soğuk bir kış günü cuma namazı için hazırlık yaptıktan sonra biraz erken Üç Şerefeli Cami’ye gittim. Cami avlusu cuma için hareketlenmiş, cemaat camiye girmeye başlamıştı. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İçimde camiye girip Kuran okumak arzusu uyandı.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Doğruca müezzin mahfilinde yer almış bulunan müezzinlere yaklaşarak hâfız olduğumu ve Kuran okumak istediğimi söyleyerek izin istedim. “Bir subay, hem de hafız” diyerek çok sevindiler ve: – “Tabii lütfedersiniz, buyurunuz, okuyunuz efendim” dediler.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mahfile çıktım aralarında yer açtılar. Oturdum ve Kuran okumaya başladım.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kısa zamanda da cami lebalep doldu. Cemaat huşû içinde sessizce beni dinliyordu.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cuma saati geldi, ezan okundu ve ilk sünnet kılındı. Müezzin başı iç ezanı da benim okumamı işaret etti. Bu teklifi kabul ettim. Bütün vücudumu dinî bir heyecan sarmıştı.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hicaz makamında müessir bir ezan okudum. Namaz bittikten sonra cemaatin büyük ilgi ve sevgi gösterisi arasında kalmışken bir er bana yaklaşarak:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">– “Efendim, kumandanım sizi istiyor” deyince “Eyvah resmî elbise ile ezan okuduğum için usule aykırı bir iş yaptık” galiba diye endişe ve korkuya kapıldım.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Maiyeti ile avluda bekleyen kumandana yaklaştım.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bu Anafartalar’da savaşın akışını değiştiren dâhi, efsane kumandan Albay Mustafa Kemal idi. Heyecanım bir kat daha arttı. Ne ile karşılaşacağımı bilemiyordum…</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bana: – “Oğlum terbiye görmüş güzel bir sesin var. Okuduğun ezanı çok beğendim ve duygulandım. Seni tebrik ederim” deyince biraz rahatladım.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">– “İsmin?” – “Kemal Efendim” – “Adaşmışız. Hangi kıtada bulunuyorsun?”</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">– “Efendim, 16. Telgraf Bölüğü’nün hesap memuru olarak tayin edildim.”</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yaverine: – “İsmini ve kıtasını yaz” dedi, sonra bana dönerek: – “Oğlum!</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Edirne’de kaldığımız süre içinde ben cuma namazına hangi camiye gidersem sen de o camiye gelecek iç ezanı okuyacaksın.” – “Baş üstüne efendim” diyerek kumandanı selâmladım. Sonra Mustafa Kemal maiyetiyle beraber camiden uzaklaştı.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hafta içinde yaveri Ali Rıza Bey beni arayarak Mustafa Kemal’in cuma namazı için Selimiye Camii’ne gideceğini ve benim de orada hazır bulunmamı Kur’an ve ezan okumamı, ayrıca durumun cami görevlilerine de bildirildiğini söyledi.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Cuma günü erkenden hazırlık yaptım. Selimiye Camii’ne gittim.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Müezzinbaşıya kendimi tanıttım. Bilgisi olduğunu, istediğim zaman Kur’an okumaya başlayabileceğimi söyledi. Manen de okumaya hazırdım. Cuma vakti girinceye kadar Kuran okudum. Sesime hâkim ve rahattım.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Caminin iç mekânının güzellik ve ihtişamı, cemaatin kalabalık oluşu da beni coşturdu, okuyuşuma heyecanıma tesir etti. Duyduğum zevk ve huzuru anlatamam.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İç ezanı da aynı hal içinde aşkla okudum. Namaz çıkışı etrafımı saran meraklı, takdir ve hayranlıklarını ifade eden cemaat arasından yine avluda maiyetiyle beni bekleyen Mustafa Kemal’e selâm verdim. Elini uzattı, hemen elini öptüm. Bana: – “<strong>Oğlum! Bugün yine bizi yaktın. Gelecek haftaya hangi camiye gidersem sen de oraya geleceksin</strong><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[19]</span></span></a>.”</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kaynaklar</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Atatürk’ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, I-III, AKD ve TYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1997.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Emine Şeyma Usta, Atatürk'ün Hazırlattığı Türkçe Hutbeler, Hoşgörü Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Haydar Baş, Hoş Geldin Atatürk, İcmal Yayıncılık, İstanbul,&nbsp;&nbsp; 2017.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Muhiddin Serin, Türk hat üstadları: Kemal Batanay,&nbsp; Denizler Kitapevi,&nbsp; İstanbul, 2006. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Muhiddin Serin, Türk hat üstadları 3 : Kemal Batanay, bestekâr, tambûrî, hattat, hâfız, İstanbul Ticaret Odası, İstanbul, 2010.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mustafa Özata, Tanburi Kemal Batanay’ın Unutamadığı Mustafa Kemal Anısı, 7. 10. 2023. Yayla Haber.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Niyazi Kahveci, Çağdaş Düşünme Üzerine Dersler, Doğu Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2020. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Turan Bozkurt, Atatürk'ün İslam’a Hizmetleri, Halk Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2023.</span></span></span></p>

<div>&nbsp;
<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> ESOGÜ Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Kurucu Müdürü.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Niyazi Kahveci, Çağdaş Düşünme Üzerine Dersler Doğu Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2020., s. 264.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Turan Bozkurt, Atatürk'ün İslam’a Hizmetleri, Halk Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2023., &nbsp;s. 102.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s. 103 (Sadeleştirilmiş metin)., Emine Şeyma Usta, Atatürk'ün Hazırlattığı Türkçe Hutbeler, Hoşgörü Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010., s12., (Sadeleştirilmiş metin)., &nbsp;Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, c. 2, s. 99-100(orijinal metin).</span></span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Turan Bozkurt, a.g.e., s. 98., Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, I, s. 246-247.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Bu paragrafın sadeleştirilmiş hali: Emine Şeyma Usta., a. g. e., s.12-13.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Turan Bozkurt, a. g. e., s. 98.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Emine Şeyma Usta, a. g. e., s. 7-8.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.9.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.21.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.22.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.22-23.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.53.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[14]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.54.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.55.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.56.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.57.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[18]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s.57-58.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[19]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Mustafa Özata, Tanburi Kemal Batanay’ın Unutamadığı Mustafa Kemal Anısı, 7. 10. 2023. Yayla Haber.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Muhiddin Serin, Türk hat üstadları 3 : Kemal Batanay, bestekâr, tambûrî, hattat, hâfız, İstanbul Ticaret Odası, İstanbul, 2010., Haydar Baş, Hoş Geldin Atatürk, İcmal Yayıncılık, İstanbul, &nbsp;&nbsp;2017., s. 630-632. Muhiddin Serin, Türk hat üstadları: Kemal Batanay,&nbsp; Denizler Kitapevi,&nbsp; İstanbul, 2006., s. 28-32.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
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                <pubDate>Sun, 25 Oct 2026 15:16:30 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Türk Dünyasında Sessiz Devrim Sonucunda Ortak Tarih ve Kimlik İnşası</title>
                <category>Dr. Abdullah BUKSUR</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turk-dunyasinda-sessiz-devrim-sonucunda-ortak-tarih-ve-kimlik-insasi-1348</link>
                <author>AbdullahBUKSUR@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Abdullah BUKSUR)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turk-dunyasinda-sessiz-devrim-sonucunda-ortak-tarih-ve-kimlik-insasi-1348</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Türk Dünyasında Sessiz Devrim Sonucunda Ortak Tarih ve Kimlik İnşası]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:22px"><strong>Türk Dünyasında Sessiz Devrim Sonucunda Ortak Tarih ve Kimlik İnşası</strong></span></p>

<p><em>Dr. Abdullah BUKSUR. 19.10.2026</em></p>

<p>Yüzyıllar boyunca aynı kökten beslenen ancak coğrafi, siyasi ve ideolojik sınırlarla birbirine mesafeli kılınan Türk dünyası, bugün sosyokültürel anlamda kabuğunu kırıyor. Sovyetler Birliği’n dağılmasının ardından bağımsızlıklarını ilan eden Türk cumhuriyetleri, ilk çeyrek asırda kendi yerel kimliklerini ve devletleşme süreçlerini ön plana çıkardılar. Ancak küreselleşen dünya düzeni, yükselen bölgesel riskler ve jeopolitik kırılmalar, bu devletleri kaçınılmaz olarak daha büyük bir çatının altında, Türk Devletleri Nahçivan’da &nbsp;kardeşlik şemsiyesinde buluşturdu.<br />
Bugün liderlerin attığı siyasi ve ekonomik adımların arkasında, aslında geleceğe yön verecek çok daha köklü ve sosyolojik bir dönüşüm yaşanıyor. Yaşananlar kolektif bellek ve ortak hafıza sürecinin inşasıdır.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/1a397946-675a-4f92-86b4-d9dee6e6344c.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Almatı’da Atılan Tarihi İmzalar</p>

<p>Bu entegrasyonun en somut ve kurumsal adımı, geçtiğimiz günlerde Kazakistan’ın Almatı kentinde atıldı. Türkiye, Kazakistan, Azerbaycan, Özbekistan ve Kırgızistan gibi kardeş ülkelerin ulusal bilim akademileri bir araya gelerek devasa bir Akademik Konsorsiyum kurdu.<br />
Bu konsorsiyum sıradan bir iş birliği protokolünün çok ötesindedir. Artık üye ülkelerin arşivlerindeki paha biçilemez el yazmaları dijital ortamda birleştirilecek, ortak arkeolojik kazılar yapılacak ve en önemlisi tarihe "tek bir pencereden" bakılmasını sağlayacak ortak bilimsel zemin kurulacak. Bu hamle, Türk dünyasının kendi tarihini oryantalist, Batı veya Rus merkezli anlatılardan sıyırarak, kendi gözüyle ve sosyolojik gerçekliğiyle yeniden yazması anlamına geliyor.</p>

<p>Hunlardan Ortak Türk Tarihi&nbsp;</p>

<p>Kültürel birleşmenin en hayati ayağını ise eğitim sosyolojisi oluşturuyor. Türk Akademisi tarafından titizlikle hazırlanan ve Hunlardan Göktürklere, Karahanlılardan ortak kültürel mirasa kadar uzanan "Ortak Türk Tarihi" ders kitabı, üye ülkelerde seçmeli ders olarak okullarda okutulmaya başlandı.<br />
Bir toplumun geleceğini inşa etmenin yolu, çocuklarının zihnine neyi koyduğunuzla ilgilidir. Bakü'deki, Astana'daki ve Ankara'daki bir ortaokul öğrencisinin aynı kahramanları öğrenmesi, aynı destanlarla heyecanlanması ve aynı tarihsel kırılmaları hissetmesi, önümüzdeki 20 yıl içinde "ulus-ötesi" organik bir toplumsal bağın doğmasını sağlayacaktır. Bugün sınıflarda yan yana duran bu sayfalar; yarın ortak pazarın, ortak savunma vizyonunun ve tam kurumsal entegrasyonun psikolojik altyapısını oluşturmaktadır.</p>

<p>Sınırlar ve Geleceğin Meşruiyeti</p>

<p>Elbette bu süreç dikensiz bir gül bahçesi değil. Sosyolojik olarak bakıldığında, her ülkenin Sovyet sonrası süreçte benimsediği Türk kavramına mikro-milliyetçi refleksler ve yerel kahraman algıları zaman zaman anlatı uyuşmazlıklarına savaş açabiliyor denilebilir. Ancak Almatı'da kurulan bilimsel ortaklık, bu tür pürüzlerin rasyonel ve akademik diyalogla aşılacağını açıkça ortaya koyuyor. Eş zamanlı olarak yürütülen Ortak Türk Alfabesi çalışmaları da bu tarih birliğinin en büyük taşıyıcısı olacaktır.</p>

<p>Tarih çalışması yapmak, sadece geçmişle övünmek değildir. Türk devletlerinin ortak tarih yazımı çabası, geleceğin sosyopolitik birlikteliğinin meşruiyet zeminini hazırlama sürecidir. Ekonomik anlaşmalar iptal edilebilir, siyasi ittifaklar konjonktüre göre değişebilir; ancak nesillerin zihnine kazınmış ortak bir kimlik ve kader birliği asla silinemez. Türkistan- Türkün hafızasına bu mühür coğrafyasının kalbinde yükselen bu yeni kültürel blok, sadece Türk dünyasının değil, tüm bölgenin ve dünyanın istikrarı ve barışı için en büyük sosyolojik güvencelerden biri olmaya aday olduğunu gösterdi.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 24 Oct 2026 13:04:26 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Geçmişteki Acılar Bugünü de Etkiliyor</title>
                <category>Nerkiz Sahin</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gecmisteki-acilar-bugunu-de-etkiliyor-1347</link>
                <author>nrkiz@bruxelleskorner.com (Nerkiz Sahin)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gecmisteki-acilar-bugunu-de-etkiliyor-1347</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Geçmişteki Acılar Bugünü de Etkiliyor]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:22px"><strong>Geçmişteki Acılar Bugünü de Etkiliyor</strong></span></p>

<p>Son zamanlarda sokaklarda birçok kavga, isyan ve olay görüyoruz. Paris, Brüksel savaş alanı gibi görünüyor. Sokağa çıkma yasakları, sert tepkiler...</p>

<p>İnsanlar neden bu kadar öfkeli? Neden bazıları şiddete başvuruyor? Bu soruların cevabını bulmak için sadece bugüne değil, geçmişe de bakmamız gerekiyor.</p>

<p>Özellikle Afrika'daki bazı ülkeler yıllarca sömürgecilik ve baskı altında yaşadı. Bu kolay kolay insanların unutacağı bir şey değil. Örneğin Kongo, Belçika tarafından uzun yıllar sömürüldü. Halkı büyük acılar çekti, ülkenin zenginlikleri kullanıldı ve insanlar çok ağır şartlarda yaşamak zorunda kaldı. Elleri kesildi, beyazlardan hamile kalan kadınların çocukları annelerinden alındı.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Böyle bir geçmişin etkileri bir anda yok olmaz. Yaşanan acılar, yoksulluk ve adaletsizlik sonraki nesilleri illa ki etkiliyor. İnsanlar geçmişte yaşananları unutsa bile, bunun sonuçları toplumda devam etmekte.</p>

<p>Elbette bu, şiddeti haklı çıkarmak anlamına gelmez. Kimse başkalarına zarar verme veya sokaklarda olay çıkarma hakkına sahip değildir. Ancak insanların neden bu kadar öfkeli olduğunu anlamaya çalışmak da önemlidir. Çünkü bir sorunu çözmek istiyorsak, sadece sonuçlarına değil, nedenlerine de bakmalıyız.</p>

<p>Bir de savaşlardan kaçan insanlar var. Bu insanlar çoğu zaman kendi ülkelerini isteyerek terk etmiyor. Evlerini, ailelerini ve hayatlarını geride bırakmak zorunda kalıyorlar. Çünkü ülkelerinde savaş var, bombalar patlıyor ve hayatları tehlikede. Silahları satan ülkelere sığınmak zorunda kalabiliyorlar.</p>

<p>Peki, burada büyük bir çelişki yok mu?</p>

<p>Bazı Avrupa ülkeleri savaştan kaçan insanlara kapılarını açıyor. Ancak aynı zamanda bu ülkeler, dünyanın başka yerlerindeki savaşlarda kullanılan silahları da satabiliyor. Yani insanlar bir yandan savaştan kaçarken, diğer yandan bu savaşların devam etmesine katkıda bulunabilecek bir silah ticareti de sürüyor.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/083d3d22-17f1-4f6f-abc2-e7681368b4dc.png" style="height:800px; width:533px" /></p>

<p>İşte burada kendimize şu soruyu sormalıyız: Savaştan kaçan insanlara yardım ederken, savaşların devam etmesine katkıda bulunan politikaları da destekliyorsak, bu ne kadar doğru?</p>

<p>Dünyada yaşanan her şeyden tamamen bağımsız olduğumuzu düşünemeyiz. Geçmişte yapılanlar, bugün aldığımız kararlar ve ekonomik çıkarlarımız başka ülkelerde yaşayan insanların hayatlarını etkilediğini unutmamalıyız.</p>

<p>Her insan kendi davranışından sorumludur. Bir insanın geçmişi veya geldiği ülke, şiddeti haklı çıkarmaz. Kurallara uymak ve başkalarına saygı göstermek herkes için önemlidir.</p>

<p>Ama sadece insanları suçlayarak da hiçbir şeyi çözemeyiz. İnsanlara fırsat vermek, eğitim imkânı sunmak, onları toplumun bir parçası olarak görmek ve geçmişte yaşanan adaletsizlikleri anlamak da gerekir. İlk fırsatta onları ayrımcılığa maruz bırakınca, her sorunda suçlu onlar olursa sorgusuz sualsiz, ilk onları vuran sorunlarda tepkinin de oradan geleceğini bilmek gerek. Kaybedecek daha fazla bir şeyi kalmayan insanlar için olaylara karışmak daha kolay.</p>

<p>Burda bir insanın neden öfkeli olduğunu anlamaya çalışmak, onun yaptıklarını onaylamak değildir.</p>

<p>Gerçek çözüm, hem şiddete karşı durmak hem de insanları bu noktaya getiren nedenleri anlamaktır.</p>

<p>Sonuçta, sadece öfkeyi cezalandırıp onun nedenlerini görmezden gelirsek sorun ortadan kalkmaz. Belki bir süre sessizlik olur ama asıl sorun çözülmediği için ilk fırsatta yeniden ortaya çıkar.</p>

<p>Daha adil bir dünya istiyorsak, sadece insanların bugün ne yaptığına değil, onları bu noktaya getiren geçmişe ve bugünkü şartlara da bakmalıyız.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Çünkü adaletsizlikle mücadele etmeden kalıcı bir barış kuramayız.</p>

<p>Nerkiz Sahin</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2026 12:19:13 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Sanayi Devrimi\&#039;nden Yapay Zekâ Çağına: Teknolojik İlerleme Eşitsizliği Azaltıyor mu?</title>
                <category>Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sanayi-devriminden-yapay-zeka-cagina-teknolojik-ilerleme-esitsizligi-azaltiyor-mu-1346</link>
                <author>DrMehmetArslan@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sanayi-devriminden-yapay-zeka-cagina-teknolojik-ilerleme-esitsizligi-azaltiyor-mu-1346</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Sanayi Devrimi\'nden Yapay Zekâ Çağına: Teknolojik İlerleme Eşitsizliği Azaltıyor mu?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sanayi Devrimi'nden Yapay Zekâ Çağına: Teknolojik İlerleme Eşitsizliği Azaltıyor mu?</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dr. Mehmet Arslan</span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İnsanlık tarihi, bir bakıma üretme biçimlerinin ve bu üretimin sağladığı zenginliğin kimler arasında paylaşılacağının tarihidir. Buhar makinesinden elektrikli üretim bantlarına, bilgisayarlardan yapay zekâya uzanan teknolojik dönüşümler, yalnızca insanın çalışma biçimini değil, toplumların sınıfsal yapısını, ekonomik ilişkilerini ve iktidar dengelerini de değiştirmiştir. Ancak tarihin önümüze koyduğu temel soru hâlâ geçerlidir: İnsanlığın üretim gücü arttıkça refah da herkes için artıyor mu?</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;18.yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İngiltere'de başlayan Sanayi Devrimi, bu sorunun tarihsel köklerini anlamak için önemli bir örnektir. Buhar gücü, mekanik dokuma tezgâhları ve fabrikalaşma, üretim kapasitesini daha önce görülmemiş ölçüde artırdı. Fakat makinelerin üretime girmesi, ortaya çıkan zenginliğin toplumun bütün kesimlerine aynı anda ve aynı oranda ulaşması anlamına gelmedi. Fabrika sahipleri üretim araçları üzerindeki mülkiyetleri sayesinde büyüyen ekonomiden kazanç sağlarken, işçiler uzun çalışma saatleri, düşük ücretler ve güvencesiz koşullarla mücadele etti. Kadınların ve çocukların sanayi üretiminde ağır koşullarda çalıştırılması, teknolojik ilerlemenin toplumsal bedelini gösteren örnekler arasındaydı.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ekonomi tarihi araştırmaları, İngiltere'de Sanayi Devrimi'nin ilk dönemlerinde üretim artışının çalışanların yaşam koşullarına aynı hızla yansımadığını ortaya koyuyor. Ekonomik büyüme ile ücret artışı arasındaki mesafe, teknolojik gelişmenin tek başına toplumsal refahı garanti etmediğini gösteriyor.&nbsp; <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tarih burada önemli bir ayrıntıyı hatırlatıyor: Teknoloji, toplumsal ilişkilerden bağımsız değildir. Aynı makine, üretimi kolaylaştıran bir araç olabileceği gibi işçinin emeği üzerindeki denetimi artıran bir mekanizmaya da dönüşebilir. Sonucu belirleyen, teknolojinin varlığından çok, onun kimlerin kontrolünde olduğu ve sağladığı kazancın nasıl bölüşüldüğüdür.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sanayi Devrimi'nin ardından elektrik, otomasyon ve bilgisayar teknolojileri yeni üretim biçimleri yarattı. Ulaşım hızlandı, haberleşme kolaylaştı, tıp alanında önemli ilerlemeler kaydedildi. Bir zamanlar yalnızca belirli toplumsal kesimlerin erişebildiği bazı imkânlar geniş kitlelere yayıldı. Dolayısıyla teknolojik ilerlemeyi yalnızca eşitsizliğin kaynağı olarak değerlendirmek de eksik olur. Teknoloji, doğru toplumsal koşullarda, insanların yaşam kalitesini yükselten ve fırsatlara erişimini kolaylaştıran güçlü bir araçtır. Bugün ise yeni bir dönüşümün eşiğindeyiz: Yapay zekâ çağı. Makineler artık yalnızca fiziksel emeğin bazı görevlerini değil, metin yazma, veri işleme, çeviri ve analiz gibi zihinsel faaliyetlerin belirli bölümlerini de gerçekleştirebiliyor. Bu gelişme, eğitimden ekonomiye, gazetecilikten kamu yönetimine kadar pek çok alanı yeniden şekillendiriyor.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün 2025 tarihli araştırmasına göre, dünya genelindeki çalışanların yaklaşık dörtte biri, üretken yapay zekâdan belirli ölçülerde etkilenebilecek mesleklerde bulunuyor. Araştırma, çoğu durumda mesleklerin bütünüyle ortadan kalkmasından ziyade yapılan işlerin dönüşmesinin beklendiğini belirtiyor.</span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fakat bu dönüşümün fırsatları herkese eşit ölçüde açık değil. Gelişmiş teknolojilere, nitelikli eğitime, dijital altyapıya ve sermayeye erişebilenler yeni imkânlardan daha fazla yararlanabilir. Buna karşılık bu kaynaklara erişimi sınırlı olan çalışanlar ve ülkeler, değişen iş gücü piyasasına uyum sağlamakta zorlanabilir. Nitekim&nbsp; Ekim 2026 itibarıyla uluslararası ekonomi gündeminde yapay zekânın gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik farkları derinleştirme ihtimali de tartışılıyor.</span> </span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Burada mesele yalnızca bazı mesleklerin ortadan kalkması değildir. Asıl mesele, teknolojinin sağladığı verimlilik artışının kimlere gelir, zaman ve özgürlük olarak geri döneceğidir. Yapay zekâ sayesinde bir şirket daha az zamanda daha fazla üretim yapabiliyorsa, bu kazanç çalışanların ücretlerine, çalışma saatlerine ve yaşam koşullarına da yansıyacak mı? Yoksa ortaya çıkan ekonomik değer, ağırlıklı olarak teknolojiye ve sermayeye sahip olanların elinde mi toplanacak? Bu soruların cevabı yalnızca mühendislerin veya ekonomistlerin vereceği teknik kararlarda saklı değildir. Eğitim politikaları, çalışanların hakları, rekabet koşulları, vergilendirme ve kamusal yatırımlar da belirleyici olacaktır. Teknolojik dönüşümün sonuçları, toplumların bu değişime nasıl hazırlandığıyla yakından ilişkilidir.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tarih açısından asıl dikkat çekici nokta, geçmişle bugün arasındaki benzerlik kadar aradaki farktır. Sanayi Devrimi döneminde makinelerin yaygınlaşmasıyla ortaya çıkan toplumsal sorunlara karşı sendikalar, işçi hareketleri, sosyal mevzuat ve kamusal eğitim zaman içinde gelişti. Bu değişimler bir anda gerçekleşmedi; uzun mücadeleler, tartışmalar ve siyasi kararlar sonucunda ortaya çıktı. Bugün de yapay zekânın getirdiği dönüşümün sonuçları, kendiliğinden adil bir düzene dönüşmeyecektir.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Elbette tarih kendisini birebir tekrarlamaz. Buhar makinesi ile yapay zekâ aynı teknoloji değildir; 19. yüzyılın toplumsal yapısıyla bugünün küresel ekonomisi arasında önemli farklar vardır. Ancak iki dönemin ortak sorusu aynıdır: Üretim kapasitesindeki artış, toplumsal refaha hangi şartlarda dönüşür? Belki de teknolojik ilerlemeyi değerlendirirken yalnızca ne kadar hızlı üretim yaptığımıza, ne kadar gelişmiş makineler kullandığımıza veya ne kadar büyük ekonomik değer yarattığımıza bakmamalıyız. Üretilen zenginliğin ne kadarının toplumun farklı kesimlerine ulaştığını, eğitim ve sağlık imkânlarının ne ölçüde genişlediğini, çalışanların yaşam koşullarının iyileşip iyileşmediğini de sormalıyız. Çünkü tarihin bize gösterdiği gerçek şudur: İlerleme, yalnızca yeni araçlar üretmek değildir; o araçların insan hayatını nasıl değiştirdiğiyle anlam kazanır.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yapay zekâ çağında önümüzde duran tercih de budur. Teknolojik devrimler eşitsizliği kaçınılmaz olarak artırmaz; fakat onu kendiliğinden de ortadan kaldırmaz. Bunun için teknolojik kapasitenin yanında toplumsal sorumluluğa, fırsat eşitliğine ve adil paylaşım mekanizmalarına ihtiyaç vardır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İnsanlık makinelerini her geçen yüzyılda daha güçlü hâle getiriyor. Asıl tarihsel sınav ise bu gücü daha adil bir toplum kurmak için kullanıp kullanamayacağımızdır.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2026 00:19:36 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Kanatsız Melekler de Bu Dünyada Yaşar</title>
                <category>UZM. ZUMULAİTİ  ABDUWAILİ</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kanatsiz-melekler-de-bu-dunyada-yasar-1345</link>
                <author>ZUMULA@bruxelleskorner.com (UZM. ZUMULAİTİ  ABDUWAILİ)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kanatsiz-melekler-de-bu-dunyada-yasar-1345</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Kanatsız Melekler de Bu Dünyada Yaşar]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Kanatsız Melekler de Bu Dünyada Yaşar</h1>

<p>UZM. ZUMULAİTİ ABDUWAILİ</p>

<p>Bazen bir insan, hiç farkında olmadan başka bir insanın hayatına yeniden umut olur.</p>

<p>Dünyada bazı şeyler vardır; insan bazen söylemek ister ama kelimeler boğazında düğümlenir. Bazı duygular ise insanın içinde sessizce büyür ve bir gün mutlaka dile gelmek ister.</p>

<p>Bugün benim içimden de böyle bir duygu geldi. Uzun zamandır düşündüğüm, gözlemlediğim ve kendime sorduğum bazı soruların ardından, artık bunları yazmak istiyorum.</p>

<p>Ben bu dünyada hâlâ kanatsız meleklerin olduğuna inananlardanım. Belki de hayatın telaşı içinde böyle insanları fark etmekte zorlanıyoruz. Oysa bazen bir insanın davranışları, sözlerinden çok daha fazlasını anlatır.</p>

<p>Başkasına uzattığı bir el, karşılık beklemeden yaptığı bir iyilik, ailesine gösterdiği sevgi veya mazlumun yanında duruşu, onun nasıl bir insan olduğunu anlamaya yeter.</p>

<p>Ben de son zamanlarda böyle bir insanı daha yakından tanıma fırsatı buldum: Bir akademisyen hocamızı.</p>

<p>Daha önce kendisini tanıyor, biliyor ama belki de yeterince dikkat etmiyordum. İnsan bazen çevresindeki güzellikleri fark etmek için zamana ihtiyaç duyuyor. Son zamanlarda hocamızın insanlara yaklaşımını, ailesine olan sevgisini, yaşadığı topluma karşı sorumluluğunu ve insanlarla kurduğu samimi ilişkileri daha yakından gözlemlemeye başladım.</p>

<p>Beni en çok etkileyen özelliklerinden biri, insanlara karşı gösterdiği içtenlik oldu. Günümüzde birçok insan mazlumların, ihtiyaç sahiplerinin ve mağdurların yanında olduğunu söyler. Fakat söylemek başka, bunu hayatının bir parçası hâline getirmek bambaşka bir şeydir. Ben, bu hocamızın sözlerinin davranışlarına yansıdığını gördüm.</p>

<p>Özellikle maddi imkânları kısıtlı, ihtiyaç sahibi ve zor durumda olan öğrencilere karşılık beklemeden yardım ettiğini öğrendiğimde çok düşündüm. Kendi kendime, “Bir insan bunu neden yapar? Hiçbir karşılık beklemeden, kimse görmese bile neden başka insanların hayatına dokunur?” diye sordum.</p>

<p>Belki de cevabı çok basitti: Çünkü o, insanlığın ne demek olduğunu unutmamış bir insandı.</p>

<p>Ancak beni derinden etkileyen yalnızca başkalarına yaptığı iyilikler değildi. Onun aile hayatına, evladına duyduğu sevgiye ve bir baba olarak gösterdiği sabra da tanıklık ettim. Ailesinde özel gereksinimli bir evladının olduğunu öğrendim. Bir baba ile evladı arasındaki sevgi bağını, sabrı ve şefkati gördüğümde içimde tarif etmekte zorlandığım duygular oluştu.</p>

<p>O an içimden ağlamak geldi.</p>

<p>Bu gözyaşları üzüntüden değildi. İnsana duyduğum saygıdan, hayranlıktan ve insanlığın hâlâ güzel bir yüzünün olduğuna yeniden şahit olmaktan kaynaklanıyordu. Bir babanın evladına gösterdiği sevgiyi, sabrı ve fedakârlığı görmek bana çok şey düşündürdü. İnsan bazen başkasının hayatına bakarken kendi hayatını da yeniden sorguluyor.</p>

<p>Ben de kendi payıma düşeni aldım. Çünkü göçmenlik hayatı insana bazen kendisini unutturabiliyor. Yeni bir ülke, yeni bir dil, yeni bir çevre ve bitmeyen mücadeleler... İnsan bir süre sonra yalnızca hayatta kalmaya, ayakta durmaya ve günlük sorunlarını çözmeye çalışıyor. Bu koşuşturmanın içinde kim olduğunu, neler yapabileceğini ve aslında içinde ne kadar güç taşıdığını unutabiliyor.</p>

<p>Ben de zamanla kendimi unutmuşum.</p>

<p>Fakat bazı insanlar hayatımıza yalnızca kendi hikâyeleriyle girmezler; bize kendimizi de yeniden hatırlatırlar. Bir akademisyen hocamızın insanlara yaklaşımını, ailesine olan sevgisini, evladına gösterdiği sabrı ve ihtiyaç sahibi insanlara karşı duyarlılığını gördükçe ben de kendime yeniden dönmeye başladım.</p>

<p>Adeta yeniden ayağa kalkıyorum.</p>

<p>Belki de onun bana dokunan en büyük iyiliği budur. Bana doğrudan bir şey vermesinden daha önemlisi, içimde unuttuğum duyguları ve gücü yeniden hatırlatmaktır.</p>

<p>İnsanın içinde hâlâ umut olduğunu, iyiliğin hâlâ mümkün olduğunu ve bir insanın başka insanların hayatına dokunabileceğini yeniden hissettirdi.</p>

<p>Bu yazıyı bir övgü olsun diye yazmıyorum. Bir insanı kusursuz göstermek ya da onu başkalarından üstün tutmak da istemiyorum. Yalnızca gördüğüm, hissettiğim ve bende iz bırakan bir güzelliği paylaşmak istiyorum.</p>

<p>Çünkü güzel insanların hikâyeleri de anlatılmalı.</p>

<p>İyilik yapan insanların iyilikleri görünür olmalı. Evlatlarına sevgiyle sarılan babaların, ihtiyaç sahibi öğrencilerin elinden tutan insanların ve mazlumun yanında duranların hikâyeleri unutulmamalı. Çünkü bazen bir insanın yaptığı iyilik, hiç tanımadığı başka bir insana bile umut olabilir.</p>

<p>Bugün bir akademisyen hocamıza gönülden teşekkür etmek istiyorum.</p>

<p>Belki kendisi benim içimde nelerin değiştiğini hiçbir zaman tam olarak bilemeyecek. Belki de bu yazının benim için ne ifade ettiğini tahmin edemeyecek. Ama ben yine de söylemek istiyorum:</p>

<p>Sizi tanımak, insanlığın güzel taraflarını yeniden hatırlamama vesile oldu.</p>

<p>İnsanlara olan yaklaşımınızdan, ailenize duyduğunuz sevgiden, evladınıza gösterdiğiniz sabırdan ve ihtiyaç sahibi insanlara uzattığınız karşılıksız yardım elinden çok şey öğrendim.</p>

<p>Bazen dünyada kanatsız meleklerin olmadığını düşünürüz.</p>

<p>Oysa belki de vardırlar. Sadece kanatları görünmez.</p>

<p>Ben kendi hayatımda böyle bir insana rastladığıma inanıyorum. Onun hayatına tanıklık etmek bana yalnızca başka bir insanı takdir etmeyi değil, kendimi yeniden bulmayı da öğretti.</p>

<p>Teşekkür ederim hocam.</p>

<p>İnsanlığınız, sabrınız, sevginiz ve başkalarının hayatına dokunan güzel yüreğiniz için...</p>

<p>Belki bu yazı sizin için küçük bir teşekkürdür. Ama benim için, uzun zamandır içimde taşıdığım büyük bir saygının ve minnetin ifadesidir.</p>

<p>İyi ki hâlâ iyiliğiyle örnek olan insanlar var. İyi ki onların hikâyeleri, başkalarının yüreğine umut olabiliyor.</p>

<p>UZM. ZUMULAİTİ ABDUWAILİ</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/7e4c552a-ab0a-43e9-acb7-29abc08989e2.png" /></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

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                <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:17:04 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>What Are We Looking for, Anyway?</title>
                <category>Yüksel  Çilingir</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/what-are-we-looking-for-anyway-1344</link>
                <author>yuksel.cilingir@icloud.com (Yüksel  Çilingir)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/what-are-we-looking-for-anyway-1344</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[What Are We Looking for, Anyway?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Has a melody ever got stuck in your head, one you can’t quite remember?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">One of them is playing now:&nbsp;<em>The Windmills of Your Mind</em>. Months later, it came back to me, almost like a miracle. The song is about thoughts going round and round in your head. The endless confusion of a mind caught in the blades of its own windmill, spinning in circles, searching for a way out.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">As I wonder what this song has to do with anything, another melody slips in:&nbsp;<em>“Parçalandım...”</em>&nbsp;(“I fell apart...”). Candan Erçetin, who turns the broken map of our inner world into a song, seems to be asking: What are we really looking for all our lives? Someone like ourselves, or a saviour who can piece us back together and fill the bottomless void inside us with a single touch?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">But perhaps the real question is this: Do we even know who we are, to know what we want that emptiness to become?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Psychology calls it the “shadow of the unconscious”. It’s everywhere these days. The other half of ourselves we refuse to accept, the part we push into dark corners. The things we passionately seek in others, or flee from in fear and hatred. Perhaps these are all reflections of ourselves, hitting a wall, sometimes crashing straight into it. Not "perhaps," actually. Experience seems to tell us that is exactly how it is. But the emptiness inside us may not be a lack at all. It may simply be the self we have yet to meet, or have kept at a distance until now.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">And expecting one person to fill that emptiness, shed light on our shadow and make us whole... It may sound beautiful under the name of love, but it is a great injustice to the soul.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">What about running away? Could we lose ourselves in other cities, with other people? Then Sezen Aksu’s words come back to us:&nbsp;<em>“If your troubles are bigger than the world, changing your surroundings won’t help.”</em>&nbsp;Because wherever you go, you take that crackling radio inside your head and the shadow in your suitcase with you. That great burden within you remains unchanged until you face yourself. Until you find a way out...</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Rilke says it too:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Whoever has no home now will build one no more.</em><br />
<em>Whoever is alone now will remain so for a long time,</em><br />
<em>will stay awake, read, write long letters,</em><br />
<em>and wander restlessly back and forth</em><br />
<em>along the tree-lined avenues, as the leaves drift.</em></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">The restlessness, the feeling of being homeless, comes not from failing to find a roof outside, but from being unable to settle into oneself.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Like peeling an onion, each layer releases a fresh scent. It is a journey that seems to take us back to the same place, one in which we keep describing ourselves in the same words, yet each layer brings us a little closer to that tiny core at the centre. Even if it makes us cry...</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">But what happens when we get there?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Is life just a collection of discarded layers surrounding that tiny, naked core? That fresh scent that stings our eyes every time? Or is it about realising, when we finally reach that core, that there are no more layers to peel, and nowhere left to go but into ourselves?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">What was it the song said? Those windmills turning inside our minds, circles connecting to circles, the endless revolutions...</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Although we often say, “My life flashed before my eyes like a film,” it isn’t one continuous, seamless piece, but a series of fragments stitched together.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">And sometimes we are raindrops that shatter against a barren stone; sometimes we seep into a hidden crack in the earth and merge with underground waters. Just when we think we have disappeared, we evaporate in the sun, become new clouds in the embrace of the sky, and breathe again in another form.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Perhaps the point is not to find ourselves once and for all, but to discover something we didn’t know about ourselves each time we turn like a windmill. To give way to the seeds reaching for light within us, to the flowers waiting to bloom.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Let’s end with Tanju Okan:&nbsp;<em>“A wind blew from the distant past. My childhood...”</em></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Or perhaps, let’s begin!</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px">Stay with love.</span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

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                <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 18:16:21 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Fransa’nın asıl borcu</title>
                <category>Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/fransanin-asil-borcu-1343</link>
                <author>DrMehmetArslan@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/fransanin-asil-borcu-1343</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Fransa’nın asıl borcu]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">FRANSA’NIN BORCU VE TARİHİN UZUN GÖLGESİ</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">DR. MEHMET ARSLAN</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bir ülkenin mali krizi ne zaman siyasi krize dönüşür? Fransa bu soruyu ilk kez 1789'da sormadı. Fakat Fransız tarihinin son iki buçuk yüzyılı, devletin para bulma biçimi ile toplumdan aldığı siyasi destek arasındaki ilişkinin ne kadar kırılgan olabileceğini defalarca gösterdi. Bugün Paris'in karşı karşıya olduğu borç sorunu da bu uzun tarihin yeni bir halkası.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/c5e234b9-2fb2-4956-9af1-9897074a3d97.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fransa bugün yeniden aynı kelimelerin etrafında dönüyor: borç, bütçe, vergi, faiz, tasarruf, reform ve siyasi uzlaşma. Haziran 2026 sonunda Fransız kamu borcu 3,596 trilyon avroya ulaşarak GSYH'nin yüzde 119'una çıktı. Bu, yalnızca Cumhuriyet tarihinin değil, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasından beri görülen en yüksek borç oranı. Eylül sonunda Fransız devletinin on yıllık tahvil faizinin yüzde 4,9'lara yaklaşması, Fransa ile Almanya arasındaki faiz farkının 2011'den beri görülmeyen seviyelere çıkması ve euronun 5 Ekim'de 17 ayın en düşük seviyesine gerilemesi, meselenin artık yalnızca Paris'in bütçe hesaplarından ibaret olmadığını gösteriyor.&nbsp; Fakat Fransa'nın bugün yaşadığı mali sıkıntıyı anlamak için Paris'in bugünkü bütçe tablolarına bakmak yetmez. Fransa'nın devlet maliyesinin tarihine bakmak gerekir. Çünkü Fransa, tarihte devletin para ihtiyacı ile siyasi meşruiyet arasındaki bağın en dramatik biçimde ortaya çıktığı ülkelerden biridir. Ve bunun başlangıç noktası, kaçınılmaz olarak 1789'dur.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bastille’den Önce Hazine Vardı</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fransız Devrimi anlatılırken çoğu zaman Bastille'in 14 Temmuz 1789'da düşüşüyle başlanır.Oysa devrimden çok önce Versailles'da başka bir kriz yaşanıyordu: para krizi.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XVI. Louis 1774'te tahta çıktığında Fransa zaten ciddi mali sorunlarla karşı karşıyaydı. Yedi Yıl Savaşı'nın bıraktığı yük, kraliyet harcamaları, vergi sisteminin yapısal sorunları ve devletin borçlanma ihtiyacı hazinenin üzerindeki baskıyı artırmıştı. Üstelik Fransa kısa süre sonra İngiltere'ye karşı Amerikan Bağımsızlık Savaşı'na müdahil oldu. Amerikan kolonilerine verilen askeri ve mali destek, Fransa'nın İngiltere'ye karşı stratejik hesapları bakımından anlamlıydı; fakat kraliyet maliyesine yeni bir yük getirdi. Versailles'ın kendi tarih anlatısında da Amerikan bağımsızlık mücadelesine verilen desteğin Fransız monarşisinin ekonomik güçlüklerini ağırlaştırdığı ve 1789'daki çöküşü hızlandıran faktörlerden biri olduğu belirtiliyor. Burada tarihin ironilerinden biri ortaya çıkar: Fransa, Amerika'nın bağımsızlığına yardım ederek İngiltere'yi zayıflatmak istedi; fakat bu savaşın maliyeti Fransa'daki eski rejimin kendi dayanıklılığını zayıflattı.Bu, yalnızca bir bütçe açığı değildi. Çünkü Ancien Régime'in en büyük problemi, devletin daha fazla vergi toplamak istemesi değil, bunu siyasal olarak yapabilme kapasitesinin sınırlı olmasıydı. Fransa'da vergi sistemi karmaşıktı. Soyluların ve ruhban sınıfının çeşitli mali ayrıcalıkları bulunuyordu. Devletin daha geniş bir vergi tabanına ulaşabilmesi için reform gerekiyordu. Fakat reform, doğrudan doğruya ayrıcalıklı sınıfların çıkarlarına dokunuyordu. Böylece ortaya bir kısır döngü çıktı: Devletin paraya ihtiyacı vardı. Daha fazla vergi gerekiyordu. Ama vergi reformu siyasi direnç yaratıyordu.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Siyasi direnç reformu engelliyordu. Reform yapılamayınca devlet daha fazla borçlanıyordu. 1789'a giden yolun önemli taşlarından biri buydu.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Turgot’dan Necker’e: Reform Neden Yapılamadı?</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">XVI. Louis'nin mali reform girişimleri, bugün bize tanıdık gelebilecek bir başka soruyu da gösteriyor: Bir devlet krizden çıkmak için reform yapmaya çalıştığında, reformun kendisi krizi büyütebilir mi?</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1774'te maliye genel denetçiliğine getirilen Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, devlet harcamalarını kısmaya, ekonomik engelleri azaltmaya ve mali yapıyı düzeltmeye çalıştı. Fakat özellikle tahıl piyasasına ilişkin düzenlemeler ve kötü hasatların yarattığı fiyat artışları toplumsal tepkiyi artırdı. Turgot görevden ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Ardından Jacques Necker geldi. Necker'in hikâyesi özellikle ilginçtir. Çünkü maliye teknokratı olarak başlayan kariyeri, kısa sürede siyasi meşruiyet meselesine dönüştü. Harcamaları kısmaya ve devlet hesaplarını daha görünür hale getirmeye çalıştı. Ancak 1781'de yayımladığı Compte rendu au roi ile kraliyet maliyesini kamuoyuna anlatması, finans yönetimini ilk kez geniş bir siyasi tartışmanın konusu haline getiren önemli adımlardan biri oldu. Necker daha sonra yeniden göreve çağrıldı ve 1789'da États généraux'nun toplanması sürecinde merkezi bir rol oynadı. 5 Mayıs 1789'da Versailles'da États généraux toplandığında, gündemin merkezinde mali kriz vardı. Versailles kayıtlarına göre toplantının arkasındaki temel nedenlerden biri ciddi mali ve siyasi durumdu; maliye bakanı Necker, açılışta bütçe açığını 56 milyon olarak ortaya koymuştu.&nbsp; Ama burada tarih bir anda yön değiştirdi. Çünkü mali meseleyi çözmek için çağrılan toplantı, Fransa'da egemenliğin kime ait olduğu sorusuna dönüştü.Üçüncü sınıfın temsilcileri, ruhban ve soylularla ayrı ayrı oy kullanmak yerine temsilcilerin kişi başına oy kullanmasını istiyordu. 17 Haziran'da kendilerini Ulusal Meclis ilan ettiler. 20 Haziran'da Tenis Kortu Yemini geldi. Başlangıçta mesele devletin gelirleriydi. Sonunda mesele devletin kendisi oldu. 1789'un asıl dersi: Borç tek başına devrim yaratmaz Burada tarihçilerin özellikle dikkat etmesi gereken bir ayrım var. Fransız Devrimi'ni “devlet borçlandı ve devrim oldu” şeklinde anlatmak yanlıştır. Mali kriz gerekli koşullardan biri olabilir; fakat tek başına yeterli değildir. 1789 Fransa'sında ekonomik sıkıntılar, toplumsal eşitsizlik, siyasal temsil problemi, Aydınlanma düşüncesi, kötü hasatlar, gıda fiyatları ve monarşinin meşruiyetindeki aşınma birbirine eklenmişti. Mali kriz bu unsurların hepsini tek başına yaratmadı. Fakat onları aynı siyasi sahnede buluşturdu. İşte Fransa'nın bugünkü borç tartışması açısından tarihin önemli dersi burada yatıyor. Devlet borcu, kendi başına rejim değiştiren sihirli bir rakam değildir. Asıl mesele, toplumun devletin aldığı kararları ne ölçüde meşru kabul ettiğidir. 1789'da mali reform ihtiyacı, temsil ve ayrıcalık tartışmasına bağlandığı anda sistemin sınırlarını zorlamaya başladı. Devrimden sonra borç ortadan kalkmadı İşin daha ilginç tarafı şu: Fransız Devrimi'nin eski mali düzeni yıkması, Fransa'nın borç problemini ortadan kaldırmadı. Devrim sonrasında devlet yeni bir ekonomik ve mali düzen kurmak zorunda kaldı. Kilise mülklerine el konulması, assignat adı verilen kağıt paranın kullanılması ve savaşların maliyeti yeni sorunlar yarattı. 1790'larda savaşlar genişledikçe maliye ile devletin güvenliği arasındaki bağ daha da güçlendi. Ardından Napolyon geldi. Napolyon döneminde Fransa, modern devlet maliyesinin bazı temel kurumlarını kalıcılaştırdı. 1800'de Banque de France'ın kuruluşu, 1807'de Cour des comptes'un oluşturulması ve daha merkezi bir mali yönetim anlayışının gelişmesi, devrim sonrasında devlet kapasitesinin yeniden inşasının parçalarıydı. Napolyon'un Avrupa savaşları ise başka bir tarihsel gerçeği gösterdi: Güçlü bir devlet de çok pahalıdır. Ordular, savaşlar, idare ve imparatorluk projeleri sürekli kaynak gerektiriyordu. Böylece Fransa tarihinde borç ile devlet kapasitesi arasındaki ilişki yeni bir biçim aldı. Ancien Régime'de devlet reform yapmak için borçlanıyordu. Devrim sonrasında devlet, savaşmak ve yeni düzeni kurmak için kaynak arıyordu.Modern Fransa'da ise devlet, sosyal güvenlikten sağlığa, emeklilikten savunmaya kadar çok daha geniş bir alandaki yükümlülüklerini finanse etmek zorunda. Devlet büyüdükçe maliyenin siyaseti de büyüdü.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1870: Fransa bir kez daha yenilginin faturasını ödüyor</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fransa'nın mali tarihinde 1870-1871 Fransa-Prusya Savaşı da önemli bir dönüm noktasıdır. Napolyon III'ün İkinci İmparatorluğu'nun yenilgisi, yalnızca rejimin sonunu getirmedi. Fransa ağır bir savaş tazminatı ödemek zorunda kaldı. Fakat burada ilginç bir gelişme yaşandı. Fransa, savaşın ardından kısa sürede büyük miktarda devlet tahvili ihraç ederek finansal piyasalardan kaynak sağladı. 1871-1873 dönemindeki borçlanma, modern Fransız devletinin finansal piyasalarla kurduğu ilişkinin gücünü de gösterdi. Yani borç her zaman devletin zayıflığının işareti değildir. Bazen güçlü devletler borçlanabilir çünkü piyasa onların gelecekte ödeme yapacağına inanır. Asıl mesele, güvenin devam edip etmemesidir. Bu nokta bizi doğrudan 2026'ya getiriyor. Bugün yatırımcıların Fransa'ya borç vermeyi tamamen reddettiği bir durum yok. Fransa hâlâ büyük ve likit bir devlet tahvili piyasasına sahip. Fakat borçlanmanın maliyeti yükseliyor. Dolayısıyla mesele “Fransa borç bulabiliyor mu?” değil.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Fransa, borcunu giderek daha pahalı koşullarda çevirmek zorunda kalmadan bu sistemi sürdürebilecek mi?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve borcun yeni çağı</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Birinci Dünya Savaşı, Avrupa devletlerinin mali yapısını altüst etti. Savaşın finansmanı için devletler daha önce görülmemiş ölçekte borçlandı. Fransa da savaşın maliyetini büyük ölçüde borçlanarak karşıladı. Savaş sonrası dönemde Almanya'dan alınması beklenen savaş tazminatları, Fransız maliyesinin hesaplarında önemli bir yer tuttu. Ancak Almanya'nın ödeme kapasitesi ve tazminatların tahsil edilmesi meselesi, 1920'lerde Avrupa'nın mali ve siyasi krizleriyle iç içe geçti.Sonra 1929 geldi. Büyük Buhran, ardından İkinci Dünya Savaşı. Fransa'nın borç tarihi bir kez daha savaşın gölgesine girdi. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonunda kamu borcu GSYH'nin üç katını aşmıştı. Bugünkü yüzde 119 oranıyla karşılaştırıldığında bu çok daha yüksek bir düzeydir. Fakat savaş sonrası Fransa'nın borç oranının hızla düşmesinin çok önemli bir nedeni vardı: yüksek enflasyon, güçlü ekonomik büyüme ve yeniden yapılanma. Cour des comptes'un tarihsel verileri, 1945 sonrasında yüksek enflasyon ve ekonomik büyümenin borç/GSYH oranını hızla aşağı çektiğini; savaş sonrası dönemde oranının giderek düşerek Trente Glorieuses'ın sonunda yaklaşık yüzde 15 civarına kadar indiğini gösteriyor. Bu dönem, bugünün Fransa'sı açısından belki de en önemli tarihsel karşılaştırmayı sunuyor.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Çünkü Fransa daha önce de çok yüksek borç taşıdı.Ve borçtan çıkışın yolu her zaman kemer sıkma olmadı. 1945 sonrasında Fransa'nın işine yarayan şey, olağanüstü büyüme, enflasyon ve yeniden yapılanmaydı.Bugün ise Fransa'nın büyüme potansiyeli çok daha düşük. Dolayısıyla geçmişte işe yarayan reçeteyi bugüne aynen taşımak mümkün değil.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1974: Hikâyenin bugünkü bölümü burada başlıyor</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bugünkü Fransız borç hikâyesinin asıl uzun dönemli başlangıç noktalarından biri ise 1973-1974 petrol krizidir.Savaş sonrası “Trente Glorieuses” dönemi sona ererken ekonomik büyüme yavaşladı. Fransa'nın sosyal devlet modeli ise küçülmedi. Tam tersine emeklilik, sağlık, sosyal transferler ve kamu hizmetleri devlet bütçesinde kalıcı yükler oluşturdu. Böylece savaş sonrası dönemin temel denklemi değişti. Eskiden: yüksek büyüme, artan gelirler, &nbsp;güçlü devlet - düşük borç denklemi çalışıyordu.1970'lerden sonra: daha düşük büyüme, &nbsp;yüksek kamu harcamaları, kronik açık- artan borç denklemi giderek belirginleşti. Fransa'nın kamu borcu 1974'te GSYH'nin yaklaşık yüzde 14,5'i düzeyindeyken 1990'larda yüzde 40'lara, 2000'lerin sonunda çok daha yüksek seviyelere çıktı; 2020'de pandemi sırasında yüzde 100 eşiğini geçti. 2026'nın ikinci çeyreğinde ise yüzde 119'a ulaştı.&nbsp; Burada dikkat çekici olan, tek bir hükümetin veya tek bir ekonomik kararın bu tabloyu yaratmamış olmasıdır. Bu, yarım yüzyıla yayılan birikimli bir süreçtir. Ve bu nedenle bugünkü Fransız borç krizini yalnızca Macron döneminin veya yalnızca bugünkü hükümetin politikalarıyla açıklamak da tarihsel olarak eksik kalır. Bugün Paris'te yaşanan tartışma aslında iki yüzyıllık bir tartışmanın yeni biçimi 5 Ekim 2026'da Fransız hükümeti 2027 bütçesini parlamentonun önüne getirirken temel hedef kamu açığını azaltmak. Fakat bunun için vergileri artırmak, bazı vergi istisnalarını azaltmak, emeklilik ve sağlık harcamalarında tasarrufa gitmek gerekiyor. Hükümetin hazırladığı bütçede kamu borcunun 2027'de GSYH'nin yüzde 121,7'sine çıkması bekleniyor. Tam burada tarih yeniden karşımıza çıkıyor.1789'da soru şuydu: “Vergi yükünü kim taşıyacak?” 2026'da soru farklı bir biçimde yine aynı: “Borç yükünü kim taşıyacak?” 1789'da ayrıcalıklı sınıfların vergi reformuna direnci büyük bir siyasi soruna dönüşmüştü. Bugün ise demokratik bir cumhuriyette, yükün emekliler, çalışanlar, şirketler, orta sınıf veya gelecek kuşaklar arasında nasıl dağıtılacağı tartışılıyor. İki toplum birbirinden çok farklı. İki rejim birbirinden çok farklı. Fakat maliyenin siyasete sorduğu soru şaşırtıcı biçimde benzer: Fedakârlık nasıl paylaşılacak ve bu paylaşım hangi siyasi meşruiyetle yapılacak?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fransa 1789 değil. Ama 1789'un bir dersi hâlâ geçerli Burada dikkatli olmak gerekiyor.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bugün Fransa'nın yeni bir Fransız Devrimi'nin eşiğinde olduğunu söylemek tarihsel analiz değil, manşet üretmektir. Fransa'nın demokratik kurumları var. Euro Bölgesi'nin parçası. Modern bir vergi sistemi ve gelişmiş bir sosyal devlet yapısı var. Devlet tahvilleri için hâlâ güçlü bir finansal piyasa bulunuyor. Üstelik bugünkü borç krizi, 1789'daki gibi devletin iflasın eşiğine gelmesinden ibaret değil. Fakat tarihin değeri zaten geleceği birebir tahmin etmek değildir. Tarih bize krizlerin nasıl derinleşebileceğini gösterir. Fransız Devrimi'nin en önemli mali dersi belki de şudur: Bir devletin mali kapasitesi ile siyasi meşruiyeti birbirinden ayrı düşünülemez.Devlet gelir toplamak zorundadır.Harcamak zorundadır. Borçlanmak zorundadır. Fakat bunların her biri toplumun “adil” bulduğu sınırlar içinde kalmak zorundadır. O sınır aşıldığında ekonomik mesele siyasi meseleye dönüşür. 1789'da bu dönüşüm monarşinin çöküşüne kadar gitti. Bugün böyle bir sonuçtan söz etmek için hiçbir tarihsel gerekçe yok. Fakat Fransa'nın önündeki sınav yine de son derece ciddi: Borcu azaltırken sosyal barışı, sosyal devleti ve siyasi güveni aynı anda koruyabilecek mi? Çünkü borcun matematiği acımasızdır. Faiz yükselirse devlet daha fazla ödeme yapar. Daha fazla faiz ödemesi daha az eğitim, sağlık, yatırım veya savunma harcaması anlamına gelebilir. Daha az kamu harcaması siyasi tepki yaratabilir. Daha fazla vergi ise başka bir toplumsal tepki doğurabilir. Ve böylece ekonomi yeniden siyasete döner.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fransa’nın asıl borcu</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Belki de bu nedenle Fransa'nın bugünkü hikâyesine yalnızca bir borç hikâyesi olarak bakmamak gerekir. 1789'dan 2026'ya kadar Fransa'nın tarihinde tekrar tekrar karşımıza çıkan mesele, devletin ne kadar harcama yaptığı değil yalnızca. Devletin toplumdan aldığı kaynak karşılığında nasıl bir siyasal ve toplumsal sözleşme kurduğu. Ancien Régime bu sözleşmeyi sürdüremedi. Devrim yeni bir sözleşme kurdu. Napolyon merkezi devleti yeniden inşa etti. Yüzyılın cumhuriyetleri modern vergi ve finans sistemlerini geliştirdi.İki dünya savaşı devletin mali kapasitesini olağanüstü büyüttü. 1945 sonrası refah devleti bu kapasiteyi toplumun sosyal haklarıyla birleştirdi. 1970'lerden sonra ise büyümenin yavaşlaması bu modelin finansmanını giderek daha zor hale getirdi.Şimdi Fransa yeniden aynı tarihsel kavşağın başka bir versiyonunda duruyor. Bu kez Versailles'ın aynaları yok. Bastille'in surları yok. Giyotin yok. Ama masanın üzerinde yine aynı şey var: Devletin hesabı. Ve hesabın arkasında daha zor bir soru: Bu hesabı kim ödeyecek? Fransa'nın geleceğini belki de borcun 3,6 trilyon avroya ulaşması değil, bu soruya vereceği cevap belirleyecek. Çünkü tarihin bize gösterdiği gibi, devletlerin en büyük mali krizleri bazen hazinenin boşalmasıyla değil, toplumun devletin kendisinden istediği fedakârlığa artık inanmadığı anda başlar. Fransa bugün 1789'a dönmüyor. Ama 1789'un gölgesinde, tarihin çok eski bir sorusunu yeniden tartışıyor: Devlet ne kadar borçlanabilir? Belki daha önemli soru ise şu: Bir toplum, geleceği adına ne kadar borcu miras kabul edebilir?</span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2026 00:10:53 +0300</pubDate>
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            </item>
                                <item>
                <title>Sahip Olduğumuz Değerlerin Kıymetini Bilmek</title>
                <category>UZM. ZUMULAİTİ  ABDUWAILİ</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sahip-oldugumuz-degerlerin-kiymetini-bilmek-1342</link>
                <author>ZUMULA@bruxelleskorner.com (UZM. ZUMULAİTİ  ABDUWAILİ)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sahip-oldugumuz-degerlerin-kiymetini-bilmek-1342</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Sahip Olduğumuz Değerlerin Kıymetini Bilmek]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Sahip Olduğumuz Değerlerin Kıymetini Bilmek</h2>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Ben bir Uygur Türkü olarak, Türklüğümü yaşatabilmek ve kimliğime sahip çıkabilmek için neleri geride bıraktığımı çok iyi biliyorum.</p>

<p>İnsan bazen uğruna mücadele ettiği şeylerin, başkalarının hayatında ne kadar sıradan görüldüğünü fark edince derin bir hüzün yaşıyor.</p>

<p>Ey Türkiye’de yaşayan Türk kardeşim!</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/1448230d-f024-4807-b3a0-365262d70d97.png" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Memleketinin, ana dilinin, bayrağının ve özgürce yaşayabildiğin hayatının kıymetini bil.</p>

<p>Çünkü senin her gün içinde yaşadığın, bazen şikâyet ettiğin o topraklar, bizim hasretini çektiğimiz bir yuvadır. Bizim özlemle baktığımız, uğruna nice fedakârlıkların yapıldığı büyük bir değerdir.</p>

<p>Unutma; insanın vatanı sadece üzerinde yaşadığı toprak değildir. Vatan, aynı zamanda dili, kültürü, kimliği ve kalbinin ait olduğu yerdir.</p>

<p>Sizler sahip olduklarınızın kıymetini bilin ki, bizim kaybettiklerimiz de bir gün yeniden kazanılabilsin.</p>

<p>Bir Uygur Türkü’nün Almanya’dan Türkiye’ye gönülden seslenişi budur.</p>

<h3>Saygı görmek istiyorsan, önce saygı göster</h3>

<p>Herkes saygı görmek ister.</p>

<p>Ancak bazen unuttuğumuz çok basit bir gerçek vardır: Başkalarından beklediğimiz saygıyı, önce biz göstermeliyiz.</p>

<p>İnsanları küçümsemeden dinlemek, farklı düşüncelere tahammül etmek, kimsenin kalbini kırmamaya çalışmak ve herkesin kendi hayatına, kendi düşüncesine ve kendi seçimlerine sahip olduğunu kabul etmek büyük bir erdemdir.</p>

<p>Çünkü saygı yalnızca güzel sözler söylemek değildir.</p>

<p>Saygı, karşındaki insanın da en az senin kadar değerli olduğunu bilmektir.</p>

<p>Kimse senin gibi düşünmek zorunda değildir. Sen de kimse gibi olmak zorunda değilsin.</p>

<p>Farklılıklarımız olabilir. Düşüncelerimiz, inançlarımız, hayat anlayışlarımız birbirinden ayrılabilir. Ama bu farklılıklar birbirimize karşı sevgimizi ve saygımızı azaltmamalıdır.</p>

<p>Unutma:</p>

<p>Saygı görmek istiyorsan, önce saygı göster.</p>

<p>Çünkü insan, dünyaya ne verirse çoğu zaman karşılığında onu bulur.</p>

<h3>İnanç sözde değil, davranışta görünür</h3>

<p>Tevrat yaşatmayı, İncil sevmeyi, Zebur dürüst olmayı, Kur’an ise okumayı, düşünmeyi ve insanı doğruya yönelmeyi öğütler.</p>

<p>Ama bugün birçok insan dinini diliyle taşıyor, hayatıyla değil.</p>

<p>“Ben dindarım” demek kolaydır.</p>

<p>Asıl mesele dürüst olmak, kul hakkı yememek, merhamet etmek, adaletli davranmak ve insanı incitmemektir.</p>

<p>Çünkü insanın inancı, söylediği sözlerden çok davranışlarında görünür.</p>

<p>Dini anlatmak kolaydır.</p>

<p>Dinin öğrettiği insan olmak ise zordur.</p>

<p>Belki de kendimize sormamız gereken asıl soru şudur:</p>

<p><strong>“Ben ne kadar dindarım?” değil;<br />
“İnandığım din beni ne kadar iyi bir insan yaptı?”</strong></p>

<p>Vatanın kıymetini bilmek, insana saygı göstermek ve inancını davranışlarına taşımak…</p>

<p>Belki de bütün mesele budur.</p>

<p><strong>Zümrüt</strong><br />
&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2026 23:58:16 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>Fatma Betül Sayan: Biriken öfke; ya arınma ya çöküş</title>
                <category>Bülent Güven</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/fatma-betul-sayan-biriken-ofke-ya-arinma-ya-cokus-1341</link>
                <author>guvenbulent@hotmail.com (Bülent Güven)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/fatma-betul-sayan-biriken-ofke-ya-arinma-ya-cokus-1341</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Fatma Betül Sayan: Biriken öfke; ya arınma ya çöküş]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Fatma Betül Sayan: Biriken öfke; ya arınma ya çöküş</h1>

<h2>&nbsp;</h2>

<p><a href="https://www.indyturk.com/taxonomy/term/286496"><img alt="" src="https://www.indyturk.com/sites/default/files/styles/150x150/public/B%C3%BClent%20G%C3%BCven.png?itok=RRrsUyzP" /></a></p>

<p>Dr. Bülent Güven<a href="https://www.indyturk.com/taxonomy/term/286496"> </a>Siyaset Bilimci</p>

<p>Cumartesi 3 Ekim 2026 13:31</p>

<p><img src="https://www.indyturk.com/sites/default/files/styles/1368x911/public/article/main_image/2026/10/03/1380955-2020601881.jpg?itok=UrBtPwMU" /></p>

<p>Fotoğraf: AA</p>

<p>ABD ve Avrupa'da, aslında 1990'lı yıllarda başlayan ancak son 10 yıl içinde giderek yoğunlaşan aşırı sağ ve zaman zaman aşırı sol popülist partilerin yükselişine tanıklık ediyoruz. Bu partilerin ve Donald Trump gibi popülist liderlerin yükselişini farklı sosyoekonomik tezlerle sosyal bilimciler açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu tezler, sürece dair büyük ölçüde açıklayıcı veriler sunmaktadır.</p>

<p>Ancak sosyoekonomik gerekçelerin yanı sıra, Batı dünyasını krize sürükleyen ve liyakatsiz kişilerin seçilmesinin önünü açan bir diğer önemli etken de toplumdaki geniş kesimlerin gelir dağılımındaki adaletsizlikten duydukları rahatsızlık nedeniyle sisteme ve bu sistemin temsilcisi olan elitlere karşı duydukları öfkedir.</p>

<p>Bu kesimler, sistemi cezalandırmak amacıyla söz konusu parti ve kişilere oy vermektedir. Burada temel motivasyon, seçilen popülist aktörlerin daha iyi yöneteceğine dair bir inançtan ziyade mevcut elitleri ve sistemi cezalandırma arzusudur. Bu şekilde biriken öfke ve kırgınlık dışa vurulmaktadır.</p>

<p>Türkiye açısından konu ele alındığında, sembolik olarak Fatma Betül Sayan Kaya üzerinden gündeme gelen fon krizi, yalnızca elitlere ve sisteme yönelik bir tepki olmanın ötesinde, <a href="https://www.indyturk.com/siyaset/ak-parti" target="_blank">AK Parti</a>'nin temsil ettiğini iddia ettiği muhafazakâr ve dinî değerlere yönelik bir tepkinin de oluşmasına yol açmış olabilir.</p>

<p>Başkanlık sistemine geçişle birlikte sistemin başlıca temsilcisi AK Parti haline gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla tepki duyulan elitler de büyük ölçüde muhafazakâr camia içinden gelen ve AK Parti'de makam sahibi olan kişiler olarak görülmektedir. Bu nedenle oluşan tepki, zamanla doğrudan AK Parti'ye ve temsil ettiği çevrelere yönelmiş durumdadır.</p>

<p>Yaklaşık 24 yıldır Türkiye'yi yöneten AK Parti'ye karşı, uzun iktidar süresinin getirdiği yıpranmışlık ve geçmişte karşı karşıya geldiği güç odakları nedeniyle toplumun geniş kesimlerinde zaten belirli bir tepki bulunmaktadır. Buna rağmen AK Parti ve Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, izledikleri strateji sayesinde seçimlerde gerekli çoğunluğu elde etmeyi başarmıştır.</p>

<p>Ancak son yaşanan olaylar sonrasında, söz konusu tepkinin AK Parti'nin kendi tabanından gelme ihtimali oldukça yüksektir. Eğer AK Parti bu süreci inandırıcı bir şekilde yönetemezse, bu tepkinin hızla büyümesi kaçınılmaz olabilir.</p>

<p>Nitekim son dört-beş yıldır AK Parti camiasında bu tür rahatsızlıkların arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'a duyulan güven ve bağlılık nedeniyle bu eleştiriler çoğunlukla açık şekilde dile getirilmemiştir. Sosyal medyada zaman zaman bu konulara dair eleştiriler görülse de bunlar genellikle sınırlı çevrelerde ve temkinli bir şekilde ifade edilmiştir.</p>

<p>Bu duruma örnek olarak, geçmişte AK Parti'nin yurt dışı teşkilatlarında üst düzey görev almış bir kişinin, birlikte çalıştığı bir milletvekiline atfen yaptığı sosyal medya paylaşımı dikkat çekmektedir. Söz konusu paylaşım, sahadaki rahatsızlığın tonunu ve içeriğini göstermesi açısından çarpıcıdır:</p>

<p><em>Okuyan kendi muhasebesini yapar, üzerine düşeni alan alır, almayan da kendi payına düşeni bilir.</em></p>

<p><br />
On binlerce avro maaş alıp STK başkanlığı yapmak, milletvekili olmak; eşinizi danışman yapıp maaşa bağlamak, ticaretinizi Türkiye'den Almanya'ya, Azerbaycan'dan Londra'ya kadar büyütmek…</p>

<p>Çocuklarınıza referans olup, adamı olmayan çocukların giremediği işlere yerleştirmek. Ailece VIP yaşamak, sülalece makamın sunduğu tüm imkânlardan faydalanmak…</p>

<p>Bunların hiçbiri tek kimsenin gözüne batmazdı.</p>

<p>Kimse dönüp bunları sorgulamaz, diline dolamazdı.</p>

<p>Eğer gönüllü olarak omuz veren insanların hakkını ve emeğini çiğnemeseydiniz.</p>

<p><em>"Dava arkadaşımız"</em> deyip insanları samimiyetinize inandırmasaydınız; onların ihlasını, dava aşkını kendi hesaplarınıza sermaye yapmasaydınız.</p>

<p>Gece gündüz hizmet ettirip, sonunda bu emeği kendi emelleriniz için harcamasaydınız.</p>

<p>Yetkilerinizi davanın ve teşkilatın menfaati için değil de şahsi çıkarlarınıza göre kullanmasaydınız.</p>

<p><em>"Şu kişi başkan olursa tahakküm kuramam",</em></p>

<p><em>"Bu kişi liyakatli ama benimle uyumlu değil"</em></p>

<p>gibi hesaplarla karar vermeseydiniz.</p>

<p>Gönüllü emek vermiş insanların hakkını, emeğini, itibarını ve onurunu harcamasaydınız.</p>

<p>Her adımda sadece kendinizi düşünmeseydiniz.</p>

<p>Makamın ve yetkinin gücünü; davanın, teşkilatın ve ortak idealin kazanımı için kullansaydınız.</p>

<p>İhlasla, hak ve adaletle görevinizi yapsaydınız, insanların hakkını çiğneyip bir de üstüne maddi manevi zararlara sokmasaydınız, bugün kimse ne kazandığınızı konuşurdu ne de ticaretinizi.</p>

<p>Aksine, herkes çıkıp şunu söylerdi:</p>

<p><em>Sonuna kadar helal olsun.</em></p>

<p><br />
Ama öyle yapmadınız.</p>

<p>Burada dile getirilen iddiaların doğruluğu ayrı bir tartışma konusudur. Ancak eski tabirle<em> "şüyuu vukuundan beter"</em> denildiği gibi, bu tür algıların oluşmuş olması dahi başlı başına önemlidir. Nitekim AK Parti tabanında bazı milletvekilleri ve belediye başkanlarına yönelik benzer kanaatlerin oluştuğu görülmektedir. Fatma Betül olayıyla birlikte bu algının daha görünür hale geldiği söylenebilir.</p>

<p>Eğer bu öfke ve rahatsızlık giderilemezse, Türkiye'nin önümüzdeki yıllarda ciddi siyasi ve toplumsal dalgalanmalarla karşı karşıya kalma ihtimali bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'nin bulunduğu coğrafyanın hassasiyeti de dikkate alındığında, iç siyasi istikrarın korunması daha da kritik hale gelmektedir.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle söz konusu iddiaların şeffaf ve inandırıcı bir şekilde ele alınması, hukukun etkin biçimde işletilmesi ve adaletin tereddüde yer bırakmayacak şekilde sağlanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu süreç yalnızca iletişim yönetimiyle aşılabilecek bir mesele değildir. Uzun süreli iktidarın getirdiği yıpranmışlık da dikkate alındığında, güvenin yeniden tesis edilmesi ancak somut ve ikna edici adımlarla mümkün olabilir.</p>

<p>Bu işin cezasını Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan kesmezse, toplum acı bir şekilde keser. AK Parti içinde Fatma Betül gibi insanlardan arınma da bu işin bir parçası olmalıdır. Fatma Betül Sayan bir örnektir. AK Parti camiasını içerden bilen herkes, bu tür örneklerin epey yaygın olduğunu da bilir. Taban giderse, tavan çöker.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2026 23:48:37 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Rafta Duran Kitap, Masada Açılan Kitap  Kitap Biriktirmenin Psikolojisi ve İş Yerinde Bilgiyi Saklamanın Bedeli</title>
                <category>Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/rafta-duran-kitap-masada-acilan-kitap-kitap-biriktirmenin-psikolojisi-ve-is-yerinde-bilgiyi-saklamanin-bedeli-1340</link>
                <author>YESIMSARIKAYA@bruxelleskorner.com (Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/rafta-duran-kitap-masada-acilan-kitap-kitap-biriktirmenin-psikolojisi-ve-is-yerinde-bilgiyi-saklamanin-bedeli-1340</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Rafta Duran Kitap, Masada Açılan Kitap  Kitap Biriktirmenin Psikolojisi ve İş Yerinde Bilgiyi Saklamanın Bedeli]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Rafta Duran Kitap, Masada Açılan Kitap</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kitap Biriktirmenin Psikolojisi ve İş Yerinde Bilgiyi Saklamanın Bedeli</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/cbdd7f32-69d7-4c0e-8ede-3b07e4df4702.png" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gece yarısı telefonda gezinirken bir program başlığına takıldım: Kitap sahip olmak için mi okunur, hakikati paylaşmak için mi? Soruyu okur okumaz gözüm çalışma odamdaki rafa kaydı. Orada kapağını henüz açmadığım en az on kitap duruyor. Bir kısmını kongre dönüşlerinde aldım, bir kısmını da "şimdi almazsam bir daha bulamam" telaşıyla. Utanmam mı gerekiyor, bilmiyorum. Japonlar bu hâle "tsundoku" diyor: Kitabı alıp okumadan üst üste yığmak. Bir davranışın başka bir dilde kendine ait bir kelimesi varsa, o davranış yalnızca bize ait değildir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tüketici psikolojisinin önemli isimlerinden Russell Belk, 1988'de yayımladığı çalışmasında sahip olduğumuz nesnelerin "genişletilmiş benliğimizin" parçası hâline geldiğini ileri sürer. Kitap bu açıdan diğer eşyalardan ayrılır. Rafa bir kitap koyduğumuzda aslında "ben böyle düşünen, bunları merak eden biriyim" demiş oluruz. Kahneman, Knetsch ve Thaler'in 1990'daki ünlü kupa deneyi de işin başka bir boyutunu gösterir. Katılımcılar ellerine verilen sıradan bir kupaya, o kupaya sahip olmayanlara göre belirgin biçimde daha yüksek fiyat biçmiştir. Adına sahiplik etkisi denen bu eğilim, hiç okumadığımız bir kitabı bağışlamanın neden bu kadar zor geldiğini de kısmen açıklar.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Biriktirmeyi hemen mahkûm etmek de haksızlık olur. Umberto Eco'nun on binlerce kitaplık kütüphanesinden söz eden Nassim Taleb, okunmamış kitapları "antikütüphane" olarak adlandırır ve onları bilmediklerimizin haritası sayar. Bu fikrin bilimsel bir karşılığı da var. Sikora, Evans ve Kelley'nin 2019'da yayımlanan araştırması, 31 ülkeden yaklaşık 160 bin yetişkinin verisini inceler ve ergenlik yıllarını kitaplarla dolu bir evde geçirenlerin yetişkinlikte okuryazarlık, sayısal beceri ve teknoloji kullanımında daha iyi durumda olduğunu ortaya koyar. Yani raf, sessiz bir öğretmen gibi çalışabiliyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Asıl mesele, meslek alanım olan endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisine uzandığında daha da ilginç bir hâl alıyor. Pierce, Kostova ve Dirks 2001'de "psikolojik sahiplenme" kavramını örgüt literatürüne kazandırdı. Çalışanlar, yasal olarak kendilerine ait olmayan projelere, fikirlere, hatta bir masaya bile "benim" duygusu geliştirebiliyor. Van Dyne ve Pierce'ın 2004 tarihli çalışması bu duygunun örgütsel bağlılık, iş tatmini ve gönüllü katkı davranışlarıyla ilişkili olduğunu gösteriyor. Buraya kadar her şey yolunda görünüyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Madalyonun öbür yüzünü ise Brown, Lawrence ve Robinson 2005'te "örgütsel bölgesellik" başlığıyla tartıştı. Sahiplendiğimiz şeyin etrafına duvar örme eğilimimiz iş yerinde de sürüyor. Connelly ve arkadaşlarının 2012'deki araştırması bu duvarın en sinsi biçimini adlandırdı: bilgi saklama. Soruyu geçiştirmek, bilmiyormuş gibi yapmak ya da "bunu paylaşmam yasak" diyerek kendini haklı çıkarmak, bu davranışın gündelik kılıkları. Peng'in 2013 tarihli çalışması ise bilgiye yönelik psikolojik sahiplenme arttıkça saklama eğiliminin de arttığını buldu. Rafı dolu ama kimseye kitap vermeyen okurla toplantıda kritik bilgiyi cebinde tutan çalışan, aynı kökten besleniyor olabilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bu yüzden bence soru biriktirip biriktirmemek değil, biriktirdiğimizi dolaşıma sokup sokmadığımız. Erich Fromm "Sahip Olmak ya da Olmak" kitabında bu ayrımı yıllar önce yapmıştı: Sahip olma kipinde bilgi bir mülktür, olma kipinde ise bir yaşantı. Adam Grant'in iş dünyası üzerine gözlemleri de ilk bakışta şaşırtıcı bir tablo çiziyor. Cömert davrananlar hem başarı sıralamasının en altında hem de en üstünde yer alabiliyor. Farkı, verirken kendini tüketmemeyi bilmek belirliyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yöneticilere düşen pay da burada başlıyor. "Benim projem" duygusunu bastırmaya çalışmak yerine onu "bizim bilgimiz" duygusuyla dengeleyen bir kültür kurmak mümkün. Bilgiyi paylaşanı görünür kılmak, soruyu soranı değil saklayanı sorgulayan bir ortam yaratmak, rafları kilitli kütüphanelerden daha verimli bir iş yeri demek.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bu yazıyı bitirirken rafa yeniden baktım. O on kitaptan birini bu hafta bir öğrencime vereceğim. Belki okur, belki o da rafına koyar. Ama en azından bir kitap, bir süreliğine yalnızca benim olmaktan çıkacak.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Endüstri ve Örgüt Psikolojisi Uzmanı</span></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 03 Oct 2026 01:46:57 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Bruxelles : quand le « député mystère » fait oublier la question essentielle</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/bruxelles-quand-le-depute-mystere-fait-oublier-la-question-essentielle-1339</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/bruxelles-quand-le-depute-mystere-fait-oublier-la-question-essentielle-1339</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Bruxelles : quand le « député mystère » fait oublier la question essentielle]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Bruxelles : quand le « député mystère » fait oublier la question essentielle</h1>

<h3>Julien Moinil affirme qu’un député bruxellois lui aurait demandé d’aider à libérer un détenu. Depuis, le Parlement s’agite, les partis réclament des explications et le MR veut renforcer les sanctions. Mais avant de chercher le coupable, une question élémentaire mérite d’être posée : <strong>que savons-nous exactement de cet appel ?</strong></h3>

<p><strong>Bruxelles Korner — Kadir Duran | 2 octobre 2026</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/73a9e8da-1da3-4e93-ae88-70958df6eb44.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>En Belgique, nous avons parfois un talent particulier : transformer une anecdote en affaire d’État, puis consacrer tellement d’énergie au « poisson » du jour que les problèmes structurels disparaissent momentanément de l’écran radar.</p>

<p>L’affaire qui agite actuellement le Parlement bruxellois en offre une illustration intéressante.</p>

<p>Tout commence par une déclaration du procureur du Roi de Bruxelles, <strong>Julien Moinil</strong>. Lors d’une soirée consacrée à la sécurité, organisée par <em>Le Soir</em>, le magistrat raconte qu’un député bruxellois l’aurait appelé à propos d’une personne incarcérée.</p>

<p>Selon son récit, l’élu lui aurait demandé s’il pouvait aider cette connaissance à sortir de prison. Moinil explique avoir éconduit son interlocuteur. L’identité du parlementaire n’est pas révélée. <a href="https://www.bruzz.be/actua/justitie/procureur-moinil-brussels-parlementslid-heeft-me-gevraagd-om-kennis-vrij-te-laten-2026-09-28?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Bruzz</a></p>

<p>Et voilà Bruxelles partie à la recherche du <strong>« député mystère »</strong>.</p>

<h2>Une affirmation devenue presque immédiatement un fait établi</h2>

<p>Il faut pourtant revenir à la base du métier journalistique.</p>

<p>Ce qui est publiquement établi aujourd’hui, c’est que <strong>Julien Moinil affirme avoir reçu cet appel</strong>.</p>

<p>Cette nuance est fondamentale.</p>

<p>Les informations publiques consultées ne permettent pas au lecteur de vérifier indépendamment l’identité de l’appelant. Aucun relevé téléphonique, message ou autre élément matériel permettant d’identifier publiquement le parlementaire n’a été produit.</p>

<p>Cela ne signifie absolument pas que Moinil invente cette histoire.</p>

<p>Un élément institutionnel vient d'ailleurs étayer le sérieux avec lequel il l'a traitée : le parquet indique que l'incident avait été évoqué au sein de la commission de déontologie du Parlement. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/accusation-contre-un-parlementaire-de-julien-moinil-pas-dinfraction-penale-dans-le-chef-du-depute-cible/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Mais une démocratie sérieuse doit distinguer <strong>le témoignage d’une autorité</strong> de <strong>la démonstration publique des faits qu’elle rapporte</strong>.</p>

<p>Et c'est précisément cette distinction qui semble avoir rapidement disparu du débat.</p>

<h2>Avant « qui est le député ? », demandons : que s’est-il exactement passé ?</h2>

<p>La première réaction politique a essentiellement consisté à demander un nom.</p>

<p>Zakia Khattabi, cheffe du groupe Ecolo, a considéré que les déclarations du procureur faisaient peser un soupçon sur l’ensemble des parlementaires bruxellois. Elle a demandé que, si Moinil ne souhaitait pas identifier l'élu concerné, il puisse au moins disculper explicitement les groupes qui ne le seraient pas. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/julien-moinil-accuse-un-depute-bruxellois-sans-le-nommer-ecolo-demande-des-clarifications/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Bernard Clerfayt (DéFI) a également demandé que l'identité soit révélée ou communiquée à la commission de déontologie. <a href="https://www.bruzz.be/actua/justitie/procureur-moinil-brussels-parlementslid-heeft-me-gevraagd-om-kennis-vrij-te-laten-2026-09-28?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Bruzz</a></p>

<p>Cette réaction est compréhensible.</p>

<p>Mais elle saute une étape.</p>

<p><strong>Avant de chercher qui a téléphoné, il faudrait établir précisément ce qui a été dit.</strong></p>

<p>Était-ce littéralement une demande de libération ?</p>

<p>Une demande d'information concernant la situation d'un détenu ?</p>

<p>Une tentative d'intervention ?</p>

<p>Dans quelles circonstances l'appel a-t-il eu lieu ?</p>

<p>Existe-t-il une trace de cet échange ?</p>

<p>Comment l'identité et la qualité de parlementaire de l'interlocuteur ont-elles été établies ?</p>

<p>Ces questions ne mettent pas en cause la parole du procureur.</p>

<p>Elles constituent simplement le minimum attendu lorsqu'une déclaration publique commence à produire des conséquences politiques.</p>

<h2>Le parquet apporte ensuite une précision considérable</h2>

<p>Car un élément essentiel est arrivé après l'emballement.</p>

<p>Le parquet de Bruxelles a indiqué que les faits décrits <strong>ne constituent pas une infraction pénale dans le chef du parlementaire</strong>, puisqu'aucune promesse, offre ou avantage n'aurait accompagné la demande.</p>

<p>Aucun dossier pénal n'a donc été ouvert.</p>

<p>Le problème identifié par le parquet est <strong>déontologique</strong>, notamment au regard de la séparation des pouvoirs. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/accusation-contre-un-parlementaire-de-julien-moinil-pas-dinfraction-penale-dans-le-chef-du-depute-cible/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Voilà une distinction essentielle.</p>

<p>Cela ne rend pas le comportement acceptable s'il s'est produit exactement comme décrit.</p>

<p>Un élu n'a évidemment pas à intervenir auprès d'un magistrat pour obtenir un traitement particulier au bénéfice d'une connaissance.</p>

<p>Mais entre une faute déontologique potentielle et une affaire pénale, il existe une différence que le débat public devrait conserver.</p>

<h2>Et le Parlement s’embrase</h2>

<p>L'affaire aurait pu en rester à un rappel clair des règles.</p>

<p>Elle s'est progressivement transformée en dossier parlementaire.</p>

<p>Les chefs de groupe se sont réunis. L'hypothèse d'une audition de Moinil a été évoquée avant d'être abandonnée. Le président du Parlement a finalement décidé de rappeler aux élus les règles relatives à la séparation des pouvoirs. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/julien-moinil-ne-sera-pas-convoque-au-parlement-bruxellois-apres-ses-accusations-contre-un-depute/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Puis le MR a voulu aller plus loin.</p>

<p>Ce vendredi 2 octobre, les libéraux ont demandé que le règlement du Parlement soit modifié <strong>en urgence</strong> afin de permettre des sanctions lorsqu'une violation grave de la séparation des pouvoirs est établie.</p>

<p>La demande d'urgence a été largement rejetée.</p>

<p>Aucun autre groupe ne l'a soutenue ; Groen et la N-VA se sont abstenus. La proposition pourra poursuivre son parcours parlementaire ordinaire. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/moinil-accuse-un-depute-la-demande-du-mr-de-modifier-en-urgence-le-reglement-est-rejetee/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Et c'est ici que l'histoire devient politiquement révélatrice.</p>

<h2>Une urgence… pour un événement qui daterait de 2025 ?</h2>

<p>Fouad Ahidar a soulevé une question particulièrement simple lors du débat :</p>

<p>les faits remonteraient à <strong>2025</strong>.</p>

<p>Pourquoi faut-il alors modifier le règlement parlementaire dans l'urgence en octobre 2026 ?</p>

<p>D'autres élus ont également contesté la méthode. Alain Deneef (Les Engagés) a rejeté l'idée de modifier précipitamment le règlement ; Jonathan de Patoul (DéFI) a appelé à ne pas transformer une question sérieuse en spectacle politique. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/moinil-accuse-un-depute-la-demande-du-mr-de-modifier-en-urgence-le-reglement-est-rejetee/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Le débat devient alors presque plus intéressant que l'incident initial.</p>

<p>Car il révèle un mécanisme classique de la vie politique contemporaine :</p>

<p><strong>une anecdote devient polémique, la polémique devient crise, la crise appelle une réaction immédiate et la réaction immédiate devient elle-même l'information.</strong></p>

<p>Pendant ce temps, la question initiale reste largement inchangée.</p>

<h2>Le paradoxe Moinil</h2>

<p>Il existe d'ailleurs une ironie assez remarquable dans cette affaire.</p>

<p>Le parquet lui-même a regretté que cette polémique ait éclipsé <strong>le véritable sujet que Julien Moinil voulait mettre sur la table</strong> lors de son intervention : le manque de moyens consacrés à la protection de la jeunesse.</p>

<p>Le parquet indiquait notamment qu'au 24 septembre, <strong>281 mineurs francophones en conflit avec la loi attendaient une place dans une institution fermée</strong>. <a href="https://www.bruzz.be/actua/justitie/volgens-brussels-parket-was-contact-tussen-parlementslid-en-moinil-geen-strafbaar-feit-2026-09-28?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Bruzz</a></p>

<p>Voilà peut-être le plus beau résumé de cette séquence.</p>

<p>Moinil intervient pour parler notamment d'un problème structurel concernant des centaines de jeunes.</p>

<p>Il raconte une anecdote concernant un parlementaire.</p>

<p>Et quelle partie de son intervention monopolise finalement la politique et les médias ?</p>

<p><strong>L'anecdote.</strong></p>

<p>Le poisson a mangé le sujet.</p>

<h2>Le « poisson » belge</h2>

<p>Ce mécanisme mérite d'être interrogé bien au-delà de cette affaire.</p>

<p>Il est beaucoup plus facile politiquement de demander :</p>

<p><strong>« Qui est le député ? »</strong></p>

<p>que de répondre à :</p>

<p><strong>« Pourquoi 281 mineurs attendent-ils une place dans une institution fermée ? »</strong></p>

<p>Il est plus spectaculaire de rechercher un parlementaire mystérieux que de discuter pendant trois heures du financement de la justice.</p>

<p>Plus facile de réclamer une sanction que d'expliquer les difficultés budgétaires de Bruxelles.</p>

<p>Plus médiatique d'organiser une bataille parlementaire autour d'un appel téléphonique que de débattre de sécurité, de narcotrafic, de logement, de pauvreté ou du fonctionnement quotidien des institutions.</p>

<p>Cela ne signifie pas que l'éthique parlementaire soit secondaire.</p>

<p><strong>Elle est essentielle.</strong></p>

<p>La séparation des pouvoirs n'est pas une décoration constitutionnelle. Si un élu tente effectivement d'utiliser son mandat pour obtenir un traitement privilégié d'une connaissance détenue, le Parlement doit pouvoir examiner la question dans le cadre approprié.</p>

<p>Mais une démocratie mature devrait être capable de faire deux choses simultanément :</p>

<p><strong>traiter sérieusement une question déontologique et conserver le sens des proportions.</strong></p>

<h2>Et si le vrai problème était précisément le brouillard ?</h2>

<p>Il reste enfin une question inconfortable.</p>

<p>Aujourd'hui, le parlementaire n'est pas publiquement identifié.</p>

<p>La totalité des élus se retrouve donc indirectement placée sous le soupçon.</p>

<p>C'est précisément ce qu'a dénoncé Zakia Khattabi. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/julien-moinil-accuse-un-depute-bruxellois-sans-le-nommer-ecolo-demande-des-clarifications/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Et cette situation n'est satisfaisante pour personne.</p>

<p>Pas pour le Parlement.</p>

<p>Pas pour le procureur.</p>

<p>Pas pour le député éventuellement concerné.</p>

<p>Et surtout pas pour le citoyen.</p>

<p>Soit les institutions disposent des éléments nécessaires pour traiter cette affaire dans le cadre déontologique prévu, et elles doivent le faire correctement.</p>

<p>Soit les éléments ne permettent pas d'aller plus loin, et il faut alors éviter de transformer durablement une anecdote en chasse au député mystère.</p>

<h2>Bruxelles Korner : revenons aux faits</h2>

<p>Nous ne savons pas publiquement qui est le parlementaire.</p>

<p>Nous ne disposons pas publiquement des éléments matériels permettant de vérifier nous-mêmes l'appel.</p>

<p>Nous savons que Julien Moinil affirme avoir reçu cette sollicitation.</p>

<p>Nous savons que l'incident a été porté dans le cadre déontologique.</p>

<p>Nous savons également que le parquet considère que les faits décrits <strong>ne constituent pas une infraction pénale</strong> dans le chef du député.</p>

<p>Et nous savons désormais que cette affaire a suffisamment occupé le Parlement pour provoquer réunions, demandes d'explications et proposition de modification urgente du règlement. <a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/accusation-contre-un-parlementaire-de-julien-moinil-pas-dinfraction-penale-dans-le-chef-du-depute-cible/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">BX1</a></p>

<p>Alors peut-être faudrait-il retourner la question.</p>

<p><strong>Le véritable scandale bruxellois est-il cet appel téléphonique ?</strong></p>

<p>Ou est-ce notre extraordinaire capacité collective à consacrer plusieurs jours à un député dont personne ne connaît publiquement le nom, pendant que les problèmes documentés, chiffrés et parfaitement identifiés de Bruxelles continuent d'attendre ?</p>

<p>L'éthique politique mérite mieux que le spectacle.</p>

<p>Et les problèmes de Bruxelles méritent mieux que le poisson du jour.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2>Et une dernière question : était-ce vraiment un parlementaire ?</h2>

<p>Il reste une question étonnamment peu posée dans cette affaire.</p>

<p><strong>Comment l’identité de l’appelant a-t-elle été authentifiée ?</strong></p>

<p>Julien Moinil affirme avoir été contacté par un député bruxellois. Rien ne permet, sur la base des informations rendues publiques à ce jour, de mettre en doute sa parole. Mais rien ne permet non plus au public de connaître les modalités par lesquelles l’identité de l’interlocuteur aurait été établie.</p>

<p>S’agissait-il d’un numéro personnel déjà connu du procureur ? L’appelant était-il une personne qu’il connaissait et dont il reconnaissait la voix ? Y a-t-il eu des échanges écrits avant ou après l’appel ? L’identité a-t-elle été vérifiée autrement ?</p>

<p>Car lorsqu’on ne dispose que d’une voix au téléphone, <strong>l’identité déclarée par un interlocuteur n’est pas, à elle seule, une preuve d’identité</strong>.</p>

<p>Il faut même envisager, parmi les hypothèses théoriques, celle d’une usurpation d’identité. Les techniques actuelles permettent en outre d’usurper un numéro de téléphone (<em>spoofing</em>) et rendent certaines manipulations vocales techniquement possibles. Cela ne signifie nullement que ce soit ce qui s’est produit ici. <strong>Aucun élément public que nous avons identifié ne permet de l’affirmer.</strong></p>

<p>Mais précisément : avant qu’une déclaration entraîne une chasse au « député mystère », des demandes de sanctions et même une tentative de modification urgente du règlement parlementaire, il paraît légitime de savoir comment un préalable aussi fondamental a été établi :</p>

<h3><strong>Sommes-nous certains que l’interlocuteur était bien le parlementaire qu’il prétendait être ?</strong></h3>

<p>Si Moinil connaissait personnellement cet élu, reconnaissait sa voix, disposait de son numéro et que d’autres éléments confirmaient l’échange, la question peut être rapidement évacuée.</p>

<p>Mais si l’identification reposait essentiellement sur ce que l’appelant disait être, alors la prudence devrait précéder les conclusions.</p>

<p>Ce n’est pas accuser le procureur de s’être trompé. Ce n’est pas davantage innocenter un parlementaire dont nous ignorons jusqu’au nom.</p>

<p>C’est appliquer une règle élémentaire qui devrait précisément gouverner une affaire impliquant la justice :</p>

<p><strong>avant de chercher un coupable, établissons les faits ; avant de juger les faits, authentifions les personnes.</strong></p>

<p>Et peut-être est-ce finalement la question la plus simple de toute cette histoire :</p>

<p><strong>Qui a téléphoné à Julien Moinil — et comment savons-nous avec certitude que cette personne était réellement un député bruxellois ?</strong></p>

<p>Voilà une question qui mérite au moins autant d’attention que la recherche frénétique de son nom.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2026 23:50:42 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Our relation with Egypt is a model for partnership between Asia and Africa: Tajikistan Ambassador </title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/our-relation-with-egypt-is-a-model-for-partnership-between-asia-and-africa-tajikistan-ambassador-1338</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/our-relation-with-egypt-is-a-model-for-partnership-between-asia-and-africa-tajikistan-ambassador-1338</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Our relation with Egypt is a model for partnership between Asia and Africa: Tajikistan Ambassador ]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:36px"><strong>Our relation with Egypt is a model for partnership between Asia and Africa: Tajikistan Ambassador</strong></span>r&nbsp;</p>

<p><em><strong><span style="font-size:18px">Amr Yehia</span></strong></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/98598899-67e6-46d2-88ae-a9f062bcaa53.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Ambassador of Tajikistan to Egypt Parviz Mirzazada said Egypt was the first country to officially recognize Tajikistan's independence on 1 January 1992, describing the historic step as the cornerstone of the longstanding friendship and growing ties between the two countries.</p>

<p>The Ambassador said in his remarks &nbsp;during the reception hosted by the Embassy in Cairo on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Tajikistan, which falls on September 9, 1991, that the two countries share deep commonalities represented in ancient history, rich culture and convergent positions on regional and international issues, affirming that Egypt occupies an important place in Tajikistan's foreign policy as a pivotal state in the Middle East and Africa. The ceremony was attended by a number of ambassadors, members of the diplomatic corps, representatives of Egyptian institutions, scholars and university professors, prominent experts and politicians, senior journalists and representatives of Egyptian media.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/824e5201-1346-43d2-b56a-8d254aff2f75.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>The Ambassador confirmed that diplomatic relations between the two countries were officially established on April 1, 1993, and that the official visits of President Emomali Rahmon to Egypt in February 2007 and March 2022, as well as his participation in the COP27 climate conference in Sharm El-Sheikh, played an important role in developing bilateral relations.</p>

<p>He referred to the visit of the Tajik President to Cairo University in March 2022 and his address to faculty and students, where the Scientific and Educational Council of the University awarded him an honorary doctorate in recognition of his contributions to strengthening friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries and expanding scientific, humanitarian and cultural ties, especially global initiatives in the field of water and climate.</p>

<p>He explained that there is great potential for cooperation between the two countries, especially in the sectors of pharmaceutical industry, energy, construction, tourism, museums, scientific research and education, noting that the two countries have similar positions and continuously support each other in international forums.</p>

<p>The Ambassador called on Egyptian businessmen and investors to benefit from the opportunities available in Tajikistan, which has five free economic zones, huge water and energy resources, rich underground resources of minerals and precious stones, beautiful nature and a suitable climate for cultivating high-quality vegetables and fruits, in addition to a stable and safe environment for investment. He affirmed that Tajikistan and Egypt can cooperate in implementing projects in the fields of light industries, food, pharmaceuticals, minerals, chemicals and production of building materials through the introduction of modern technologies and full processing of local raw materials.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/9ee99fc8-8263-43f6-949a-3488cb9aaec3.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>He pointed out that the Embassy of Tajikistan in Cairo carries out intensive diplomatic and cultural activity and maintains constant communication with scholars, journalists, universities and scientific and research centers in an effort to introduce Tajikistan to Egypt and bring the two peoples closer.</p>

<p>In this context, he revealed that the Embassy, in cooperation, published Tajikistan magazine in Arabic for the first time in Egypt in 2025, and also published in cooperation with the Dialogue Center for Political and Media Studies two magazines titled Tajikistan and Glaciers and Tajikistan and the Fourth International Water Conference in 2026. Also, in 2026, on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of independence, two books in Arabic were published in Egypt titled Tajikistan, Cradle of History and Civilization and the book Beyond the River: Myths, Lines and World Heritage in Tajikistan.</p>

<p>Mirzazada explained that since declaring its independence, Tajikistan has proceeded as an independent state pursuing its own policy, respecting universal human values and protecting its national interests, and has transformed in a short historical period into a developing, progressive and active state in the region and the world, thanks to the wise policy of the Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon and with the support of the people and the international community.</p>

<p>He added that the world has witnessed in recent decades growing interest in issues of international cooperation and sustainable development as two pillars for achieving security and stability, and Tajikistan has emerged as an active state in international forums with a vision based on enhancing partnership and contributing to addressing regional and global issues, especially water, energy and climate change issues.</p>

<p>He pointed out that Tajikistan has made water diplomacy a major axis &nbsp;in its foreign policy and has put forward many international initiatives that have received the support of the United Nations, until it has become known globally as a leading state in this field. So far, eight international initiatives of Tajikistan have been adopted under special resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly, the latest of which was on June 25, 2026.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-30%20at%2013_34_55%20(1).jpeg" style="height:800px; width:798px" /></p>

<p>Mirzazada noted that Tajikistan's foreign policy is a multi-faceted and balanced policy based on protecting national interests and respecting the rights and interests of partners. It is currently recognized by 120 countries and has established diplomatic relations with 186 countries. It is also a full member of all influential international and regional organizations and a party to more than 170 international agreements.</p>

<p>The Ambassador concluded his remarks saying: We hope that relations between the two friendly countries, Tajikistan and Egypt, will expand in all fields in the future in a way that serves the interests of both sides.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 02:10:33 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Arab League chief congratulates Morocco on elections, appointment of Mansouri as PM</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/arab-league-chief-congratulates-morocco-on-elections-appointment-of-mansouri-as-pm-1337</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/arab-league-chief-congratulates-morocco-on-elections-appointment-of-mansouri-as-pm-1337</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Arab League chief congratulates Morocco on elections, appointment of Mansouri as PM]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:22px"><strong>Arab League chief congratulates Morocco on elections, appointment of Mansouri as PM</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><strong>Amr Yehia</strong></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e9a5bd85-2eb3-4060-8ab1-adaeb4f009c1.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></strong></em></p>

<p>Nabil Fahmy, Secretary-General of the League of Arab States, expressed his sincere congratulations to the Kingdom of Morocco, King, government and people, on the occasion of the successful legislative elections held in the Kingdom, expressing his appreciation for what they reflected in terms of keenness to continue enhancing participation in public life.</p>

<p>The Secretary-General also congratulated Ms. Fatima Zahra Mansouri on the confidence bestowed upon her by His Majesty King Mohammed VI with her appointment as Head of Government and tasking her with forming the new government, in accordance with the constitutional provisions of the Kingdom.</p>

<p>Fahmy wished Ms. Mansouri success in carrying out her duties and responsibilities and in serving the interests of the Kingdom of Morocco and achieving the aspirations of the Moroccan people, affirming that her assumption of the head of government, as the first woman to hold this position in the history of the Kingdom, represents a prominent milestone in the journey of Moroccan and Arab women, and reflects the advanced and active presence they have achieved in public life and in positions of responsibility and decision-making, and the increasing role they play in contributing to the process of development and national building.</p>

<p>The Secretary-General expressed his aspiration to continue cooperation and coordination with the new Moroccan government in a way that enhances joint Arab action and serves Arab interests, wishing the Kingdom of Morocco and its people further progress, development and prosperity.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 02:04:25 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Kazakhstan Is Climbing the Innovation Rankings. Now Comes the Institutional Test</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kazakhstan-is-climbing-the-innovation-rankings-now-comes-the-institutional-test-1336</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kazakhstan-is-climbing-the-innovation-rankings-now-comes-the-institutional-test-1336</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Kazakhstan Is Climbing the Innovation Rankings. Now Comes the Institutional Test]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:21pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:20.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kazakhstan Is Climbing the Innovation Rankings. Now Comes the Institutional Test</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><em>By Dr. Glenn Agung Hole, Institutional Economist</em></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kazakhstan’s eight-place rise to 73rd in the Global Innovation Index 2026 deserves attention in Brussels. It suggests progress in an economy whose importance to Europe is growing. Yet the development question behind the ranking is more demanding: how much of the knowledge and investment entering Kazakhstan becomes a lasting capability within its own firms?</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/68cc301f-b9c0-4842-a139-7151c25f0662.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">WIPO identifies Kazakhstan as the strongest climber in Central and Southern Asia this year. Its methodology also requires caution when comparing annual rankings, which reflect changes in data availability as well as economic performance. The improvement is encouraging evidence, but cannot by itself establish that the economy has undergone a structural transformation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">For an institutional economist, the decisive issue is what happens between acquiring resources and putting them to productive use. A foreign investor can install advanced equipment. A university can train engineers. A public agency can finance a technology programme. Whether these activities reinforce one another depends on arrangements that are often less visible than the investment announcement: enforceable contracts, credible commercial incentives and organisations able to sustain cooperation when individual leaders change.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">I use institutional capital to describe this accumulated ability to coordinate economic activity and retain the knowledge it generates. It develops through repeated cooperation under rules that participants can trust. Where those relationships function, an investment can produce learning across a supplier network. Where they remain fragile, the same investment may generate substantial output while leaving relatively little expertise outside the investor’s own operations.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This distinction matters for Kazakhstan because international integration can take very different forms. A transport corridor creates access to markets, but access becomes more valuable when domestic firms can meet the standards those markets demand. Imported technology raises productive potential, but its wider contribution depends on local employees learning to adapt it and suppliers acquiring the competence to support it. Economic diversification requires these changes inside businesses, over years.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe has a direct interest in that process. During President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s Brussels visit on 23 June, EU and Kazakh leaders reaffirmed cooperation in critical raw materials, energy and transport, alongside digitalisation and emerging technologies. They also welcomed expanding research and educational cooperation. This gives the partnership a basis for connecting industrial investment with the institutions through which knowledge circulates.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The commercial incentives deserve close attention. A European company may have sound reasons to use established international suppliers rather than develop unfamiliar local ones. A Kazakh university may reward academic publication more clearly than sustained collaboration with industry. A young firm may struggle to finance the certification needed to secure its first export contract. Each decision can be rational for the organisation concerned while collectively limiting the development of domestic capabilities.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Policy should address these specific obstacles. Supplier development is more credible when it includes technical assistance and a realistic route to becoming competitive. Joint research needs agreements on intellectual property and access to facilities before a project begins. Public procurement can provide an initial customer for emerging technology, provided selection remains transparent and contracts do not shelter firms indefinitely from competition. The objective is to make learning commercially viable.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Universities have a particularly important role here. Their contribution extends beyond supplying graduates or signing cooperation agreements. Long-term work with firms allows researchers to understand production problems and helps businesses identify knowledge they could use. That requires time, funding arrangements and professional recognition for academics who undertake such work. A partnership that exists only on paper adds little to an economy’s capacity to innovate.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Finance must also match the stage of development. Venture capital can support some technology businesses, but many industrial suppliers need patient credit, equipment finance or funding for applied development. Treating every innovation problem as a shortage of startup investment risks overlooking established firms that could improve productivity through relatively modest technological changes. Innovation policy should reach those businesses too.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">There is a corresponding obligation to evaluate public support honestly. Programmes need evidence of additional private investment, successful commercial application and stronger firm-level capabilities. Political visibility is a poor guide to economic value. Authorities must be able to revise schemes that disappoint and end support where dependence replaces learning. Predictable rules and room for new entrants help keep industrial development from becoming a mechanism for protecting incumbents.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">For the EU, this approach would also strengthen the practical meaning of a strategic partnership. European companies benefit when local suppliers become more reliable and technically capable. Kazakhstan gains a broader productive base and greater ability to negotiate future economic relationships. Such mutual benefits depend on the design of individual projects, including their training commitments and research relationships; they will not follow automatically from the volume of investment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kazakhstan’s next phase should therefore be judged through changes observable inside its economy. Can a domestic supplier win more demanding contracts? Can a university partnership yield a technology that a firm actually uses? Can a growing business secure finance without relying on personal access to decision-makers? Answers to those questions would tell us far more about the durability of progress than another movement in a league table.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The rise to 73rd provides a useful moment to ask them. Kazakhstan has an opportunity to use its expanding international relationships to deepen domestic competence. Europe can contribute by making that ambition a practical part of its cooperation. The lasting achievement would be an economy in which firms can keep learning and competing after the first investment project has ended.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Sources</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">WIPO — Global Innovation Index 2026<br />
<span style="font-size:8.0pt">https://www.wipo.int/web-publications-preview/global-innovation-index-2026/en/gii-2026-results.html</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Council — Joint statement, 23 June 2026<br />
<span style="font-size:8.0pt">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2026/06/23/strengthening-the-strategic-partnership-between-the-european-union-and-kazakhstan/</span></span></span></p>

<p><br />
&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 01:54:39 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Geçmişi geleceğe taşımak</title>
                <category>Nerkiz Sahin</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gecmisi-gelecege-tasimak-1335</link>
                <author>nrkiz@bruxelleskorner.com (Nerkiz Sahin)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gecmisi-gelecege-tasimak-1335</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Geçmişi geleceğe taşımak]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Geçmişi geleceğe taşımak</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:24px"><em>26/09&nbsp;tarihinde Anvers Moda Müzesi’nde, Türk kadınlarımızın emeğiyle hazırlanan birbirinden güzel kreasyonları görmek mümkündü. Grubumuzdaki her kadın, kendisine yakın olan bir veya birden fazla erkeğin kıyafetini alarak, o parçaları yepyeni ve muhteşem eserlere dönüştürdü.<br />
Babadan, eşten, oğuldan, damattan, dayıdan, amcadan, arkadaştan… Hayatımızda yeri olan erkeklerden alınan kıyafetler, kadınların ellerinde yeniden şekillendi ve bir defileye dönüştü.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:24px"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/828626812_18636478036048395_6313760162118222409_n.jpg" style="height:600px; width:800px" /></em></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>MoMu’nun kapılarını bizlere açmasıyla moda dünyasına ikinci kez adım attık. Geçtiğimiz yıl “4 Mevsim” temasıyla dört ana kıyafet üzerinde çalışmıştık. Bu yıl ise çıtayı biraz daha yükselterek, her katılımcının kendi eserini hazırlamasını istedik.</p>

<p>Ben de sahnemizde yer alan arkadaşım Ülkü Dursun için özel bir kıyafet tasarladım.</p>

<p>Ülkü Dursun’un sahnesine özel bir kıyafet tasarlarken, onun sahne hayatına dokunan bir parçayı kullanmak istedim. Bunun için Brüksel’in renkli ve sevilen isimlerinden Ali Bağseven’in meşhur kırmızı ceketini bu proje için aldık ve onu yepyeni bir sahne kıyafetine dönüştürdük.</p>

<p>&nbsp;Bir de kravat alıp tasarıma dahil ederek büstiyere farklı bir boyut kazandırdık. Birkaç dokunuşla, geri dönüşümlü bir proje olan çalışmamız göz alıcı bir esere dönüştü.</p>

<p>Siyah ve kırmızı, sahnelerin vazgeçilmez ikilisi. Biz de siyah dantelin zarafetini kırmızı kadifenin güçlü görüntüsüyle buluşturarak ortaya daha çarpıcı bir tasarım çıkardık.</p>

<p>Sağ olsun Ali abi bizi kırmadı ve kendi ceketini projemiz için bağışladı.</p>

<p>Aslında ilk fikrim Sazz&amp;Jazz’da bulunan kırmızı sahne perdelerinden bir parça almaktı. Ülkü’nün ilk sahnelerinden birine ait olan bu mekândan bir parça alarak, o perdelerin kumaşından ona özel bir sahne kıyafeti hazırlamayı düşünmüştüm.</p>

<p>Bir konser için oraya gittiğimde bu fikrimi Ali abiyle paylaştım ve perdeden biraz kumaş alıp alamayacağımı sordum.</p>

<p>“Perdelerden asla olmaz. Sahneye dokunmam, dokundurmam.” dedi.</p>

<p>Sonra ne yapmak istediğimi sordu. Sahne perdesinden kırmızı bir ceket dikmeyi hedeflediğimi söylediğimde ise hiç beklemediğim bir teklif yaptı:</p>

<p>Kendi ceketini bu proje için verebileceğini söyledi.</p>

<p>Böylece yepyeni bir fikir doğdu…</p>

<p>Müzeyi gezerken, geçmişte yapılmış tablolarda resmedilen kadınlar aklıma geldi. Çoğu mutfakta, oturma odasında, evin içinde kaybolmuştu. Kıyafetleri perdelerle, duvar kâğıtlarıyla ve evin içindeki kumaşlarla bütünleşmişti.</p>

<p>Kadın, adeta bulunduğu mekânın bir parçası hâline gelmişti.</p>

<p>Geçmişte kadınlar yıllarca bu şekilde görünmez olmuşlardı.</p>

<p>Bugüne baktığımızda ise kadınlar mutfaktan çıkmıştı, evet. Ancak bu kez de kendilerini erkeklerin dünyasında kaybetme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyaydılar.</p>

<p>Kadın olduklarını unutarak, kendi kimliklerini geri plana atarak yine görünmez oluyorlardı.</p>

<p>İşte projemizin asıl hikâyesi de burada şekillenmeye başladı.</p>

<p>2026 MoMu projemizde kadınlardan, hayatlarındaki erkeklere ait kıyafetleri alıp kendileri için yeni bir kıyafet tasarlamalarını istedik.</p>

<p>Buradaki amacımız erkeği yok saymak değildi.</p>

<p>Tam tersine…</p>

<p>Hayatımızdaki erkeklerin izlerini, anılarını ve bize bıraktıkları değerleri koruyarak, onların kıyafetlerini kadın kimliğimizle yeniden yorumlamaktı.</p>

<p>Babadan yadigâr bir gömlek, eşten alınan bir kravat, oğlun artık küçük gelen bir pantolonu, bir amcanın ceketi ya da bir arkadaşın kıyafeti…</p>

<p>Her birinin bir hikâyesi, bir anısı vardı.</p>

<p>Biz o anıları çöpe atmak yerine, kadınların ellerinde yeniden hayat bulmasını istedik.</p>

<p>Türk motifleri ve el işleri de bu hikâyenin olmazsa olmazlarındandı. Çünkü onlar da yavaş yavaş hayatımızdan uzaklaşıyor, kaybolmaya yüz tutuyordu.</p>

<p>Geleneksel kıyafetlerden ilham alarak; motifleri, el işlerini ve geçmişten gelen dokuları modern tasarımlarla buluşturduk. Eski kıyafetleri dönüştürdük, anıları yeniden yorumladık ve her parçaya yeni bir hayat verdik.</p>

<p>Kadınlarımız hem ürettiler, hem eğlendiler, hem de kendi yaratıcılıklarını keşfettiler.</p>

<p>Belki de bu projenin en güzel tarafı buydu.</p>

<p>Bir erkeğin kıyafetinden yola çıkıp bir kadının kendi hikâyesini anlatması…</p>

<p>Geçmişin izlerini silmeden, onları geleceğe taşıyarak…</p>

<p>Erkeği yok saymadan ama kadını da görünmez kılmadan…</p>

<p>Çünkü biz bu projeyle yalnızca kıyafetleri dönüştürmedik.</p>

<p>Anıları dönüştürdük, gelenekleri yeniden yaşattık ve kadınların kendi hikâyelerini kendi elleriyle yazabileceklerini bir kez daha gösterdik.</p>

<p>Ve bazen moda tam olarak budur.</p>

<p>Geçmişten bir parça alıp, ona kendi ruhunu katmak ve geleceğe bambaşka bir hikâye olarak taşımak.&nbsp;<br />
Gecede kendim için de damadın gömleğinden bir kreasyon hazırladım.&nbsp;<br />
Kadınlarımızın bir defile ile açılışı yaptığı gecenin sunuculuğunu ben de kendi tasarımımla yapmış oldum.</p>

<p>Nerkiz Şahin</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 01:48:31 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>NEREYE GİTTİ BU ENTELLEKTÜELLER?  AKADEMİSYEN ve AKADEMİSYEN ADAYLARININ YAŞADIĞI ZORLUKLAR ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME</title>
                <category>DOKTORANT Nİl GÜREL ( İletişim Bilimleri ve Sağlık Yönetimi Bilim Uzmanı Bagımsız Araştırmacı Yazar )</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/nereye-gitti-bu-entellektueller-akademisyen-ve-akademisyen-adaylarinin-yasadigi-zorluklar-uzerine-bir-degerlendirme-1334</link>
                <author>nilgurel@bruxelleskorner.com (DOKTORANT Nİl GÜREL ( İletişim Bilimleri ve Sağlık Yönetimi Bilim Uzmanı Bagımsız Araştırmacı Yazar ))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/nereye-gitti-bu-entellektueller-akademisyen-ve-akademisyen-adaylarinin-yasadigi-zorluklar-uzerine-bir-degerlendirme-1334</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[NEREYE GİTTİ BU ENTELLEKTÜELLER?  AKADEMİSYEN ve AKADEMİSYEN ADAYLARININ YAŞADIĞI ZORLUKLAR ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">NEREYE GİTTİ BU ENTELLEKTÜELLER?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">AKADEMİSYEN ve AKADEMİSYEN ADAYLARININ YAŞADIĞI ZORLUKLAR ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/7a3eb8ad-06c8-4453-9c67-e2ee6718ab28.png" style="height:800px; width:533px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bir zamanlar filozof Bacon’un söylediği o ünlü “Bilgi Güçtür” sözü modern dünyada yankı uyandırmış, ilerlemenin itici gücü olarak temel bir felsefi yapı taşı olmuştur. Peki günümüzde bilgi halen güç müdür? Yoksa sadece araçsallaşmış, derinliğini yitirmiş, bir tüketim nesnesi haline mi dönüşmüştür? Dijital ağlarda bilgi kirliliği içerisinde hakiki bilgi anlamını yitirirken gerçek bilgi sahibi entelektüeller nerededir? </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">İşte tam bu minvalde sosyoloji profesörü, akademisyen Frank Furedi’nin Türkçeye kazandırılan ufuk açıcı eseri “Nereye Gitti Bu Entellektüeller?” isimli kitabı bu soruların cevabını bulmamızda yardımcı olabilir. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Furedi, günümüz dünyasını "bayağı zihinler diyarı" olarak tanımlıyor. Furedi bu kavramsallaştırmasıyla hakiki anlamda bilginin ve onu üreten entelektüellerin “seviyesizleşme” pozisyonuna indirgendiğini ortaya koyuyor. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Yazara göre artık bilginin derinliği ve hakikati bir şey ifade etmiyor. Sağladığı pratik yani işlevsel fayda önem arz ediyor. Buna mütevellit bilgi adeta sindirimi kolay porsiyonlarla sunulan “bilgimsi şeylere”, bir nevi “hap bilgilere” dönüşüyor. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">“Düşünmek” bir angaryaya dönüştüğü gibi gerçekten düşünüp sorgulayabilen üretken beyinler layık olmadıkları konumlarda hayatlarını idame ettirmeye devam etmek zorunda kalıyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Kurumsal Konformizm ve Liyakatin Gittikçe Aşınması</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Furedi, kitabında Zygmunt Bauman’ın çarpıcı bir tespitine yer vermiştir. <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#242424">Baumann, postmodernizmin sonuçlarından birinin entelektüelin rolünde yaşanan temel dönüşümün ileri düzeyde devam ettiğini belirtmektedir. Buna göre, entelektüellik artık yasa koyucu değil, yorumcudur. Artık postmodern yorumsal olarak entelektüeller, iletişimi kolaylaştırma yoluna girmiş gözükmektedirler. Bu rolleri gereğince bir geleneğin içinde üretilmiş olan bir görüşün başka bir geleneği kapsamlı olarak anlamak için bilgi sistemi içerisinde tercümanlık sağlarlar.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bu durumun kurumsal konformizm, liyakat ilkesinin zedelenmesiyle doğrudan ilişkili olduğu söylenebilir. Gerçek bilgi sahibi olanlar, ömrünü kütüphanelerde geçirmiş, kuramsal bilgiye kafa yormuş, analiz sentez becerisi yüksek akademik insanlardır. &nbsp;Ne yazık ki akademik, bilgi gücüne sahip bu insanlar hak ettikleri görevlere getirilmemektedir. Liyakata uygun görevlendirmelerin yapılmaması günümüzün en büyük yaralarından biridir. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Derinlemesine analiz yapan, meselelerin kökenine inen, fikir üreten, çözüm üreten, eserler ortaya koyan nitelikli beyinler adeta bir kenara itilmektedir. Hâlbuki bir milletin geleceği, parlatılmış sıradanlıklarda değil, o toplumun yüksek nitelikli zihinlerinin rehberliğinde saklıdır. Liyakatsizliğin yarattığı en acı sonuçlardan biri, akademik anlamda son derece üretken ve çalışkan beyinlerin, milletini uluslararası platformlarda en iyi şekilde temsil edebilecek, ayrıca ülkesini ileriye götürebilecek nitelikli insanların akademi dışında kalmasıdır. Yüksek donanımlı pek çok birey ağır ekonomik koşullar altında hayatını idame ettirebilmek için niteliklerinin çok altında, eğitim seviyeleriyle tamamen alakasız mesleklerde çalışmak zorunda bırakılmaktadır. Vizyon, misyon sahibi, okuyan, araştıran, fikir üreten, ülkesi için bir şeyler üretmek isteyen akademik, bilimsel kişiliklerin sırf arkasında belli bir güç olmadığı için laboratuvarlardan ve kürsülerden uzaklaştırılması oldukça üzücü ve haksız bir eylemdir. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Akla Yatırım Yapmanın Önemini Kavramak</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Her ne kadar zorlu bir süreç olan akademik ve entelektüel üretimin kalitesinde içsel motivasyon büyük önem taşısa da dışarıdan da gerekli desteğin sağlanması önemlidir. Çalışma ortamı ne kadar ergonomik, huzur dolu ve sakin olursa nitelikli, akademik üretim de o kadar fazlalaşır ve doğru orantılı olarak ülkeye fayda sağlar. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bugün maalesef pek çok değerli akademisyen ve araştırmacı, kendilerini bilimsel çalışmalara tam layıkıyla verememekte, anlamsız bürokratik evrak işleriyle, saçma angaryalarla, hiyerarşik baskılarla boğuşmak zorunda kalmaktadır. Hele bazı kadrosuz akademik insanlar vardır ki onlara ergonomik olmayan gürültülü ortamlar reva görülmüştür. Bu insanlar zorluklar içerisinde akademik üretim yapmaya çalışmaktadır. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bilgi insanına ihtiyacı olan huzurlu çalışma alanı, araştırma imkânları, kütüphane ve laboratuvar destekleri sunulmalı; akademik üretim sağlayabilmesi için gerekli çalışma ortamları ve ekonomik imkânlar sağlanmalıdır. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#242424">Kitabının beşinci bölümünde Furedi, “Pohpolanma Kültürü”nde insanların kendilerini iyi hissetmelerini sağlamak için insanları onaylayan psikolojik sürece vurgu yapar. Ayrıca sıradanlık kutsanmaktadır. Niteliğin yerini nicelik almıştır. Herkesin anlamayacağı yüksek, nitelikli bir eser ve o eserin yazarı methedilmez de en çok okunan çok da nitelikli olmayan bir eser ve yazarı methedilir. Yine bu bölümde de “seviyesizleşme”nin yansımasını görmekteyiz. Akademide de bunun yansımaları görülebilmektedir. </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Milli Bir Sorumluluk Olarak Emeğe Değer Vermek</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bilgi insanlarını kurumsal labirentlerde yalnızlaştırmamak, liyakat esasına dayalı idari ekosistemler inşa etmek ve onlara hak ettikleri saygınlığı iade etmek sadece idari bir reform değil, vicdani ve manevi bir zorunluluktur.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Vatan ve Millet Yolunda Emekler Boşa Gitmemeli</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Ele alınan bu analizde temel motivasyon salt bir sosyolojik analiz ortaya koymak değildir. Asıl mesele bu topraklara ve o toprakların geleceğine inanmış akademik bireyler için vicdani ve kutsal bir sorumluluk sahibi olunması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktır. İnancımıza göre de ilim sahibinin rütbesi, her türlü dünyevi makamın üzerindedir. Çünkü karanlıkları aydınlatabilecek yegâne ışık, hakiki bilgi ve dolayısıyla hakiki bilgi sahipleridir. Gecesini gündüze katarak, kendi kişisel çıkarlarının ötesinde Hak için, vatanı, milleti ve insanlığın ortak refahı için çalışan çabalayan, katma değer üreten bu insanlara kıymet vermek, toplumsal bekanın en temel şartıdır. Bu ulvi duyguyla eserler üreten ilim yolcuları en büyük ödüllere, imkânlara, çalışma şartlarına kavuşturulmalı, kurumların baştacı hâline getirilmelidir. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Sonuç: Akademik Geleceği İnşa Etmek</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Sonuç olarak, Frank Furedi’nin tespitleri oldukça yerindedir. Gerçek bilgi anlamını yitirmekte, bilim yolunda çabalayan entelektüel ve akademik insanlar değersizleştirilerek bir toplumun geleceği karanlığa sürüklenmektedir. Çözüm, geçmişin köklü liyakat ilkelerine, bilginin kutsallığına ve emeğin izzetine geri dönmekte saklıdır.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Eğer gerçek bilgiyi yeniden gerçek bir “güç” haline getirip gelecek nesillere aydınlık bir gelecek bırakmak istiyorsak, vatanına, milletine, kurumuna sadık, bu inançlı, Hak yolunda çalışan idealist akademik entelektüel bireyleri desteklemeli, onlara gereken ergonomik ve ekonomik imkânları sunmalıyız. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Unutulmamalıdır ki bu vatan ancak her şartta üretmeye devam eden, liyakat sahibi, ahlaklı ve donanımlı akademik bireylerin omuzlarında yükselebilir. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Kaynakça</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bacon, Francis, Religious Meditations, 1597,</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_essayes-religious-medit_bacon-francis-viscount_1597" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_essayes-religious-medit_bacon-francis-viscount_1597</span></span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Furedi F., Nereye Gitti Bu Entellektüeller?, Çevirmen: Koca, E.A., Avangard Yayınları, 2010</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ec4f1e40-71bc-4996-baca-39be4eeaa24b.jpg" style="height:640px; width:480px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Doktorant Nil GÜREL, İletişim Bilimleri ve Sağlık Yönetimi Bilim Uzmanı</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Bağımsız Akademisyen Araştırmacı Yazar</span></span></strong></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 01:40:05 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2026/10/doktorant-nil-gurel-iletisim-bilimleri-ve-saglik-yonetimi-bilim-uzmani-bagimsiz-arastirmaci-yazar-1790807992.jpg"/>
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                <title>Empêcher l’extrême droite d’entrer au gouvernement tout en lui permettant de déplacer le gouvernement vers elle</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/empecher-lextreme-droite-dentrer-au-gouvernement-tout-en-lui-permettant-de-deplacer-le-gouvernement-vers-elle-1333</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/empecher-lextreme-droite-dentrer-au-gouvernement-tout-en-lui-permettant-de-deplacer-le-gouvernement-vers-elle-1333</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Empêcher l’extrême droite d’entrer au gouvernement tout en lui permettant de déplacer le gouvernement vers elle]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Empêcher l’extrême droite d’entrer au gouvernement tout en lui permettant de déplacer le gouvernement vers elle</h1>

<h3>Chronique de Kadir Duran — Bruxelles Korner</h3>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/b9d46a1a-f104-44bd-ad2b-0b3c88a30752.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Pendant des décennies, la Belgique s’est félicitée d’avoir inventé une digue politique contre l’extrême droite : <strong>le cordon sanitaire</strong>.</p>

<p>On ne gouverne pas avec elle. On ne conclut pas d’accord politique avec elle. On l’isole institutionnellement.</p>

<p>Très bien.</p>

<p>Mais pendant que nous surveillions soigneusement la porte d’entrée, <strong>les idées sont peut-être passées par la fenêtre.</strong></p>

<p>Car le véritable bouleversement politique belge n’est pas seulement la progression électorale du Vlaams Belang. Il est ailleurs : dans la transformation progressive de ce que la société considère comme politiquement acceptable.</p>

<p>Des propositions qui auraient provoqué un scandale il y a quinze ou vingt ans sont aujourd’hui discutées comme de simples instruments de gestion publique.</p>

<p>Limiter les allocations de chômage dans le temps.</p>

<p>Renforcer les contrôles sur les malades de longue durée.</p>

<p>Durcir l’accès à la nationalité ou élargir les possibilités de déchéance.</p>

<p>Organiser, sous conditions judiciaires, des visites domiciliaires afin d’exécuter certaines décisions d’éloignement.</p>

<p>Mobiliser des militaires dans certaines opérations de sécurité.</p>

<p>Multiplier les contrôles administratifs.</p>

<p>Durcir la politique migratoire.</p>

<p>Fermer certains commerces la nuit au nom de l’ordre public.</p>

<p>Pris séparément, chacun de ces dossiers possède sa logique, son argumentaire et parfois ses garde-fous.</p>

<p><strong>Mais la politique ne se juge pas uniquement mesure par mesure. Elle se juge aussi par accumulation.</strong></p>

<p>Et c’est précisément là que commence le problème.</p>

<h2>Toujours les mêmes qui doivent être « activés »</h2>

<p>La Belgique de 2026 adore un mot : <strong>activation</strong>.</p>

<p>Il faut activer les chômeurs.</p>

<p>Activer les malades de longue durée lorsqu’un retour au travail est possible.</p>

<p>Activer les bénéficiaires d’allocations.</p>

<p>Activer les demandeurs d’emploi.</p>

<p>Contrôler les fraudeurs.</p>

<p>Responsabiliser les citoyens.</p>

<p>Le vocabulaire est remarquablement efficace.</p>

<p>Personne ne souhaite financer la fraude. Personne ne souhaite qu’une personne capable de travailler soit abandonnée pendant dix ans hors du marché du travail. Personne ne conteste la nécessité de réformer un système social lorsque sa soutenabilité est menacée.</p>

<p>Mais posons la question autrement.</p>

<p><strong>Qui active-t-on le plus facilement ?</strong></p>

<p>Celui qui possède un patrimoine financier considérable ?</p>

<p>Ou celui dont l’existence administrative entière est déjà visible dans les bases de données de l’État : salarié, chômeur, malade, pensionné, allocataire, indépendant ?</p>

<p><strong>C’est toujours plus facile de contrôler celui que l’administration connaît déjà.</strong></p>

<h2>L’austérité possède une étrange géographie sociale</h2>

<p>On nous explique que la Belgique doit économiser.</p>

<p>C’est probablement vrai : la trajectoire des finances publiques constitue un problème sérieux.</p>

<p>Mais un déficit budgétaire ne répond jamais à la question politique essentielle :</p>

<h3>Qui doit payer ?</h3>

<p>La Belgique reste un pays prospère, mais cette prospérité est très inégalement répartie.</p>

<p>Les données de la Banque nationale montrent qu’environ <strong>55 % du patrimoine net des ménages est détenu par les 10 % les plus riches.</strong></p>

<p>Voilà le chiffre qui devrait accompagner chaque débat sur l’austérité.</p>

<p>Car lorsqu’on demande des efforts « à tout le monde », tout le monde ne commence pas au même endroit.</p>

<p>Cent euros supplémentaires de dépenses obligatoires ne représentent pas la même chose pour un ménage disposant de 2.500 euros par mois que pour quelqu’un disposant d’un patrimoine de plusieurs millions.</p>

<p><strong>L’égalité devant l’effort peut produire une profonde inégalité devant ses conséquences.</strong></p>

<h2>Et le petit entrepreneur ?</h2>

<p>Il existe également une caricature dangereuse : opposer systématiquement « travailleurs » et « entreprises ».</p>

<p>La réalité belge est beaucoup plus complexe.</p>

<p><strong>Plus de 96 % des entreprises sont des micro-entreprises.</strong></p>

<p>Le boulanger, le restaurateur, le consultant, le garagiste, le petit transporteur, le commerçant ou l’indépendant avec deux salariés ne sont pas des multinationales.</p>

<p>Eux aussi subissent l’énergie, les salaires, les loyers, les contrôles, les obligations administratives, les taux bancaires et les modifications fiscales.</p>

<p>Voilà pourquoi le véritable clivage contemporain n’est peut-être plus simplement <strong>travail contre capital</strong>.</p>

<p>Il passe aussi entre ceux qui disposent d’un patrimoine suffisant pour absorber les crises et ceux qui vivent essentiellement de leur travail, de leur petite entreprise ou de leur pension.</p>

<h2>Et pendant ce temps, Bruxelles compte ses douilles</h2>

<p>Il y a ensuite la sécurité.</p>

<p>On contrôle.</p>

<p>On ferme.</p>

<p>On verbalise.</p>

<p>On mobilise.</p>

<p>On organise des opérations intégrées.</p>

<p>Des militaires ont même participé en août à une vaste opération de contrôle à Bruxelles.</p>

<p>Mais le narcotrafic continue de constituer un problème majeur dans certains quartiers.</p>

<p>Et cette contradiction devient politiquement explosive.</p>

<p>Parce que le citoyen voit un État extraordinairement puissant lorsqu’il faut vérifier un document, une allocation, un commerce ou une situation administrative.</p>

<p>Puis il voit parfois ce même État beaucoup plus fragile face aux réseaux criminels organisés.</p>

<p><strong>Un État sévère avec les administrés mais perçu comme impuissant face aux trafiquants fabrique lui-même de la défiance.</strong></p>

<p>Et la défiance est le carburant préféré des partis antisystème et radicaux.</p>

<h2>Le piège de l’immigration</h2>

<p>Même phénomène avec l’immigration.</p>

<p>Pendant longtemps, certains partis traditionnels ont pensé qu’il suffisait de ne pas parler de certains sujets pour empêcher l’extrême droite de progresser.</p>

<p>Cela n’a pas fonctionné.</p>

<p>Aujourd’hui, le mouvement inverse apparaît : parler davantage d’expulsions, de nationalité, de clandestinité, de contrôles et de sécurité.</p>

<p>Mais un autre piège apparaît alors.</p>

<p>Lorsqu’un parti traditionnel reprend le vocabulaire ou les priorités d’un parti radical, l’électeur peut se demander :</p>

<h3>Si le diagnostic original était finalement correct, pourquoi ne pas voter pour l’original ?</h3>

<p>C’est l’un des grands paradoxes politiques européens.</p>

<p>Durcir son discours peut récupérer certains électeurs.</p>

<p>Mais cela peut également déplacer durablement la frontière du débat.</p>

<h2>Le cordon sanitaire a peut-être gagné institutionnellement et perdu culturellement</h2>

<p>Le Vlaams Belang reste largement exclu des coalitions gouvernementales.</p>

<p>Le cordon existe donc politiquement.</p>

<p>Mais le véritable cordon sanitaire n’était pas seulement une question de coalitions.</p>

<p>C’était également une frontière morale et politique déterminant ce qui était considéré comme acceptable.</p>

<p><strong>Et cette frontière a bougé.</strong></p>

<p>Cela ne signifie pas que toute politique migratoire restrictive soit d’extrême droite.</p>

<p>Cela ne signifie pas que lutter contre la fraude soit d’extrême droite.</p>

<p>Cela ne signifie pas que réformer le chômage soit d’extrême droite.</p>

<p>Ce serait intellectuellement paresseux.</p>

<p>Le phénomène intéressant est <strong>l’accumulation et la hiérarchisation des priorités.</strong></p>

<p>Quand presque tout le débat politique tourne autour de la sanction, du contrôle, de l’activation, de l’expulsion, de la sécurité, de la responsabilité individuelle et des économies budgétaires, quelque chose change dans la conception même de l’État.</p>

<p><strong>L’État-providence devient progressivement l’État-conditionnel.</strong></p>

<p>Vous avez des droits.</p>

<p><strong>Mais prouvez régulièrement que vous les méritez.</strong></p>

<h2>Et la gauche ?</h2>

<p>C’est probablement la question la plus inconfortable.</p>

<p>Pendant que la droite se déplace, le centre se déplace également.</p>

<p>Et lorsque le centre bouge, la gauche doit choisir : résister, proposer un autre modèle ou accepter une partie du nouveau cadre afin de rester gouvernable.</p>

<p>C’est ainsi que certaines idées autrefois considérées comme radicales deviennent successivement controversées, discutables, négociables, puis normales.</p>

<p>Ce mécanisme possède un nom en sciences politiques : <strong>le déplacement de la fenêtre d’Overton</strong>, c’est-à-dire de l’espace des idées considérées comme politiquement acceptables.</p>

<p>Et lorsque cette fenêtre bouge, il n’est même plus nécessaire que l’extrême droite gouverne pour qu’elle influence le débat.</p>

<h2>Voilà pourquoi le poisson se noie si facilement</h2>

<p>Chaque réforme possède son dossier.</p>

<p>Chaque économie possède son tableau Excel.</p>

<p>Chaque contrôle possède sa justification.</p>

<p>Chaque restriction possède son exception.</p>

<p>Chaque ministre possède son argument.</p>

<p>Et chacun peut déclarer :</p>

<p><strong>« Ce n’est qu’une mesure. »</strong></p>

<p>Exact.</p>

<p>Mais mille mesures deviennent une politique.</p>

<p><strong>Et une politique répétée pendant plusieurs années devient un modèle de société.</strong></p>

<p>La vraie question n’est donc pas de savoir si la Belgique est devenue « d’extrême droite ». Une telle formule serait trop simpliste.</p>

<p>La question est beaucoup plus dérangeante :</p>

<h3>Jusqu’où le centre politique belge s’est-il déplacé vers des thèmes et des instruments autrefois situés beaucoup plus à droite ?</h3>

<p>Le cordon sanitaire est toujours debout.</p>

<p>Personne n’a officiellement ouvert la porte.</p>

<p>Mais pendant que nous regardions la porte, <strong>les idées sont passées dessous.</strong></p>

<p>Et peut-être qu’un jour nous découvrirons le paradoxe ultime :</p>

<p><strong>avoir réussi à empêcher l’extrême droite d’entrer au gouvernement…</strong></p>

<p><strong>tout en lui permettant de déplacer le gouvernement vers elle.</strong></p>

<h3>Kadir Duran</h3>

<p><em>Bruxelles Korner</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 19:57:57 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Brüksel\&#039;de yaşayan, yaşamış olan, yaşamak isteyen, akrabası olan veya sadece merak edenlerin okuyacağı kısa bir Brüksel özeti.</title>
                <category>Sait Kose</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/brukselde-yasayan-yasamis-olan-yasamak-isteyen-akrabasi-olan-veya-sadece-merak-edenlerin-okuyacagi-kisa-bir-bruksel-ozeti-1332</link>
                <author>skose6826@GMAIL.COM (Sait Kose)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/brukselde-yasayan-yasamis-olan-yasamak-isteyen-akrabasi-olan-veya-sadece-merak-edenlerin-okuyacagi-kisa-bir-bruksel-ozeti-1332</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Brüksel\'de yaşayan, yaşamış olan, yaşamak isteyen, akrabası olan veya sadece merak edenlerin okuyacağı kısa bir Brüksel özeti.]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#c0392b"><span style="font-size:28px"><strong><span style="background-color:#000000">Pazar Yazısı</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Brüksel'de yaşayan, yaşamış olan, yaşamak isteyen, akrabası olan veya sadece merak edenlerin okuyacağı kısa bir Brüksel özeti.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:28px"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/825353359_29272951985640580_2775829168498443782_n.jpg" style="height:231px; width:800px" /></strong></span></p>

<p>Kısa bir tarihi :</p>

<p>Brüksel'in tarihi Orta Çağ'a kadar uzanıyor. 1830'da Belçika'nın bağımsızlığından sonra başkent olan şehir, zaman içerisinde ülkenin siyasi, ekonomik ve uluslararası merkezlerinden biri haline geldi.</p>

<p>Bugünkü Brüksel Başkent Bölgesi ise 1989 yılında ayrı bir bölge olarak kuruldu.</p>

<p>Siyasi yapısı:</p>

<p>19 Belediyeden oluşan Başkent Brüksel Bölgesi'nin kendi Parlamentosu ve Hükümeti var.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/825353155_29272950648974047_3168633281911401868_n.jpg" style="height:800px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Bölgesel yönetim; ulaşım, şehircilik, konut, çevre, kamu işleri, ekonomi ve yerel yönetimler ve iki yıldır vergi toplama gibi birçok alandan sorumlu.</p>

<p>Brüksel Parlamentosu 89 milletvekilinden oluşuyor: 72 Fransızca, 17 Hollandaca ( Flamanca) konuşan milletvekili.</p>

<p>Sosyolojik yapısı:</p>

<p>Brüksel, Belçika'nın ve Avrupa'nın en kozmopolit bölgelerinden biri.</p>

<p>1 Ocak 2026 itibarıyla Brüksel Başkent Bölgesi'nde 1.255.834 kişi yaşıyor.</p>

<p>Bölgede 183'ten fazla farklı milliyet ve yaklaşık 100 farklı dil bulunuyor.</p>

<p>Resmî diller Fransızca ve Hollandaca olsa da Brüksel'in günlük hayatında bu iki dilden çok daha fazlası konuşuluyor</p>

<p>Kurumlar:</p>

<p>Brüksel'de bölgesel Parlamento ve Hükümetin yanı sıra 19 belediye, belediyelere bağlı kurumlar ve polis bölgeleri bulunuyordu,artık tek emniyet bölgesi olarak birleşti.</p>

<p>AMA,</p>

<p>Brüksel'i Brüksel yapan başka bir özellik daha var:</p>

<p>Avrupa Birliği'nin önemli kurumları ve NATO'nun merkezi de burada.</p>

<p>Yani Brüksel sadece Belçika'nın başkenti değil, aynı zamanda Avrupa'nın ve dünyanın en önemli siyasi merkezlerinden birisi.</p>

<p>Ulaşım:</p>

<p>Brüksel'de ulaşım deyince metro, tramvay, otobüs ve tren akla geliyor.</p>

<p>Ancak özellikle son yıllarda Brüksel'de ulaşım konusu sadece “insanları bir yerden başka bir yere nasıl götürürüz?” sorusundan ibaret olmaktan çıktı.</p>

<p>Arabanın şehirdeki yeri, bisiklet, yayalar, toplu taşıma, otopark ve trafik Brüksel siyasetinin en çok tartışılan konularından biri haline geldi.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/825267972_29272951322307313_47961334916980774_n.jpg" style="height:606px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Ve,</p>

<p>GOOD MOVE :</p>

<p>Good Move'un hikâyesi aslında 2016'da, dönemin Brüksel Mobilite Bakanı Pascal Smet'in (Flaman sosyalist SP.A ) girişimiyle başladı.</p>

<p>Plan, farklı siyasi partilerin oluşturduğu Brüksel Hükümeti döneminde hazırlandı ve geniş bir istişare sürecinden geçti.</p>

<p>2019'da kamuoyu araştırması yapıldı; 8.000'den fazla kişi görüş bildirdi. Planın nihai hali ise 5 Mart 2020'de Brüksel Hükümeti tarafından onaylandı.</p>

<p>O tarihte Brüksel Hükümeti şu partilerden oluşuyordu:</p>

<p>Başbakan PS artı PS'in birde Devlet Bakanı vardı .</p>

<p>Ecolo 1 Bakan 1 Devlet Bakanı ( veya sekreteri)</p>

<p>Défi 1 Bakan</p>

<p>Groen 1 Bakan</p>

<p>Open Vld 1 Bakan</p>

<p>Vooruit (SP.A) 1 Devlet Bakanı</p>

<p>Gördüğünüz gibi özellikle bir çoğunuzun oy verdiği parti başkanlığında hayata geçirilmiş bir proje .</p>

<p>Ama Good Move sadece bir ulaşım planı değildi.</p>

<p>Trafiği azaltmak, transit trafiği mahallelerden uzaklaştırmak, yayalara ve bisikletlilere daha fazla alan açmak ve toplu taşımayı güçlendirmek gibi hedefleri olan bir projeydi.</p>

<p>Bu konuyu ilerki bir dönemde yine uzun uzun tartışma zamanımz olacak.</p>

<p>Brüksel aslında çok güzel bir şehir ama özellikle son 20 yılda yönetenlerin aldığı yanlış kararlar veya almadıkları doğru kararlar yüzünden maalesef adına yakışır bir dünya başkenti görünümünü vermiyor .</p>

<p>Aslında tertemiz çiçek gibi olması gereken bir şehir olmayı hakkediyor Brüksel .</p>

<p>Haftaya 2.bölümde Brüksel ile alakalı çok daha farklı konulara değineceğim .</p>

<p>Belçika'da güneşli bir hafta bizi bekliyor .</p>

<p>Sürprizlerle dolu bir hafta olsun .</p>

<p>Sait Köse</p>

<p>Brüksel, Pazar 27 Eylül 2027</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/1cf075a1-c874-4cce-a5d7-7a59da48cbf9.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 17:32:11 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Libya Pavilion at MIHAS 2026: A Strategic Bridge Opening New Avenues for Trade with Malaysia</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/libya-pavilion-at-mihas-2026-a-strategic-bridge-opening-new-avenues-for-trade-with-malaysia-1331</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/libya-pavilion-at-mihas-2026-a-strategic-bridge-opening-new-avenues-for-trade-with-malaysia-1331</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Libya Pavilion at MIHAS 2026: A Strategic Bridge Opening New Avenues for Trade with Malaysia]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Libya Pavilion at MIHAS 2026: A Strategic Bridge Opening New Avenues for Trade with Malaysia</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Amr Yehia , Kuala Lumpur</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-24%20at%2013_05_56.jpeg" style="height:405px; width:543px" /></em></span></p>

<p>- A gateway for Malaysia and ASEAN to North Africa and the Mediterranean<br />
- The pavilion is a launching pad for Libyan friends into the Asian halal economy<br />
- &nbsp;Growing momentum in relations: bilateral trade reached RM1.03 billion in 2025</p>

<p><br />
The Libya Pavilion was inaugurated today at the Malaysia International Halal Showcase MIHAS 2026, in a step aimed at building a direct trade corridor between the two countries and opening new markets for Malaysian and Libyan companies in North Africa and Southeast Asia.</p>

<p>Dato' Seri Reezal Merican Naina Merican, Chairman of the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE), said during the inauguration of the pavilion at the Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre (MITEC), that the Libyan pavilion does not represent just an exhibition space, but a strategic bridge.</p>

<p>He added: "It is a gateway for Malaysia and ASEAN to North Africa and the Mediterranean, and a launching pad for our Libyan friends into the Asian halal economy. By bringing Libya's growing private sector into Malaysia's halal ecosystem, with its certification, quality assurance and trade infrastructure, we can build supply chains strong enough to serve the entire Islamic world."</p>

<p>The Chairman of MATRADE revealed that the growing momentum in economic relations between Malaysia and Libya was reflected in trade figures, which reached RM1.03 billion in 2025, with a growth of 38.9% compared to the previous year.</p>

<p>He explained that Malaysia's exports to Libya during the first eight months of 2026 reached RM106.5 million, with an annual increase of 73.4%, including mainly machinery, equipment and spare parts, chemicals and chemical products, and palm oil and palm oil-based agricultural products.</p>

<p>He pointed out that this rapprochement is the fruit of the Export Acceleration Mission organized by MATRADE to Tripoli in May 2024 with the participation of 10 Malaysian companies, which resulted in business opportunities of about RM250 million, then Malaysia's participation in the Tripoli International Fair earlier this year, culminating in Libya's participation for the first time with a full national pavilion at MIHAS this year.</p>

<p>The Libyan Pavilion was organized in cooperation between the Tripoli Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture and the General Authority for Exhibitions and Conferences.</p>

<p>MIHAS this year is being held in its 22nd edition under the slogan "Shaping Trust and Driving Resilience," with the participation of about 1,700 exhibitors in 2,000 booths, targeting sales exceeding RM5 billion.</p>

<p>The Chairman of MATRADE said: "We chose this slogan because we face a lot of uncertainty, and we are affected by geopolitical tensions in West Asia and the disruption of global supply chains and maritime routes. In such an environment, what matters most is trusted friendship, and this is crucial, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises."</p>

<p>Reezal Merican confirmed that the global halal market is currently estimated at about USD 3.5 trillion according to the Global Islamic Economy Indicator, and is expected to rise sharply to nearly USD 10 trillion by 2030.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-24%20at%2013_05_57%20(1).jpeg" style="height:405px; width:543px" /></p>

<p>He added that Malaysia has maintained the number one position globally in the Islamic Economy Indicator for 12 consecutive years, but he stressed that leadership is not achieved in isolation.</p>

<p>He continued: "True leadership is achieved through integration with other countries, foremost Libya with its growing private sector. Together we can innovate flexible supply chains that serve the wider Islamic world," pointing to Malaysia's proposal to establish the ASEAN Halal Council in September 2027 as an institutional step to turn the idea into reality.</p>

<p>The opening ceremony was attended from the Libyan side by Eng. Essam Abdel Jalil Al-Aoul, Chairman of the General Authority for Exhibitions and Conferences and Head of the Libyan delegation, Dr. Hassan Taher Al-Kamil, Head of the Department of Private Sector Development and Investment at the Ministry of Economy and Trade, Anwar Abu Sitta, Chairman of the Tripoli Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture, and Haj Aziz Aouan, Chairman of the Libyan-Malaysian Joint Business Chamber.</p>

<p>From the Malaysian side, Prof. Dr. Effandi Saleh, Chairman of the Halal Development Corporation HDC, Tan Sri Abdul Rahman Mamat, Sharin Hamidun, President of the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry NCCIM, and Jai Shankar, Deputy CEO of MATRADE, participated.</p>

<p>For his part, Eng. Essam Abdel Jalil Al-Aoul, Chairman of the General Authority for Exhibitions and Conferences, said that this first participation of Libya in MIHAS 2026 will not be the last, expressing Tripoli's aspiration for a real strategic partnership with Kuala Lumpur.</p>

<p>Al-Aoul said: "We thank the Kingdom of Malaysia for all the facilitations and all those in charge of the MIHAS exhibition, and with us today is an integrated Libyan delegation. This is the first participation of Libya in MIHAS and, God willing, it will not be the last, and we look forward to a strategic and real cooperation with Malaysia."</p>

<p>The Libyan delegation conveyed the greetings of the Minister of Economy and Trade of the Government of National Unity and his full support for the Libyan participation, inviting Malaysian companies to participate in the next edition of the Tripoli International Fair 2027, one of the oldest fairs in Africa and the Middle East and North Africa.</p>

<p>Reezal Merican concluded the ceremony by announcing the official opening of the Libya Pavilion, saying: "I hope that all your meetings will be fruitful and that your participation in MIHAS will contribute to strengthening the partnership between Libya and Malaysia."</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 14:19:50 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Egypt is the largest source of tourists from the Middle East to Malaysia, says Tourism Malaysia chief </title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/egypt-is-the-largest-source-of-tourists-from-the-middle-east-to-malaysia-says-tourism-malaysia-chief-1330</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/egypt-is-the-largest-source-of-tourists-from-the-middle-east-to-malaysia-says-tourism-malaysia-chief-1330</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Egypt is the largest source of tourists from the Middle East to Malaysia, says Tourism Malaysia chief ]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Egypt is the largest source of tourists from the Middle East to Malaysia, says Tourism Malaysia chief&nbsp;</strong></span></p>

<p>-Chairman Tourism Malaysia : Open skies policy, incentives for EgyptAir and Malaysia Airlines for direct KL-Cairo flights</p>

<p>- Visit Malaysia 2026 extended to 2027 with focus on experiential tourism beyond Twin Towers</p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><em>Kuala Lumpur - Amr Yehia&nbsp;</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18px"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/95b852e9-f196-4422-bb88-d5c755d96ba4.jpg" style="height:600px; width:800px" /></em></span></p>

<p>Speaking on the sidelines of MIHAS 2026, the world's largest halal trade show, which this year gathered 1,700 companies and 2,000 booths, from the Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre MITEC, the Chairman of Tourism Malaysia Datuk Manoharan Periasamy unveiled his board's strategy to turn Egyptian and Middle Eastern visitors into long-stay, high-value tourists. said Malaysia's competitive advantage is no longer just its iconic Twin Towers, but its position as a safe, halal-friendly melting pot of Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures, offering gastronomic and nature-based experiences.</p>

<p>With Egypt now ranking as the top Middle East source market for Malaysia, the Chairman confirmed that establishing a direct Kuala Lumpur-Cairo link is a priority, backed by government incentives and an open skies policy.</p>

<p>What core attractions and niche sectors define Malaysia's competitive edge, and what initiatives are targeting Middle Eastern travellers?</p>

<p>Datuk Manoharan Periasamy: As you can see, 1,700 companies are participating in this halal exhibition, which shows the scale of our ecosystem.</p>

<p>On connectivity, we don't have any issues with the Middle East. From Dubai we have three flights a day with Emirates. Similarly Qatar Airways from Doha, Air Arabia from Sharjah, and Oman Air. And by the end of September, we will have Gulf Air connecting Bahrain to Malaysia.</p>

<p>So direct connectivity from Egypt to Kuala Lumpur is not there currently, but we have hundreds of flights connecting from various parts of the Middle East.</p>

<p>For us, the Middle East is very important because it is a very quality segment. The length of stay is longer than any other leisure segment — 10 to 12 days on average.</p>

<p>They choose Malaysia because it is a Muslim country. They feel at ease. The halal factor is always a plus point. They don't have to worry about eating out in hotels or restaurants. MIHAS shows that strength.</p>

<p>We are positioning Malaysia not only as a leisure destination but as a gastronomic destination. We have Malay, Chinese and Indian civilizations — the whole of Malaysia is a melting pot. Yes, we have restaurants specializing in Middle Eastern food, but we want to expose them to Malaysian food.</p>

<p>What we are highlighting during Visit Malaysia Campaign 2026, which we are extending to 2027, is experiential holidays. It is not enough with sightseeing. Maybe they came with their grandparents to see the Twin Towers. What we want for 2026 and 2027 is experience — let them indulge and experience the way of life in Malaysia.</p>

<p>Besides gastronomy, we are highlighting our homestay program, and beyond Kuala Lumpur, we are pushing Sabah and Sarawak for adventure, nature and diving.</p>

<p>How can Egypt and Malaysia build on strong diplomatic ties to launch joint tourism initiatives and a direct flight link?</p>

<p>Datuk Manoharan Periasamy: We have an open skies policy and we encourage new connections. We have very good relations with the Egyptian government and a cultural exchange program between both governments.</p>

<p>Direct links from Egypt are always welcome. We always encourage foreign airlines to have direct accessibility. Egypt used to fly to Malaysia via Mumbai about eight years ago, but it stopped perhaps due to economic reasons.</p>

<p>If you look at the number of tourists from the Middle East, Egypt is always the highest number coming to Malaysia. This is a plus point to encourage either Malaysia Airlines or EgyptAir to have direct links. Our airport authorities are always welcoming.</p>

<p>&nbsp;Given both countries are hubs for cost-effective healthcare, what framework can be built for medical tourism?</p>

<p>Datuk Manoharan Periasamy: Egypt is very advanced in medical tourism. We have MHTC — Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council under the Ministry of Health. We want to promote our technologies and facilities and vice versa. I believe many Malaysians are also doing medical studies in Egypt. It is always collaborative — sending students and getting patients from Egypt for advanced treatment.<br />
&nbsp;How can MIHAS 2026 set global standards for halal tourism?</p>

<p>Datuk Manoharan Periasamy:MIHAS is in its 22nd year and participants are growing every year. Malaysia wants to position itself as a leading Muslim country for the halal platform. This year we have more than 2,000 booths and 1,700 companies.</p>

<p>Today not only Muslim nations are looking at halal food, more people are concerned about health and quality foods. It has become a good platform to exchange ideas. Companies can use Malaysia as a gateway to ASEAN — Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand — for halal products and halal certification, and tourism as well.</p>

<p>&nbsp;What are the logistical challenges for two-way tourism?</p>

<p>Datuk Manoharan Periasamy:Direct connectivity always helps. All those countries with direct connectivity have higher numbers of travellers on both sides.</p>

<p>We are looking to establish more direct connectivity with Egypt. Airlines need to do feasibility studies — airlines cannot have one-way traffic. From a government perspective, we always facilitate and support. From the airport authority we have a lot of incentives, and from the ministry as well.</p>

<p>&nbsp;How can cultural ties be leveraged for cultural diplomacy?</p>

<p>Datuk Manoharan Periasamy: We always welcome cultural initiatives from the Egyptian embassy or Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We have an office in Saudi Arabia in charge of the Middle East and North Africa. Right now we work with a Representative Marketing Office to enhance our presence in Egypt. Once we see the number is encouraging, definitely we will have our own office in Egypt.</p>

<p>In the coming months we have a lot of food and cultural programs planned, and we want to bring more agents and media from Egypt to explore Malaysia. And vice versa, Egypt is an excellent destination and a gateway to other parts of the Middle East.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/64b7686f-9e9d-49da-b4cf-3178868ec780.jpg" style="height:800px; width:600px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 14:14:47 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>MATRADE Chairman to 34 Media Outlets from 19 Countries: MIHAS Sales Surpass RM 5.5 Billion, Heading Toward RM 6 Billion as Highest in History Since 2004</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/matrade-chairman-to-34-media-outlets-from-19-countries-mihas-sales-surpass-rm-55-billion-heading-toward-rm-6-billion-as-highest-in-history-since-2004-1329</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/matrade-chairman-to-34-media-outlets-from-19-countries-mihas-sales-surpass-rm-55-billion-heading-toward-rm-6-billion-as-highest-in-history-since-2004-1329</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[MATRADE Chairman to 34 Media Outlets from 19 Countries: MIHAS Sales Surpass RM 5.5 Billion, Heading Toward RM 6 Billion as Highest in History Since 2004]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>MATRADE Chairman to 34 Media Outlets from 19 Countries: MIHAS Sales Surpass RM 5.5 Billion, Heading Toward RM 6 Billion as Highest in History Since 2004</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><strong><em>Amr Yehia , from Kuala Lumpur&nbsp;</em></strong></span></p>

<p>Chairman of the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) Reezal Merican Naina Merican revealed that the 22nd Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS 2026) achieved unprecedented historic figures, surpassing its annual target.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-27%20at%2012_18_34.jpeg" style="height:448px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>This came during a special address he delivered before the international media delegation at the conclusion of the showcase.</p>

<p>Reezal Merican said in his remarks: "What means more is that MIHAS this year has managed to record again a few historical highs. I think our visitors will be surpassing 50,000 anytime. Because our model is business-to-business, B2B, quite naturally the number of visitors is pretty much confined to trade visitors. We are not conducting a trade expo with a B2C model. But an attendance of more than 50,000 is a remarkably high achievement for us."</p>

<p>The MATRADE Chairman revealed a pleasant surprise, saying: "More so to our pleasant surprise, as announced by Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi yesterday, as of Wednesday and Thursday, the total sales generated either from INSP, either from exhibitions, either from WIEX, combined altogether was RM 5.1 billion."</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-27%20at%2012_18_34%20(2).jpeg" style="height:498px; width:800px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p>He added: "But today that figure has climbed again. For three days as of now, it has not come to an end yet, because we have another one day today. It has been officially declared and announced that we have already reached RM 5.5 billion in total sales. This is an achievement. We set a target of RM 5 billion and we surpassed RM 5 billion, and I am quite optimistic."</p>

<p>He explained that this figure does not include the memoranda of understanding that have been signed, nor does it include sales generated through the new system powered by artificial intelligence.</p>

<p>He said: "Remember I told you about AI, AI-Agentic. For everyone who comes, they will be given an AI-Agentic. And this AI-Agentic is communicative with the other one in accordance with the appetite they have already listed down on that platform. So normally that AI will intelligently set their very own date of appointment, business matching, outside whatever has been pre-patterned, carefully curated, programmed and arranged by INSP, by MATRADE."</p>

<p>He added: "So that figure also has not been included. So if all those elements are to be included, I am quite optimistic we may reach RM 6 billion in 2026, making it the highest ever since the inception of MIHAS in 2004."</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-27%20at%2012_18_34%20(1).jpeg" style="height:448px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>He concluded his speech by thanking the foreign media, expressing his appreciation for the attendance of 34 media houses coming from 19 countries: "I know it has been tireless work. A lot of you have been working day and night to find a story to tell about MIHAS and bring that story across all corners of the globe. Once again, thank you very much to all of the media, local and foreign, because of you, you bring the voice of MIHAS far, far beyond the boundaries and borders of Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia."</p>

<p>At the end of the meeting, the MATRADE Chairman recognized the international media delegation as part of the family of MIHAS, in appreciation of their vital role in conveying the success of the showcase to the world.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-27%20at%2012_18_34%20(3).jpeg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 13:21:56 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>As MIHAS Concludes: Malaysia Honors Halal Industry Pioneers, Affirms RM 80 Billion in Exports Before 2030</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/as-mihas-concludes-malaysia-honors-halal-industry-pioneers-affirms-rm-80-billion-in-exports-before-2030-1328</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/as-mihas-concludes-malaysia-honors-halal-industry-pioneers-affirms-rm-80-billion-in-exports-before-2030-1328</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[As MIHAS Concludes: Malaysia Honors Halal Industry Pioneers, Affirms RM 80 Billion in Exports Before 2030]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>As MIHAS Concludes: Malaysia Honors Halal Industry Pioneers, Affirms RM 80 Billion in Exports Before 2030</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><em><strong>Amr Yehia , from Kuala Lumpur&nbsp;</strong></em></span></p>

<p>The 22nd Malaysia International Halal Showcase - MIHAS 2026, organized by the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation - MATRADE under the umbrella of the Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry - MITI, concluded this evening at the Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre - MITEC in Kuala Lumpur, with a grand ceremony to present the MIHAS Awards for Halal Excellence, amid wide international attendance.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/8052d374-3d18-405d-8429-a4c287ea887f.jpg" style="height:382px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>The ceremony witnessed high-level attendance led by the Chairman of MATRADE, YB Dato' Seri Reezal Merican Naina Merican, Tan Sri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil, Chairwoman of the Malaysian women's organization HAWA, Dato' Hazimah Zainuddin, Board Member, Dato' Indera Abu Bakar Yusof, Chief Executive Officer of MATRADE, Prof. Dr. Mohd Afendi bin Saleh, Head of the Halal Centre, and Haji Faiz Mohd Yusof, Senior Director of the Industrial Development Division at MITI, along with members of the Board, senior leadership of the corporation, the Grand Jury, representatives of ministries and government agencies, and a large gathering of local and international media.</p>

<p>The ceremony was held to honor the outstanding achievements of Malaysian companies and international industry leaders who have contributed to enhancing the position of the global Halal economy. The proceedings began with an artistic performance by the youth group Sabah Youngsters, who have represented Malaysia at international events in the United States, Vietnam, Singapore and South Korea.</p>

<p>This year's showcase is being held under the theme "Building Trust, Driving Resilience." Beyond its size and scale, it places stronger emphasis on trust, good governance and measurable outcomes, as a high-integrity platform where global buyers and exporters meet with full confidence.</p>

<p>This year's MIHAS Awards featured 5 categories. The first is the Excellence in Products and Services Award, &nbsp;which honors companies in recognition of their outstanding commercial performance, product and service quality and market potential, including the product and services fields, in addition to the Rising Star Award for promising new companies capable of demonstrating growth potential. The second is the Innovation, Sustainability and Digitalization Award, which honors companies that integrate sustainability, Environmental, Social and Governance - ESG values and drive innovation and digitalization. The third is the Women in Export Award, newly introduced this year and dedicated to honoring women-owned companies.</p>

<p>In a gesture affirming the integrity of the awards and ensuring full transparency, all stages of adjudication were monitored under independent supervision, as stated by Mohamad Ridzuan Zakaria, representative of the independent firm appointed for the MIHAS Awards 2026. He noted that intensive auditing operations were carried out to verify each winner before announcement.</p>

<p>For his part, MATRADE Chairman Dato' Seri Reezal Merican Naina Merican said: "We are not merely celebrating achievements, but honoring the ambition, innovation and determination of the companies shaping the future of the global Halal industry. Over the past few days, MIHAS has brought together an exceptional community of exhibitors, buyers and investors from every corner of the world, and we have seen how ideas turned into opportunities and conversations into lasting partnerships."</p>

<p>He revealed that the International Sourcing Programme - INSP attracted nearly 1,000 buyers and sellers and organized 4,000 direct business-to-business meetings, in addition to the Knowledge Hub and the Women in Export Pavilion, noting that the exhibition was attended by 40,000 trade visitors from 58 countries until its closing day.</p>

<p>He disclosed that Malaysia's Halal exports reached RM 68.52 billion in 2025, while the government has set a target of RM 80 billion to contribute 11% of the Gross Domestic Product - GDP, affirming: "We will achieve the RM 80 billion target much earlier than 2030."</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 12:51:34 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>KUR. YZB. MUSTAFA KEMAL’İN BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)’DEN NOTLARI</title>
                <category>Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kur-yzb-mustafa-kemalin-benjamin-franklin-1706-1790den-notlari-1327</link>
                <author>ProfDrHilmiozden@bruxelleskorner.com (Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kur-yzb-mustafa-kemalin-benjamin-franklin-1706-1790den-notlari-1327</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[KUR. YZB. MUSTAFA KEMAL’İN BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)’DEN NOTLARI]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">KUR. YZB. MUSTAFA KEMAL’İN BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1706-1790)</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">’DEN NOTLARI</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hilmi Özden<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ATTTYY3.jpg" style="height:412px; width:291px" /></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">General Ali Fuat Cebesoy, “Sınıf Arkadaşım Atatürk” isimli hatıralarından Harbiye’den mezuniyetlerini şu satırlarla anlatmaktadır</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">: 1904 yılı Aralık ayında Harp Akademisi'ni bitirdik. Kurmay Yüzbaşı olarak diploma aldık. Mustafa Kemal'in 11 Ocak 1905'te mezun olduğuna dair yazılan biyografiler doğru olmasa gerektir. Harp Akademisi'nin birinci sınıfında kırk üç kişiydik, yalnız on üç arkadaş, kurmay olma hakkını kazandık. Hatırımda yanlış kalmadıysa, üç yıllık ders notlarına göre, sıra şöyleydi: Birinci İhsan Cihangir (Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonlarında 6. İstiklal Savaşı'nda, Büyük Taarruz'dan kısa bir süre önce 1. Ordu Kumandanlığında bulunan General Ali İhsan Sâbis)., İkinci - Asım Kütahya (Genelkurmay İkinci Başkanlığından emekli Orgeneral Asım Gündüz)., Üçüncü - Tevfik Selanik (Mustafa Kemal'in ve benim en yakın arkadaşlarımızdan biri olan pek değerli bir kurmay subaydı. Genç yaşında Selanik'te vefat etti)., Dördüncü- Hayri Davutpaşa, (rahmetli, General)<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></a>., Beşinci- Mustafa Kemal Selanik (Atatürk)., Altıncı Mustafa İzzet Çanakkale (rahmetli emekli Albay)., Yedinci - Ali Şeydi Kavak (rahmetli Albay)., Sekizinci Ali Fuat Salacak (General Ali Fuat Cebesoy)., Dokuzuncu - Şevki Kıztaşı (rahmetli Binbaşı)., Onuncu - Süleyman Şevket İzmir (rahmetli Prag Sefiri)., -On Birinci - Sedat Üsküdar (rahmetli General)., On İkinci - Kemal Ohri., On Üçüncü - Müfit Kırşehir (Cumhuriyet döneminde Milletvekili Müfit Özdeş). <strong>Eğer derece son sınıfta alınan notlara göre olsaydı, Mustafa Kemal birinciydi. Ne önemi var? Okulda olmadı ama hayatta birinci, en birinci oldu</strong><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></a>. <strong>Ord. Prof. Dr. A. Süheyl Ünver bu ifadeyi Ahmed Güner Sayar’la sohbetlerinde şu şekilde ifade etmektedir: </strong>9. III.1979 günü TTE' de gerçekleşen sohbette, talebelere hitaben; “...İçinizde en yaşlı benim. Geçen yüzyıldan iki sene alacağım var. <strong>Yetiştiğim ve kendileriyle sohbette bulunduğum Millî Mücadele'nin üst rütbeden kuvvet komutanlarına sormuştum: “Kurtuluş Savaşı'ında neden Mustafa Kemal Paşa tek adamdı?” Bu soruma aldığım cevap aynı idi: “İkincisi yoktu</strong><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></a>.”</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mustafa Kemal, Harp Okulu ve Harp Akademisi öğrencilik yıllarından itibaren not defterlerine çeşitli konulardaki bilgileri kaydetmiş ve bu alışkanlığını 5'inci Ordudaki görevi esnasında da sürdürmüştür. Yüzbaşı Mustafa Kemal, "sunuf-ı selase (üç sınıf, piyade, süvari ve topçu)"de kurmay stajı yapmak üzere merkezi Şam'da bulunan 5'inci Ordu Komutanlığına bağlı 30'uncu Süvari Alayına tayin edilmiştir. Mustafa Kemal'in sınıf arkadaşı Kurmay Yüzbaşı Müfit (Özdeş) Şam'da bulunan 29'uncu Süvari Alayında, Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) ise Beyrut'taki Süvari Alayında görevlendirilmiştir. Ali Fuat Cebesoy'un yazdıklarına göre Mustafa Kemal, Müfit ve Ali Fuat istanbul'dan deniz yoluyla Beyrut'a gitmişler ve 5 Şubat 1905 tarihinde görev yerlerinde stajlarına başlamışlardır<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></a>." </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e561e1d5-eb57-4f83-9bb4-32e96f5ee44d.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:2px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kurmay Yüzbaşı Mustafa Kemal</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, Suriye'de (11 Ocak 1905-13 Ekim 1907) yaklaşık 3 yıla yakın (2 Yıl 8 ay) süren görevi esnasında ordunun yetersizliğini, bölgede vergi adaletsizliğini, ordunun başına buyruk hareketlerde bulunmasından dolayı halkın devlete olan güveninin sarsıldığını yakından görerek, isyanların asıl sebebini ayrıntılarıyla tespit etmiştir. Mustafa Kemal bu görevi esnasında Suriye ve Filistin coğrafyasını, bölge halkını, halkın devletten beklentilerini yakından tanıma ve öğrenme fırsatı bulmuştur. Onun burada edindiği tecrübeler, daha sonra Makedonya </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">bölgesinde 3'üncü Ordu Komutanlığındaki görevi, Birinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Filistin ve Suriye bölgesinde 7 nci Ordu Komutanlığı ve Yıldırım Ordular Grup Komutanlığı sırasında orduyu sevk ve idaresinde işine yarayacaktır<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></a>. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kurmay Yüzbaşı Mustafa Kemal bu not defterine, 13 Temmuz 1905 tarihinden itibaren 15 Ağustos 1907 tarihine kadar olan süreçte 5'inci Ordu mıntıkasındaki gelişmeleri, günlük hayatta karşılaştığı olayları, görevle ilgili hususları, bölge halkının ve idarecilerin tutumlarını kaydetmiştir. <strong>Ayrıca not defterine Şam'da bulunduğu sürede okuduğu kitapların adlarını, bunlardan önemli gördüğü konuları ve ilgisini çeken kısımları kısa notlar halinde defterine yazmıştır</strong>. Defterde yer alan kimi şiir ve şarkı sözleri bir genç subay olarak onun duygularının dışa yansıması olarak değerlendirilebilir. Defterde bundan başka yaptığı harcamalarla ilgili kısa notlar ve bazı hesaplamalar da yer almaktadır<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></a>. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mustafa Kemal, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Kurucu Babalarından biri olan, Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'nin hazırlayıcısı, bilim insanı, paratonerin keşfini yapan Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)'in biyografisini ve bu keşfin nasıl gerçekleştiğini anlatan bir kitap okumuş, kitapta bahsi geçen ve Benjamin Franklin'in insanların uymasını istediği on üç erdemin neler olduğunu, not defterine<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></a> kaydetmiştir<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></a>:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ATTTYY.jpg" style="height:433px; width:501px" /></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Teşrîn-i evvel 1321 Cumartesi (11 Kasım 1905 Cumartesi)</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Fahri nâmında birinin 1307’de yazmış olduğu “Benyamin Franklin” eserini okudum. </span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Eser-i mezkûr 79 sahîfeden ibâretdir. Paratonerin mûcidi olan Franklin'in tercüme-i halinden bahisdir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Âdi (sıradan, tanınmamış) bir familyadan iken sa'y u gayret, sebat u ikdâm (sebatlı gayretli çalışmayla) sayesinde dünyanın perestiş-kârı (sevilen, hayran olunan) olmuşdur. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Franklin vâcib-ül-ittibâ'(uyulması gereken) olan fazaili (faziletler, erdemler) on üçe taksim ediyor: </span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“1-<strong> Riyâzet (Ölçülü olma<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></strong></a>)</strong> - rahatsız olacak kadar yeme, sersemleşecek kadar içme (Tıka basa yeme; kendini kaybedecek kadar içme.)</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2- <strong>Sükût (</strong><strong>Sükünet)</strong> - Kendine ve sâir mukayyed olabilecek şeyler üzerine konuş, tenbel-ane olan sohbetlerden ictinab edin(Başkalarına ya da kendine faydası olmayacaksa konuşma; önemsiz konuşmalardan kaçın). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3- <strong>İntizâm (</strong><strong>Düzen)</strong> - Her işin zamanı, her şeyin mevkii muayyen olsun( Her şeyin bir yeri olsun; işindeki her parçanın bir zamanı olsun). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4- <strong>Metanet (</strong><strong>Azim) </strong>- Başladığın işi her türlü muşkilata müdafaa ederek sebat ve basîretle itmâm et( Yapman gerekeni yapmakta kararlı ol; azmettiğini hatasız gerçekleştir.). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5-<strong> Tasarruf</strong> <strong>(Tutumluluk )-</strong> Parayı kendinin ve sâirlerinin husül-i menafii yolunda sarf edilmek üzre iddihar et, zinhar müsrif olma(Başkalarına veya kendine faydası olmayacak hiçbir masraf yapma; yani hiçbir şeyi israf etme). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6- <strong>Sa'y (</strong><strong>Çalışkanlık)</strong> - Tenbellikden ictinab et, daima lüzûmlu bir işle meşgul ol (Zaman kaybetme; her zaman faydalı bir şeyle meşgul ol ve gereksiz tüm eylemleri bırak).</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">7-<strong> İstikamet (</strong><strong>Samimiyet) </strong>- Ne hayâlâta dal, ne yalancı ol. Hakikî ve ciddi düşün, düşündüğün gibi söyle(Asla kötülük düşünerek hareket etme; masum ve adilce düşün ve eğer konuşuyorsan, buna göre konuş). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">8- <strong>Hakkaniyyet (</strong><strong>Adalet)</strong> - Nefsine ve sairlerine musirr olabilecek şeylerle iştigal etme, kudretin yetdiği kadar hem-cinsine muâvenet ve müzaheretde bulun<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></a>(İnsanları istismar ederek ya da üzerine düşen görevleri ihmal ederek onları incitme). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ATTTYY2.jpg" style="height:361px; width:406px" /></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:3px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">9- <strong>İ'tidal (</strong></span><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Denetleme)</span></strong><strong> </strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- Her husûsda ifratdan ictinab et (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aşırılıklardan kaçın; hak ettiklerini düşünsen bile kırgınlıklardan kaçın)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; margin-right:4px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">10-<strong>Nezafet (</strong></span><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Temizlik)</span></strong><strong> </strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">- Vücûdunda, elbisende, evinde nezafete riayetde kusûr etme(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bedende, giysilerde veya yaşadığın yerde hiçbir pisliğe müsamaha gösterme)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">11- <strong>Sükûn (</strong></span><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sakinlik)</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">-</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Sademat-ı dehriyye (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">zamanın, devrin veya hayatın yıpratıcı vuruşları, sarsıntıları, dertleri ve felaketleri)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">den muztarib olma. Her ne üzerine olursa olsun istirahat-ı derûn (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">gönül huzuru, iç rahatlığı veya ruh dinginliğ)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">la icra-yı muhakeme (muhakeme yaparak uygula) et (</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Önemsiz şeylerden, sıklıkla yaşanan ya da kaçınılmaz olan kazalardan rahatsız olma</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:175px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">12- <strong>İffet </strong>- Hiçbir husûsda nâmûsu unutma. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:175px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">13- <strong>Tevazu</strong> <strong>(</strong></span><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Alçakgönüllülük)</span></strong> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">– “......”<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></a> </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kur. Yzb. Mustafa Kemal tırnak içinde “ ……” gösterdiği Benjamin Franklin’in eserinde bulunan &nbsp;“İsa’yı ve Sokrates’i kendine örnek al<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></a>” ifadesini Not Defterinde boş bırakmıştır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kur. Yzb. Mustafa Kemal notlarına şu cümlelerle devam eder:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; margin-right:4px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Franklin neşriyyatında “<strong>Tenbel olan bir insan için vatandaşlarına yararlık gösterebilmek mümkün olamaz</strong>” diyor. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:4px; margin-right:2px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bu büyük zat; duvarcılık, tornacılık, matbaacılık, muharrirlik, ediblik, diplomatlık kademelerinden sıra ile geçmişdir. Vashington en sevdiği dostu idi. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:4px; margin-right:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Paratonerin keşfi tecrübelerini en evvel uçurtmada yapmıştır. Şöyle ki çocuğunun uçurtmasını re'sine bir demir parça ilave ve ipini (kendir) ve bunun da ucunu ipekden yapıb fırtınalı havada şehrin haricine çıktı. Saikanın bu uçurtma üzerindeki te'siratı</span> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">tedkik ve ta'mik fikrinin isabetini isbat etdi. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:4px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kitabe-i seng-i mezarını kendisi yazıb bırakmışdır. “Şu mevzi-i tenhayi</span><a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[14]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">de matbaacı 'Benyamin Franklin'in cesedi, evrakı koparılmış ve ser­name-i müzehhibi</span><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp; silinmiş fersûde</span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> &nbsp;bir kitab gibi kurtlara me'kel</span><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> olarak gunûde-i hak-i sükûn</span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[18]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">dur. Hâl böyle ise de eser mahv u zail</span><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[19]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> olmayacakdır. Çünkü: Medfûn</span><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[20]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">un i'tikadınca</span><a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[21]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> müellifin</span><a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[22]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> -maksad-ı müellif-i kainat-</span><a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[23]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> &nbsp;dest-i ciyadet-peyvestiyle</span><a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[24]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> alem-i cavidaniye</span><a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[25]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">”</span><a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[26]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">. &nbsp;(</span><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mezar taşı yazısını kendisi yazıp bırakmıştır. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Şu ıssız, tenha, gözlerden uzak yerde matbaacı 'Benyamin Franklin'in cesedi, evrakı koparılmış ve sanatçının imzası silinmiş, eskimiş, yıpranmış bir kitap gibi kurtlara (solucanlara) yemek, besin olarak sessizlik toprağında uyumaktadır (huzur/sükûnet toprağına uzanmıştır). Hâl böyle ise de eser (kişi) tamamen yok olmuş, ortadan kalkmış, silinip gitmiş olmayacaktır. Çünkü: Mezarda yatan kişinin&nbsp; inancına göre yazarın (Tanrı’nın) -kâinatın yazarının (yani yaratıcısının) amacı, gayesi/ muradı) onun iyilik, cömertlik maharet dolu ebedî âlemine (sonsuzluk dünyası/ âhiret) kişi kavuşacaktır</span></strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">”</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">).</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:4px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kur. Yüz. Mustafa Kemal’in notları buraya kadar tutmuştur. <strong>Benjamin Franklin “Özyaşam Öyküsü</strong>”nde şu sözlerle devam etmektedir: Bütün bu erdemleri alışkanlık haline getirmek niyetinde olsam da, tamamını tek seferde hayatıma sokarak dikkatimi dağıtmayıp her seferinde bir tanesine odaklanmanın daha iyi olacağı kanaatine vardım. Bir tanesine iyice hâkim olduğum zaman, bir başkasına geçecektim ve bu şekilde on üçünü de tamamlayacaktım. Bazılarının önceden edinilmesi, başka birkaç tanesinin edinilmesini kolaylaştırabileceğinden, onları yukarıda belirttiğim şekilde, bu bakış açısıyla sıraladım. Önce ölçülü olmak geliyor, çünkü sürekli tetikte olunması, eski alışkanlıkların bitmek bilmeyen çekiciliğine ve daimi cazibenin gücüne karşı konulması gereken durumlarda bize lazım olan soğukkanlılığı ve berrak zihni ölçülülük sağlayacaktır. Ölçülü davranma alışkanlığını edinip hayata geçirince, sükûnet daha kolay gerçekleşecekti ve arzum, erdemler konusunda geliştikçe bilgimi de artırmak, konuşmalar sırasında dilimden ziyade kulaklarımı kullanmaya başlamaktı. Beni sadece küçük sohbetlere dâhil eden gevezelik, kelime oyunları ve şakalar yapma alışkanlığımı kırmak istiyordum ve bu sebeple sükûneti ikinci sıraya koydum. Bu ve sonraki erdem olan düzenin, projeme ve çalışmalarıma yoğunlaşmak için bana daha fazla zaman tanıyacağını umuyordum. Azim bir kez alışkanlık haline geldiğinde, sonraki tüm erdemleri elde etme çabalarımda beni diri tutacaktı; tutumluluk ve çalışkanlık, beni kalan borçlarımdan kurtaracak, refah ve bağımsızlık sağlayacak; samimiyet, adalet vb.'nin uygulanmasını daha kolay hâle getirecekti. O halde bunu, Pisagor<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[27]</span></span></a>'un Altın Ayetler'indeki tavsiyesine uygun olarak tasavvur etmek, günlük olarak da sorgulamak gerekiyordu<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[28]</span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Küçük bir kitapta her erdem için bir sayfa ayırdım. Her sayfaya kırmızı mürekkeple, haftanın her günü için bir tane olmak üzere toplam yedi sütun çizdim ve her sütuna o gün için bir harf yazdım. Bu sütunları on üç kırmızı çizgiyle kesip her satırın başlangıcına da erdemlerden birinin ilk harfini yazdım. Böylelikle günlük sorgulamamı yaparken, bir erdeme uygun davranmadığımı görürsem ilgili satıra karşılık gelen sütunu küçük bir siyah noktayla işaretleyebilecek, her hatayı oraya geçirebilecektim<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[29]</span></span></a>” demektedir. Franklin bu sistemi uygulamaya çalışır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Diğer taraftan alçakgönüllülük konusunda şu yazdıkları da önemlidir: “Erdemler listem ilk başta on iki erdemden oluşuyordu ama bir Quaker<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[30]</span></span></a> arkadaşım nazikçe, genel itibariyle gururlu biri olarak görüldüğümü ve gururumun sohbette kendini sık sık gösterdiğini, herhangi bir noktayı tartışırken haklı olmakla yetinmediğimi, daha ziyade üste çıktığımı ve küstah davrandığımı söyledi. Birkaç örnek vererek de beni buna ikna etti. <strong>Elimden geldiğince bu kötü huydan ya da budalalıktan kurtulmak için çabalamaya karar verdim ve kelimeye geniş bir anlam vererek alçak gönüllülük'ü listeme ekledim.</strong> Bu erdemin hakikatini elde etmede pek başarılı olmakla övünemem, ama görünüşüyle ilgili epey bir şey elde ettim. Başkalarının duygularıyla her türlü çelişkiden ve kendi olumlu iddialarımdan kaçınmayı bir kural haline getirdim<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[31]</span></span></a>”. Benjamin Franklin “<strong>Ahlâkî Kusursuzluğa Erişme Planı</strong>” olarak tespit ettiği erdemler hakkındaki düşüncesini şu cümlelerle özetlemektedir:&nbsp; “<strong>Şu anda, bunu doğru bir şekilde yapanın ve iyi niteliklere sahip olanın, Tanrı'yı memnun etmekten ve başarıya ulaşmaktan geri kalamayacağını düşünüyorum</strong>”.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Franklin bu projeyi (Ahlâkî Kusursuzluğa Erişme Planı) bundan sonra üstleneceğim şekilde kafamda evirip çevirerek, koşullarım bana gerekli boş zamanı sağladığında, buna saygı duyarak aklıma gelen düşünceleri sayfalara döktüm dedikten sonra her inancın onaylayacağı şu cümlelerle düşüncelerini ifade eder: “<strong>Her şeyi yaratan tek bir Tanrı vardır”. “Dünyayı kendi takdiriyle yönetir”. “O'na hayranlık, dua ve şükranla tapınılması gerekir”. “Ama Tanrı katındaki en makbul hizmet, insana iyilik yapmaktır”. “Ruh ölümsüzdür”. “Ve Tanrı, elbette ki burada da, ahirette de fazileti mükâfatlandıracak ve kötülüğü cezalandıracaktır</strong><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[32]</span></span></a>”. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Genç olsun yaşlı olsun insanların; hayata katkı sağlamış âlimlerin, akademisyenlerin, mucitlerin, edebiyatçıların, gazetecilerin, siyasi yahut askeri liderlerin ve hangi meslekten olursa olsun daha birçok erdemli şahsiyetin özgeçmişlerden okumalar yapmaları suretiyle kendileri için aydınlatıcı yollar bulacakları çok açıktır. <strong>Atatürk’ün hayatı ve okuduğu eserler incelendiğinde bu özelliğin onda da etkilerinin görüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Tabii ki her insan için kişilik özellikleri ile tecrübenin önceliği unutulmamalıdır. </strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kaynaklar</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ahmed Güner Sayar, A. Süheyl Ünver'le Sohbetler (7. ΧI. 1968-25. ΧII. 1985), Ötüken Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2021.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Atatürk’ün Not Defterleri X, Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, ATAREM, T. C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Ankara, 2009.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Benjamin Franklin, Özyaşam Öyküsü, Çevirmen: Derya Engin Nalıncı, Fihrist Yayınları, Ankara, 2026.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">General Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Sınıf Arkadaşım Atatürk, İnkılâp Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2018. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Robert Lawrence Smith, A Quaker Book of Wisdom, ttps://cdn.bookey.app/files/pdf/book/en/a-quaker-book-of-wisdom.pdf.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<div>&nbsp;
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> ESOGÜ Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Kurucu Müdürü</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> General Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Sınıf Arkadaşım Atatürk, İnkılâp Yayınevi, 2018, İstanbul., s. 87.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g.e., s. 88.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Ahmed Güner Sayar, A. Süheyl Ünver'le Sohbetler (7. ΧI. 1968-25. ΧII. 1985), Ötüken Yayınevi, İstanbul 2021., s.24.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Atatürk’ün Not Defterleri X, Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, ATAREM, T. C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Ankara, 2009, s. 3. </span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> &nbsp;A. g. e., s. 4-5.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s. 5.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="margin-right:349px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> 928-479-1-39 76, </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">928-479-1-40 78 </span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s. 7.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Sadeleştirilmiş metinler şu eserden alınmıştır: Benjamin Franklin, Özyaşam Öyküsü, Çevirmen: Derya Engin Nalıncı, Fihrist Yayınları, Ankara, 2026, s. 102.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Atatürk’ün Not Defterleri X , s. 184.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g.e, s. 185.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Derya Engin Nalıncı, a. g. e., s. 102.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[14]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Issız, Tenha veya Gözlerden Uzak Yer.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[15]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sanatçının İmzasının, Mahlasının ya da Eser Başındaki Tezhibin/Serlevhanın Kimin Elinden Çıktığını Belirten Başlık</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[16]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Eskimiş, Yıpranmış</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[17]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yemek, Besin</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[18]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sessizlik Toprağında Uyuyan" veya “Huzur/Sükûnet Toprağına Uzanmış”</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[19]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tamamen Yok Olmuş, Ortadan Kalkmış, Silinip Gitmiş</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[20]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Mezarda Yatan Kişinin</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[21]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İnancina Göre</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[22]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yazarin</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[23]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kâinatın Yazarının (Yani Yaratıcısının) Amacı, Gayesi veya Muradı</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[24]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kavuşacaktir Onun İyilik, Cömertlik Maharet Dolu Eliyle</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos&quot;,sans-serif">[25]</span></span></a> <span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ebedî Âlem", "Sonsuzluk Dünyası" veya "Âhiret"</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[26]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Atatürk’ün Not Defterleri X , s. 186.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[27]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Benjamin Franklin, a. g. e., s. 103. M.Ö. 582-500 yılları arasında yaşamış ünlü Yunan filozof. Burada ona atfedilen Altın Ayetler muhtemelen daha sonraki bir zamana aittir. “Onun bu iş için tavsiye ettiği vakit, akşam vakti ya da yatma vaktidir. Öyle ki, günün koşturmacasını vicdanın hükmüyle bitirelim, konuşmalarımızın muhakemesini Tanrı'ya bir akşam ezgisiyle yapalım”.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[28]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s. 102-103</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[29]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s. 103.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[30]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Hristiyanlığın Protestan kollarından biri olan ve resmi törenleri reddedip içsel aydınlanmaya inanan Dini Dostlar Topluluğu (Quaker) üyesi bir kişiyi ifade eder (Robert Lawrence Smith, A Quaker Book of Wisdom, https://cdn.bookey.app/files/pdf/book/en/a-quaker-book-of-wisdom.pdf).</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[31]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Benjamin Franklin, a. g. e., s. 110.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[32]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A. g. e., s. 113.</span></span></span></p>
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</div>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 27 Sep 2026 12:41:58 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>A Film on the Pavement: Unerasable!</title>
                <category>Yüksel  Çilingir</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/a-film-on-the-pavement-unerasable-1326</link>
                <author>yuksel.cilingir@icloud.com (Yüksel  Çilingir)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/a-film-on-the-pavement-unerasable-1326</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[A Film on the Pavement: Unerasable!]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:18px">Some films begin in a cinema and end in a cinema. Others spill out into the streets. Like life...</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">On the evening of 12 September, I watched&nbsp;<em>Unerasable!</em>&nbsp;again at Cinemaximiliaan’s “Cinema Trottoir”. As the film’s executive producer, I had been part of its entire journey; from the first idea to the final images, from the editing room to the moment it met its audience. But that evening, the film seemed to be saying something else as well.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><em>Unerasable!</em>&nbsp;tells the story of a filmmaker who fled repression in Vietnam in 2018. After living undocumented in Thailand for years, he eventually comes to Europe. But instead of the freedom he expected, he encounters another set of walls: bureaucracy, uncertainty, loneliness, and the never-ending feeling of having no place to call home.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">The title of the film already says it all:&nbsp;<em>Unerasable!</em>. Can a person’s name be erased? Their past? Their memory? Their identity?</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">In bureaucracy, a person can become nothing more than a number. In fact, most of us are tired of numbers. At school, on identity cards, in queues... But for a refugee, before they can tell their story, they first have to prove that they exist. And for that, they need a registration number. This is precisely where the film touches a nerve. It reminds us how easily a human being can be made to exist - and not exist -&nbsp;on paper.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">But the film does not stop at telling the story of repression in Vietnam. The real question is this: when a person escapes from somewhere, do they really become free?</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">As the film follows someone fleeing an authoritarian system and arriving in the West, it does not take refuge in the simplistic story of “there was oppression there, and here there is freedom.” Instead, it confronts us with Europe’s own invisible borders. It makes us question the distance between the idea of freedom and actually being able to live it.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">The director brings together archives, propaganda videos, images from the colonial past, and personal recordings. Starting from one person’s story, the film reveals mechanisms of repression that have existed in different forms throughout history. Yet it never turns into a political statement. This is where cinema finds its meaning. Because cinema, too, is a form of memory.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Isn’t recording an image also a way of saying, “You exist”?</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">You can hide a name. You can censor a story, or try to rewrite history. But once images have been recorded, erasing that memory is no longer so easy. Because cinema does not only show what happened; it also leaves a trace of what happened.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Cinema Trottoir invites us to follow that trace. Here, watching a film is not simply about looking at a screen. Its meaning comes from people coming together, sharing food, and listening to each other’s stories. And after the film, the conversations continue on the pavement outside.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Sometimes with a “This happened to me too”... Sometimes while humming the song&nbsp;<em>Masum Değiliz (We Are Not Innocent)</em>... Sometimes in the silence of someone who says nothing...</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">And the shadow within us quietly blends into the night.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Stay with love.</span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>FILM INFORMATION</strong></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Original Title:</strong>&nbsp;<em>Unerasable!</em></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Year:</strong>&nbsp;2026</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Running Time:</strong>&nbsp;97 min.</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Genre:</strong>&nbsp;Documentary / Experimental / Biography</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Countries:</strong>&nbsp;Belgium / Thailand / Sweden</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Original Language:</strong>&nbsp;Vietnamese</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Production Company:</strong>&nbsp;Cinemaximiliaan, Brussels</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>World Premiere:</strong>&nbsp;International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR) 2026 -&nbsp;Tiger Competition</span></li>
</ul>

<h3><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>CREDITS</strong></span></h3>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Director:</strong>&nbsp;Socrates Saint-Wulfstan Drakos (pseudonym used for security reasons)</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Written by:</strong>&nbsp;Socrates Saint-Wulfstan Drakos</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Producers:</strong>&nbsp;Yüksel Çilingir, Annabelle Van Nieuwenhuyse</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Executive Producer:</strong>&nbsp;Yüksel Çilingir</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Director of Photography:</strong>&nbsp;Socrates Saint-Wulfstan Drakos</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Editor:</strong>&nbsp;Socrates Saint-Wulfstan Drakos</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Additional Editor:</strong>&nbsp;Artem Kocharyan</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Sound Design:</strong>&nbsp;Socrates Saint-Wulfstan Drakos</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Music:</strong>&nbsp;Ruth Mareen and Porter Ellerman (Ear To The Earth), and Pol Mareen</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Animation:</strong>&nbsp;Hajar Mehrani</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Illustrations:</strong>&nbsp;Timo Schmeits</span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Supported by:</strong>&nbsp;VAF (Flanders Audiovisual Fund), SABAM (Belgian Association of Authors, Composers and Publishers)</span></li>
</ul>

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                <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 23:07:41 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Bilateral trade with Egypt  seeing exponential growth despite regional geopolitical tensions: MATRADE Chairman Reezal Merican</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/bilateral-trade-with-egypt-seeing-exponential-growth-despite-regional-geopolitical-tensions-matrade-chairman-reezal-merican-1325</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/bilateral-trade-with-egypt-seeing-exponential-growth-despite-regional-geopolitical-tensions-matrade-chairman-reezal-merican-1325</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Bilateral trade with Egypt  seeing exponential growth despite regional geopolitical tensions: MATRADE Chairman Reezal Merican]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size:26px">Bilateral trade with Egypt &nbsp;seeing exponential growth despite regional geopolitical tensions: MATRADE Chairman Reezal Merican</span></strong></p>

<p>- Global halal economy valued at $3.5 trillion, projected to near $10 trillion by 2030: Global Islamic Economy Indicator</p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Amr Yehia, from Kuala Lumpur&nbsp;</strong></span></p>

<p>On the opening day of the 22nd Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS 2026), held in Kuala Lumpur from September 23 to 26, the world's largest halal trade fair — organized by the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) under the auspices of the Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry (MITI) — is placing a special focus on the Middle East and Africa, while targeting sales exceeding RM 5 billion.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-23%20at%2008_24_52%20(1).jpeg" style="height:600px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>In his remarks during the press briefing &nbsp;, YB Dato' Seri Reezal Merican Naina Merican - Chairman of Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) , said that there is an expansion in the Egyptian-Malaysian partnership, that Egypt is a strategic partner, &nbsp;there are capabilities for future expansion of the exhibition, adding that it is a potential host for the exhibition.</p>

<p>Reezal Merican thanked the Egyptian companies participating in MIHAS 2026, noting that an export acceleration mission was sent to Egypt in 2024.</p>

<p>He added that Egypt is one of the major markets for access, especially to the Middle East and North Africa region, highlighting Malaysia's field presence in Egypt and the unique geographical advantage of both countries.</p>

<p>Reezal Merican affirmed that MATRADE has an office in Cairo, adding that the Suez Canal connects East and West, which makes Egypt a strategic place, and a country to be reckoned with.</p>

<p>The Chairman of MATRADE acknowledged the current challenges in the region, including geopolitical conflicts in West Asia and disruptions at two vital choke points such as the Bab al-Mandab Strait and Hormuz.</p>

<p>He said: "Despite some challenges. Challenges of West Asia, the geopolitical conflict, although it is near Iran at almost a choke point, and we also do not forget the Red Sea, especially at Bab al-Mandab, these are other choke points, there has been a great deal of disruption in the maritime route in that area, but at the moment we are witnessing exponential growth in terms of trade between the two countries, and also for exports from Malaysia to Egypt. And we hope it will progress successfully in the coming years."</p>

<p>When asked about potential Malaysian investments in the Suez Canal industrial zone and whether MATRADE has promising plans there, he linked that to the global expansion strategy of the MIHAS exhibition itself.</p>

<p>Reezal Merican revealed that there are many requests to hold MIHAS outside Kuala Lumpur, a strategy he started during his tenure.</p>

<p>He explained: "Cairo may also be a suggested location, Cairo is a gateway to Africa, the next stop was Shanghai, and I will not rule out Cairo, Egypt is a large economic gateway through which we can also cover the African continent."</p>

<p>He continued: "There have been a lot of requests asking us to hold MIHAS outside Kuala Lumpur. We have done it twice, I brought MIHAS to Dubai. In conjunction with the Middle East Natural and Organic Expo, because Dubai is located right in the middle of the Middle East, and if you go to Dubai, it is just one flight away from any major city. And Dubai is known for hosting very prestigious expos."</p>

<p>He said: "We moved the exhibition to be closer to buyers who find it difficult to travel to Malaysia, from Chile and South America for example, citing the proverb 'If you cannot bring the mountain to Muhammad, bring Muhammad to the mountain'."</p>

<p>He stressed the transformation of Africa as a large market, noting that the continent has grown from 900 million people to 1.4 billion people across 54 countries, and that democratic transformation has made it more vibrant and promising.</p>

<p>On how African countries can benefit from the halal economy, Reezal Merican stressed that halal is much bigger than just food and beverages: "Currently we are exploring less than 1% of the halal economy, it is expanding and now stands at 3.5 trillion US dollars according to the Global Islamic Economy Indicator, and it is rising sharply. It is expected to reach nearly 10 trillion by 2030."</p>

<p>Reezal Merican affirmed that halal trade is not a religious ritual but traceability and sustainability, saying: "Halal does not really refer to a religious ritual of Islam as a religion. Halal represents cleanliness, halal represents health, halal represents authenticity, halal also represents traceability, halal also represents what we call sustainability, so if you choose a halal product, you are actually choosing a safe product."</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-23%20at%2008_24_52.jpeg" style="height:600px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>He gave an example of New Zealand, a non-Muslim majority country where he said about 70% of its slaughterhouses are halal compliant because it is one of the largest producers of livestock and the majority of consumers globally are Muslims.</p>

<p>Regarding the MIHAS exhibition itself, Reezal Merican pointed to the scale and the traditional working mechanism before artificial intelligence: everything was done physically, we have 47 offices around the world, the second largest Malaysian government office operating on foreign soil, so using AI, all requests are pre-screened, handled carefully, and chosen carefully, so that when they come today to the exhibition, the chances of mismatch will be almost zero, now we introduce AI in MIHAS.</p>

<p>He added: "Everyone who comes here can download MIHAS AI, because they may not be able to cover everything, they can tell the system their desires, they will be accompanied by agents. They call it agentic AI, an agent for you, so they will say their desires, for example, I want palm oil. I want palm derivatives, I want cooking oil, so your AI will intelligently connect with the exhibitors' AI and other AIs, whoever the sellers are."</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-23%20at%2008_24_53.jpeg" style="height:600px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>He added that the AI platform will be available 365 days a year for virtual communication 24 hours a day, translated into eight languages including English, Malay, Indonesian, Russian, French, Spanish and Mandarin Chinese, and uses "Salam AI" for translation. He also said he demanded the addition of African languages such as Wolof, Swahili, Yoruba and Hausa.</p>

<p>Regarding halal certificates, he stressed that the Malaysian halal standard of JAKIM is considered the gold standard, with a comprehensive process covering ingredients, packaging and logistics to avoid cross-contamination, and that JAKIM now cooperates with 94 certifying bodies.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 00:48:41 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Modern technology allows fake news to reach billions of people: Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/modern-technology-allows-fake-news-to-reach-billions-of-people-russian-foreign-minister-lavrov-1324</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/modern-technology-allows-fake-news-to-reach-billions-of-people-russian-foreign-minister-lavrov-1324</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Modern technology allows fake news to reach billions of people: Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Modern technology allows fake news to reach billions of people: Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov</strong></span></p>

<p><strong><em><span style="font-size:16px">Amr Yehia</span></em></strong></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px">The activities of the fourth edition of the international forum "Dialogue about Fakes " concluded yesterday in Moscow, with the participation of more than 2,000 experts and journalists from 80 countries,&nbsp;<br />
During the forum which was held at the National Centre of Russia , plenary session was held with titled "International Cooperation in the Information Sphere: From Individual Projects to Unified Cognitive Sovereignty."</span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-23%20at%2004_04_28.jpeg" style="height:474px; width:800px" /></span></p>

<p>In his opening remarks , Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov warned that modern technology allows any piece of news, even if unverified or clearly fake, to be disseminated to millions, if not billions of people, considering that Western officials are exploiting this environment to "derail the creation of a just multipolar world order."</p>

<p>He stressed that fake news has become a routine Western tool to undermine competitors, and that Western efforts to obfuscate and distort the truth reflect a fear of fair competition in almost all fields, whether through unilateral sanctions, tariffs, or diplomatic pressure in international organizations.</p>

<p>Lavrov stressed the lack of credibility of Western media narratives, by promoting without evidence the claim that Russian drones are operating over European Union territory, noting that such reports often later turn out to show that the drone was not Russian, or was Ukrainian, or its identity could not be determined.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-23%20at%2004_04_29.jpeg" style="height:587px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Vladimir Tabak, President of the Global Fact-Checking Network (GFCN), officially announced the establishment of an international representative office of the network, to be headquartered in the Emirate of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.</p>

<p>Tabak said: "We can now definitively announce the opening of our first international office in Dubai. While Russia is certainly the base for this project, because we position it as an international initiative, we wanted it to have an additional focal point for representatives of different countries, diverse media outlets, and various projects."</p>

<p>He added that the Dubai hub will expand opportunities for hosting global events and facilitating direct communication among industry participants.</p>

<p>The head of the network said that the cross-border nature of disinformation and the dangerous legal vacuum surrounding information conflicts require clear rules and regulations for the global information space.</p>

<p>He said: "For example, there are regulations prohibiting the use of certain types of weapons during warfare. Is there a single regulation that allows us to somehow govern the conduct of information wars? No."</p>

<p>As an example of unacceptable information influence operations that require international regulation and a definitive ban, Tabak cited the activities of fraudulent call centers used to coerce minors into committing crimes against themselves or others</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 00:43:48 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Arab League chief, UN humanitarian chief discuss Gaza, Sudan crises in New York</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/arab-league-chief-un-humanitarian-chief-discuss-gaza-sudan-crises-in-new-york-1323</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/arab-league-chief-un-humanitarian-chief-discuss-gaza-sudan-crises-in-new-york-1323</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Arab League chief, UN humanitarian chief discuss Gaza, Sudan crises in New York]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Arab League chief, UN humanitarian chief discuss Gaza, Sudan crises in New York</strong></span></p>

<p><em><strong><span style="font-size:16px">﻿Amr Yehia&nbsp;</span></strong></em></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px">Nabil Fahmy Secretary-General of the League of Arab States, on Sunday, met with Tom Fletcher, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, at the start of his meetings during his participation in the high-level segment of the 81st session of the UN General Assembly in New York.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-21%20at%2006_48_32.jpeg" style="height:579px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>The Secretary-General listened to a presentation on the efforts undertaken by the United Nations in the humanitarian field, particularly those aimed at alleviating crises in various parts of the Arab region, foremost in the Gaza Strip, Sudan and Somalia.</p>

<p>Fahmy stressed the need for concerted efforts and for exerting utmost efforts to alleviate the deteriorating humanitarian conditions in various regions suffering from humanitarian crises, expressing the Arab League's readiness to engage and cooperate with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and to support any effort that leads to improving humanitarian conditions in the region.</p>

<p>The two sides agreed that the coming period should witness further cooperation and coordination regarding dealing with the deteriorating humanitarian conditions in various parts of the Arab region.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 00:39:39 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Fahmy, Guterres Discuss Regional Escalation on Sidelines of UN General Assembly</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/fahmy-guterres-discuss-regional-escalation-on-sidelines-of-un-general-assembly-1322</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/fahmy-guterres-discuss-regional-escalation-on-sidelines-of-un-general-assembly-1322</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Fahmy, Guterres Discuss Regional Escalation on Sidelines of UN General Assembly]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Fahmy, Guterres Discuss Regional Escalation on Sidelines of UN General Assembly</strong></span></p>

<p><em><strong>Amr Yehia</strong></em></p>

<p>The dangerous escalation witnessed in the region topped the talks held by Nabil Fahmy, Secretary-General of the League of Arab States, on Sunday, with United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres, at the outset of Fahmy's participation in the high-level segment of the 81st session of the UN General Assembly in New York.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/b4e5b84e-5ea5-462e-89ff-e881f5a1e2f2.jpg" style="height:549px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>The Arab League chief reviewed the repercussions of this escalation on the security and stability of the Arab region, and on international navigation, energy security and global trade. Fahmy affirmed the Arab League's solidarity with its member states in safeguarding their security, sovereignty and the safety of their vital installations, stressing that freedom of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea is a firm principle in international law that must not be compromised under any pretext. The two sides agreed that containing the escalation requires serious international action that addresses its root causes and does not merely manage its effects.</p>

<p>The meeting also addressed the situation in the occupied Palestinian territories, foremost the humanitarian tragedy in the Gaza Strip and the escalating Israeli violations in the West Bank and occupied Jerusalem. The Secretary-General stressed the need to compel Israel to comply with international law and international humanitarian law, and that the broad international recognition of the State of Palestine necessitates a move to practical steps leading to ending the occupation and embodying an independent State on the 4 June 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital. He affirmed that the Gaza Strip is an integral part of the occupied Palestinian territory and that any arrangements that separate it from the West Bank are rejected.</p>

<p>Both sides also reviewed developments in Syria, Lebanon, Yemen and Libya, as well as the grave situation in Sudan, which threatens further humanitarian deterioration. The two parties renewed their call for an immediate ceasefire and the opening of safe corridors for aid delivery to alleviate the suffering of the Sudanese people and halt the worsening humanitarian crisis.</p>

<p>The two sides also praised the solid partnership between the United Nations and the Arab League, considering it a model to be emulated in cooperation between international and regional organizations. They stressed the importance of continuing effective coordination between the two organizations on various regional and international files, in a way that contributes to achieving peace and stability in the Arab region and the world.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 00:11:55 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Mexican Chargé d\&#039;Affaires in Cairo</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/mexican-charge-daffaires-in-cairo-1321</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/mexican-charge-daffaires-in-cairo-1321</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Mexican Chargé d\'Affaires in Cairo]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Mexican Chargé d'Affaires in Cairo:</strong></span></p>

<p>Relations with Egypt go beyond official diplomacy to close human and cultural ties</p>

<p><em>&nbsp;Amr Yehia</em></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>The Chargé d'Affaires of the Mexican Embassy in Cairo, Héctor Agustín Ortega, affirmed the depth of the historical and popular relations uniting Egypt and Mexico, noting that the enduring friendship between the two countries does not stop at pride in their respective ancient history and civilization, but relies on a close partnership and ties currently being built and developed.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3b467f53-9a03-490f-95f8-c7f0ebde0e8e.jpg" style="height:489px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>This came during a reception hosted by the Mexican Embassy in Cairo on the occasion of the 216th anniversary of the outbreak of the national independence revolution. The event was attended by senior Egyptian officials, heads and members of diplomatic missions accredited to Egypt, a select group of public figures, representatives of the Mexican community residing in Egypt, and senior press and media figures.</p>

<p>Ortega explained that the rapprochement between Cairo and Mexico City is not built solely within the halls of ministries and official offices, but relies fundamentally on human ties and direct communication between the two peoples. He highlighted the significant similarities in social values, chief among them warm hospitality, family solidarity, and pride in national identity as well as cultural and artistic heritage.</p>

<p>The Chargé d'Affaires added that celebrating this national occasion on Egyptian soil reflects the strength of the cultural and human bridges between the two countries despite geographical distance. He expressed his deep appreciation for the support and care extended to the diplomatic mission and the Mexican community in Egypt, highly valuing the efforts of community members in representing their country and portraying its cultural image, while looking forward to fostering further cultural and economic exchange initiatives in the upcoming period.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/cf86c672-1b47-482e-9909-597a30ad726b.jpg" style="height:800px; width:600px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 20 Sep 2026 19:34:18 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Grand Baromètre : la droite gagne-t-elle la bataille des idées sans forcément gagner celle des urnes ?</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/grand-barometre-la-droite-gagne-t-elle-la-bataille-des-idees-sans-forcement-gagner-celle-des-urnes-1320</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/grand-barometre-la-droite-gagne-t-elle-la-bataille-des-idees-sans-forcement-gagner-celle-des-urnes-1320</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Grand Baromètre : la droite gagne-t-elle la bataille des idées sans forcément gagner celle des urnes ?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Grand Baromètre : la droite gagne-t-elle la bataille des idées sans forcément gagner celle des urnes ?</h1>

<h3>Georges-Louis Bouchez plus populaire en Flandre qu’en Wallonie, Vlaams Belang en tête, PTB en recul à Bruxelles : derrière les chiffres, l’échiquier politique belge se recompose sans se stabiliser.</h3>

<p><strong>Par Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner | Bruxelles</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/817742317_2928872937486734_6736743027664541361_n.jpg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p>Le dernier Grand Baromètre Ipsos–Le Soir–RTL Info–Het Laatste Nieuws–VTM ne dessine pas une Belgique uniformément plus droitière. Il révèle plutôt trois dynamiques régionales différentes.</p>

<p>En Flandre, le Vlaams Belang atteint <strong>27,8 % des intentions de vote</strong> et distance la N-VA, créditée de 23 %, tandis que les grands blocs constitués depuis les élections de 2024 restent globalement stables.</p>

<p>En Wallonie, le MR et Les Engagés reculent alors que le PS, le PTB et Ecolo retrouvent des forces. À Bruxelles aussi, malgré le recul du PTB, l’addition des formations de gauche demeure dominante.</p>

<p>Dans le classement des personnalités, Bart De Wever reste le dirigeant préféré des Flamands, tandis que Georges-Louis Bouchez apparaît plus apprécié au nord du pays que dans sa propre région.</p>

<p>Ces résultats pourraient donner l’impression d’un basculement uniforme vers la droite, principalement parce que le débat fédéral est dominé par les thèmes de la coalition au pouvoir et par la concurrence entre la N-VA et le Vlaams Belang.</p>

<p>La réalité électorale est plus complexe.</p>

<p>La droite impose incontestablement une grande partie de ses thèmes dans le débat public : responsabilité budgétaire, valorisation du travail, limitation des allocations, fermeté migratoire et sécuritaire, défense de l’entreprise, retour de l’autorité et relance du nucléaire.</p>

<p>Mais remporter la bataille de l’agenda ne signifie pas que la droite progresse partout dans les urnes. En Wallonie et à Bruxelles, les rapports de force restent favorables à la gauche.</p>

<p><strong>La question centrale n’est donc plus seulement de savoir si la Belgique se déplace vers la droite. Il faut distinguer la droitisation des thèmes du débat de l’évolution réelle des intentions de vote.</strong></p>

<p>En Flandre, il faut déterminer quelle droite profite de cette évolution : celle qui gouverne et assume les compromis, ou celle qui reste dans l’opposition et promet d’aller beaucoup plus loin.</p>

<p>En Wallonie et à Bruxelles, la question est différente : la mise en œuvre d’un agenda fédéral de droite semble, au contraire, remobiliser les électorats de gauche.</p>

<h2>1. Popularité personnelle et intentions de vote : deux réalités différentes</h2>

<p>La première précaution consiste à ne pas comparer directement deux indicateurs qui ne répondent pas à la même question.</p>

<p>Le classement des personnalités politiques demande aux personnes interrogées si elles souhaitent qu’un responsable joue un rôle important. Il mesure une forme de confiance, de visibilité ou de sympathie personnelle.</p>

<p>Les intentions de vote cherchent, elles, à savoir pour quel parti l’électeur voterait si des élections avaient lieu.</p>

<p>Un Flamand peut donc souhaiter que Bart De Wever conserve un rôle majeur tout en envisageant de voter pour le Vlaams Belang.</p>

<p>De la même manière, il peut apprécier Georges-Louis Bouchez pour sa fermeté, son franc-parler ou ses orientations économiques sans pouvoir voter directement pour le MR en Flandre.</p>

<p>En juin 2026, Bart De Wever atteignait 65 % d’opinions favorables auprès des Flamands. Il demeure aujourd’hui largement en tête avec 61 %.</p>

<p>Cette légère baisse ne remet pas en cause son leadership personnel. Elle montre cependant que la popularité du Premier ministre ne se transforme pas automatiquement en soutien à son parti.</p>

<p><strong>Voilà le premier paradoxe du baromètre : Bart De Wever reste le roi de Flandre, mais la N-VA n’est plus la première force dans les intentions de vote.</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/5f50ac00-628f-4050-b123-3a85a5247d50.jpg" style="height:800px; width:676px" /></strong></p>

<h2>2. Bouchez : plus facile à apprécier de loin qu’à soutenir de près</h2>

<p>En Wallonie, Georges-Louis Bouchez ne se classe qu’en dixième position, avec 24 % d’opinions favorables, malgré une progression de trois places.</p>

<p>Il reste loin derrière Sophie Wilmès, toujours première à 56 %, Paul Magnette, Raoul Hedebouw et Maxime Prévot.</p>

<p>Bart De Wever lui-même recueille 34 % en Wallonie et devance ainsi le président du MR.</p>

<p>Cette faiblesse relative ne signifie pas que Bouchez est politiquement insignifiant. Elle révèle plutôt son caractère profondément polarisant.</p>

<p>En Wallonie, il incarne directement les choix du MR, les politiques de rigueur, la critique des syndicats et la volonté de réformer les allocations et le marché du travail.</p>

<p>Les conséquences sociales réelles ou supposées de ces politiques lui sont personnellement imputées.</p>

<p>En Flandre, son image est différente.</p>

<p>Une partie de l’opinion le perçoit comme un dirigeant francophone qui ose reprendre des positions largement installées dans le débat flamand :</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Maîtrise des dépenses publiques ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Récompense du travail ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Fermeté migratoire ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Défense du nucléaire ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Soutien aux entrepreneurs ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Rétablissement de l’autorité.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Il bénéficie aussi d’une forme de distance politique.</p>

<p>Il ne concurrence directement ni la N-VA ni le Vlaams Belang dans les urnes flamandes. Les électeurs du nord peuvent donc apprécier le personnage et son discours sans devoir assumer les choix du MR dans leur propre région.</p>

<p><strong>Georges-Louis Bouchez devient ainsi, pour certains Flamands, la preuve qu’une droite francophone plus ferme est possible.</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/975a277d-b9f1-4960-b707-7b5336f559f1.jpg" style="height:800px; width:676px" /></strong></p>

<h2>3. Pourquoi le Vlaams Belang dépasse-t-il la N-VA ?</h2>

<p>La progression du Vlaams Belang ne peut pas être attribuée à un événement unique. Elle résulte de plusieurs dynamiques qui se renforcent mutuellement.</p>

<h3>3.1. L’usure et les compromis du pouvoir</h3>

<p>La N-VA dirige ou codirige plusieurs niveaux de pouvoir. Bart De Wever est Premier ministre et son parti occupe des ministères stratégiques.</p>

<p>Cette position lui donne la possibilité d’agir, mais elle l’oblige également à assumer les contraintes juridiques, européennes, budgétaires et institutionnelles.</p>

<p>Le Vlaams Belang reste dans une position beaucoup plus confortable.</p>

<p>Il peut réclamer des mesures plus radicales sans devoir immédiatement en démontrer la faisabilité.</p>

<p>Chaque compromis accepté par la N-VA peut être présenté comme une capitulation. Chaque retard devient une preuve d’impuissance. Chaque réforme limitée permet au Vlaams Belang d’affirmer que seul un changement de régime politique permettrait d’aller jusqu’au bout.</p>

<h3>3.2. La centralité de l’immigration et de la sécurité</h3>

<p>L’immigration irrégulière, les difficultés d’intégration, le narcotrafic, la criminalité organisée et les tensions observées dans certains quartiers occupent une place croissante dans le débat public.</p>

<p>Sur ces sujets, le Vlaams Belang bénéficie d’une antériorité politique : il les a placés au centre de son discours depuis des décennies.</p>

<p>Lorsque les autres partis durcissent leur position, ils peuvent réduire l’écart idéologique. Mais ils risquent aussi de confirmer que le Vlaams Belang avait identifié une préoccupation réelle.</p>

<p>Une partie de l’électorat choisit alors ce qu’elle considère comme « l’original » plutôt que des partis accusés d’avoir adopté tardivement les mêmes thèmes.</p>

<h3>3.3. La normalisation progressive du parti</h3>

<p>Le Vlaams Belang ne se présente plus uniquement comme un parti de colère.</p>

<p>Sous la direction de Tom Van Grieken, il a professionnalisé sa communication, modernisé son image et cherché à apparaître comme une force susceptible de gouverner.</p>

<p>Le cordon sanitaire continue de limiter ses possibilités d’accès au pouvoir.</p>

<p>Mais ce dispositif alimente aussi son discours victimaire : le parti affirme qu’une formation arrivée en tête pourrait encore être écartée malgré le soutien d’une part importante de la population.</p>

<h3>3.4. L’insécurité économique convertie en vote identitaire</h3>

<p>Le pouvoir d’achat, le logement, les pensions, la fiscalité et la qualité des services publics restent des inquiétudes profondément sociales.</p>

<p>Pourtant, le Vlaams Belang réussit à relier ces préoccupations à la migration, à la solidarité fédérale et à l’identité flamande.</p>

<p>Son message est simple : les citoyens travaillent et paient beaucoup, tandis que l’État fonctionnerait mal et distribuerait insuffisamment ses ressources à ceux qui contribuent.</p>

<p>Cette lecture réduit une réalité budgétaire complexe à une opposition entre ceux qui financent le système et ceux qui en bénéficient. Mais elle possède une efficacité électorale évidente.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/78983a36-f295-4133-8120-29b064917424.jpg" style="height:706px; width:736px" /></p>

<h2>4. Les politiques de droite ont-elles réellement été menées ?</h2>

<p>Il est possible d’affirmer que plusieurs orientations ont été engagées et que leur vocabulaire s’est imposé dans le débat politique :</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Responsabilité budgétaire ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Valorisation du travail ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Limitation de certaines allocations ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Activation des demandeurs d’emploi ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Contrôle migratoire ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Renforcement de la sécurité ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Investissement dans la défense ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Soutien au nucléaire ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Discours favorable aux entreprises.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Il serait cependant prématuré d’affirmer que toutes ces politiques ont été pleinement réalisées ou qu’elles ont déjà produit les résultats annoncés.</p>

<p>Une réforme traverse plusieurs étapes : accord politique, rédaction juridique, adoption parlementaire, arrêtés d’exécution, mise en œuvre administrative et effets concrets sur la population.</p>

<p>Entre l’annonce et le résultat, plusieurs mois ou plusieurs années peuvent s’écouler.</p>

<p>Cette distinction est essentielle.</p>

<p>Un gouvernement peut avoir fixé une orientation sans être encore en mesure d’en présenter le bilan.</p>

<p>Les citoyens, eux, jugent moins les textes adoptés que leur expérience quotidienne :</p>

<p>Trouvent-ils un emploi plus facilement ? Leur salaire net augmente-t-il ? Les finances publiques s’améliorent-elles ? Le sentiment de sécurité progresse-t-il ? Les procédures migratoires deviennent-elles plus efficaces ? L’énergie est-elle plus abordable ?</p>

<p><strong>Sans résultats visibles, le gouvernement risque de supporter le coût politique des réformes sans en recueillir les bénéfices.</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/d6148045-337d-4fe2-aa11-4e02013defa9.jpg" style="height:800px; width:625px" /></strong></p>

<h2>5. Gagner la bataille des idées ne suffit pas</h2>

<p>Le déplacement du débat vers la droite ne garantit pas la stabilité électorale des partis de droite. Il peut même renforcer leurs concurrents les plus radicaux.</p>

<p>En Flandre, la N-VA se trouve face à un paradoxe.</p>

<p>Lorsqu’elle impose ses thèmes — immigration, sécurité, travail, autonomie et rigueur budgétaire — elle peut démontrer sa capacité à gouverner. Mais elle légitime en même temps le terrain politique du Vlaams Belang.</p>

<p>Celui-ci peut toujours affirmer que les mesures sont trop lentes, insuffisantes ou bloquées par les compromis fédéraux et européens.</p>

<p>Si les politiques gouvernementales produisent des résultats concrets, la N-VA peut récupérer une partie de l’électorat tenté par le Vlaams Belang.</p>

<p>Si les résultats tardent ou restent invisibles, le Vlaams Belang peut transformer la déception en argument contre l’ensemble du système.</p>

<p>Le même mécanisme vaut pour le MR.</p>

<p>Une amélioration de l’emploi, du pouvoir d’achat et des finances publiques renforcerait sa crédibilité.</p>

<p>À l’inverse, si la population retient surtout la limitation des allocations, les économies budgétaires et les conflits sociaux, le parti risque d’assumer le coût social des réformes sans en obtenir la récompense électorale.</p>

<p>L’évolution des partis dépend donc de quatre facteurs principaux :</p>

<ol>
	<li>
	<p>La crédibilité de celui qui porte le thème ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>L’efficacité réelle des mesures ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>La capacité à respecter les promesses malgré les coalitions ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>La perception générale de la sécurité économique, sociale et culturelle.</p>
	</li>
</ol>

<p><strong>La droite gouvernementale peut ainsi gagner la bataille idéologique tout en perdant des électeurs au profit d’une droite de rupture.</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3ab073c4-c71b-42d1-8755-0fd437e58e10.jpg" style="height:800px; width:499px" /></strong></p>

<h2>6. Pourquoi le PTB recule-t-il à Bruxelles ?</h2>

<p>Le recul du PTB à Bruxelles ne signifie pas la disparition de son électorat.</p>

<p>Il suggère plutôt une redistribution du vote de gauche dans une région politiquement bloquée et fortement fragmentée.</p>

<p>Le PS peut bénéficier d’un retour du vote utile.</p>

<p>Face aux difficultés budgétaires régionales et à l’absence prolongée d’une majorité stable, certains électeurs de gauche peuvent préférer un parti susceptible de participer à un gouvernement et d’influencer directement les décisions.</p>

<p>Le PTB exprime efficacement la colère, mais le PS conserve une expérience du pouvoir et de la négociation.</p>

<p>Le parti marxiste rencontre également une difficulté classique : plus il progresse, plus les électeurs lui demandent comment il gouvernerait, avec quels partenaires et selon quel financement.</p>

<p>Son refus des compromis protège sa cohérence idéologique, mais limite sa capacité à apparaître comme une solution immédiate au blocage bruxellois.</p>

<p>Bruxelles possède par ailleurs un paysage particulier.</p>

<p>Le PTB y affronte le PS, Ecolo, Vooruit, Groen, le MR, Les Engagés, des listes locales et plusieurs mouvements disposant d’ancrages communautaires ou communaux.</p>

<p>Son électorat potentiel est donc soumis à une concurrence beaucoup plus dispersée.</p>

<p>Enfin, l’échantillon bruxellois ne compte que 600 personnes.</p>

<p><strong>Les mouvements de quelques points doivent être interprétés avec prudence : une baisse dans un seul baromètre ne constitue pas encore une rupture historique.</strong></p>

<h2>7. Le PVDA flamand pris entre la gauche sociale et la droite identitaire</h2>

<p>En Flandre, le PVDA conserve une implantation militante et ouvrière dans plusieurs zones urbaines et industrielles.</p>

<p>Ses maisons médicales, son travail de terrain et son discours sur le pouvoir d’achat lui assurent une base plus solide qu’une simple vague protestataire.</p>

<p>Les chiffres invitent toutefois à parler de stabilité plutôt que de chute.</p>

<p>Le PVDA est crédité de 10 % en septembre 2026, contre 10,1 % en juin : cette différence de 0,1 point est insignifiante au regard de la marge d’erreur.</p>

<p>En revanche, comparé aux 8,2 % obtenus lors des élections de juin 2024, le parti conserve une progression de 1,8 point.</p>

<p>La poussée du Vlaams Belang n’a donc pas provoqué l’effacement de la gauche radicale flamande. Les deux mouvements peuvent progresser dans des segments différents de l’électorat populaire.</p>

<p>Mais il se retrouve pris entre plusieurs forces.</p>

<p>Vooruit tente de reconstruire une social-démocratie populaire et plus ferme. La N-VA attire les électeurs sensibles au travail, à la fiscalité et à l’autonomie flamande.</p>

<p>Le Vlaams Belang capte une partie des classes populaires en reliant les difficultés économiques aux questions identitaires et migratoires.</p>

<p>Le principal danger pour le PVDA n’est donc pas nécessairement l’effondrement.</p>

<p>C’est la perte d’électeurs qui partagent ses critiques sociales, mais qui accordent désormais davantage d’importance à la migration, à la sécurité et à l’identité qu’à la redistribution économique.</p>

<p>Cette évolution montre que la colère sociale n’appartient plus exclusivement à la gauche radicale.</p>

<p>Elle peut nourrir simultanément le PVDA, sur les salaires, les prix et la redistribution, et le Vlaams Belang, sur l’identité, la migration et la sécurité.</p>

<p><strong>En Flandre, le clivage ne se réduit donc pas à une progression générale de la droite : il oppose également deux manières concurrentes de traduire le mécontentement populaire.</strong></p>

<h1>8. Trois Régions, trois dynamiques politiques</h1>

<h2>En Wallonie, la droite recule et la gauche reprend des forces</h2>

<p>Le mouvement wallon contredit clairement l’idée d’une droitisation électorale uniforme.</p>

<p>Le MR et Les Engagés perdent du terrain, tandis que le PS, le PTB et Ecolo progressent ou retrouvent une capacité de mobilisation.</p>

<p>La popularité personnelle de Sophie Wilmès, toujours largement en tête, ne suffit donc pas à inverser la dynamique collective des partis.</p>

<p>Ce redressement de la gauche peut s’expliquer par une réaction aux réformes fédérales : limitation des allocations, économies budgétaires, politique des pensions, tensions avec les syndicats et perception d’une protection sociale fragilisée.</p>

<p>Plus le MR assume une ligne libérale offensive, plus il consolide son identité auprès de son noyau électoral, mais plus il offre au PS et au PTB un terrain favorable pour remobiliser les catégories qui craignent de supporter le coût des réformes.</p>

<p>La Wallonie ne rejette pas nécessairement toute exigence de responsabilité budgétaire ou de valorisation du travail.</p>

<p>Elle semble toutefois demander que ces objectifs restent compatibles avec la protection sociale et une répartition équitable des efforts.</p>

<p>Le débat wallon reste donc structuré par la question sociale beaucoup plus que par la concurrence nationaliste observée en Flandre.</p>

<h2>En Flandre, les blocs restent stables malgré la progression du Vlaams Belang</h2>

<p>En Flandre, la domination idéologique de la droite est difficilement contestable.</p>

<p>Ensemble, le Vlaams Belang et la N-VA atteignent 50,8 % des intentions de vote.</p>

<p>Mais la comparaison avec juin 2026 montre surtout une remarquable stabilité des blocs :</p>

<table>
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Parti</th>
			<th>Juin 2026</th>
			<th>Septembre 2026</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vlaams Belang</td>
			<td>26,6 %</td>
			<td>27,8 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-VA</td>
			<td>22,3 %</td>
			<td>23 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vooruit</td>
			<td>12,9 %</td>
			<td>12,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD&amp;V</td>
			<td>12,6 %</td>
			<td>13,3 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDA</td>
			<td>10,1 %</td>
			<td>10 %</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>Le fait majeur est la nouvelle progression du Vlaams Belang, de 26,6 % à 27,8 %.</p>

<p>Par rapport aux élections de 2024, le parti gagne six points, tandis que la N-VA reste sous son résultat électoral de 25,6 %.</p>

<p>Il ne s’agit donc pas d’un bouleversement complet de l’échiquier flamand, mais d’un déplacement à l’intérieur du bloc nationaliste et de droite au profit de sa composante la plus radicale.</p>

<p>La gauche flamande ne disparaît pas pour autant.</p>

<p>Vooruit conserve son niveau électoral de 2024 et le PVDA reste au-dessus de son résultat de 2024.</p>

<p>L’évolution flamande est donc double : consolidation d’une majorité culturelle de droite et maintien d’un pôle de gauche qui représente toujours près d’un quart de l’électorat si l’on additionne Vooruit, le PVDA et Groen.</p>

<h2>À Bruxelles, la gauche domine malgré la baisse du PTB</h2>

<p>À Bruxelles, le recul du PTB ne doit pas être interprété comme un recul général de la gauche.</p>

<p>Une partie des électeurs semble se déplacer à l’intérieur du même camp, notamment vers le PS.</p>

<p>Si l’on additionne les différentes formations socialistes, écologistes et de gauche radicale, le bloc de gauche reste dominant dans les intentions de vote.</p>

<p>La capitale conserve néanmoins un paysage beaucoup plus fragmenté que les deux autres Régions.</p>

<p>Les clivages sociaux y croisent les réalités linguistiques, communales et démographiques.</p>

<p>La domination globale de la gauche ne débouche donc pas automatiquement sur une majorité politique cohérente ni sur une sortie rapide du blocage institutionnel.</p>

<p><strong>Le pays connaît ainsi moins une droitisation nationale homogène qu’une polarisation régionale croissante.</strong></p>

<p>La Flandre se structure autour de la concurrence entre nationalisme gouvernemental et nationalisme radical. La Wallonie connaît une remobilisation de la gauche face aux politiques socio-économiques fédérales.</p>

<p>Bruxelles reste majoritairement orientée à gauche, tout en demeurant profondément morcelée.</p>

<h1>Conclusion : quelle droite récoltera les fruits du changement ?</h1>

<p>Le principal enseignement du Grand Baromètre n’est pas uniquement la première place du Vlaams Belang.</p>

<p>Il réside dans le décalage entre l’agenda politique national, largement dominé par des thèmes de droite, et les dynamiques électorales régionales.</p>

<p>La droite consolide son hégémonie idéologique en Flandre, mais elle recule en Wallonie, tandis que la gauche reste dominante à Bruxelles.</p>

<p>Bart De Wever reste le dirigeant préféré des Flamands, mais il ne maîtrise plus entièrement la dynamique électorale qu’il a contribué à créer.</p>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez profite lui aussi de cette transformation : son discours est mieux accueilli en Flandre que dans sa propre région, où il assume directement le caractère conflictuel des réformes libérales.</p>

<p>On peut donc affirmer que les thèmes de la responsabilité budgétaire, du travail, de l’autorité, de la sécurité, du nucléaire et de l’entreprise structurent durablement l’agenda politique.</p>

<p>On ne peut pas encore affirmer que toutes les politiques correspondantes ont été intégralement appliquées ni qu’elles figeront la place des partis.</p>

<p>L’échiquier politique continue surtout de bouger à l’intérieur de chaque camp.</p>

<p>En Flandre, les grands blocs restent relativement stables, mais la droite gestionnaire de la N-VA affronte la droite de rupture du Vlaams Belang.</p>

<p>En Wallonie, le recul du MR et des Engagés s’accompagne d’une reprise collective du PS, du PTB et d’Ecolo.</p>

<p>À Bruxelles, la gauche domine globalement, même si aucun parti ne peut ordonner seul un paysage profondément morcelé.</p>

<p>La prochaine bataille ne portera donc pas seulement sur les idées. Elle portera sur les résultats.</p>

<p>Si les partis gouvernementaux améliorent concrètement l’emploi, les finances publiques, la sécurité et le pouvoir d’achat, ils pourront reconquérir les électeurs protestataires.</p>

<p>S’ils échouent ou si les bénéfices restent invisibles, les formations radicales pourront affirmer que les réformes n’ont été que des promesses inachevées.</p>

<p><strong>La question déterminante devient alors double : en Flandre, la droite qui gouverne réussira-t-elle à contenir celle qui promet d’aller plus loin ? Et en Wallonie comme à Bruxelles, l’agenda fédéral de droite continuera-t-il à renforcer une gauche redevenue majoritaire dans les sondages ?</strong></p>

<p><strong>BRUXELLES KORNER — ANALYSE POLITIQUE</strong></p>

<p><strong>Kadir Duran | Bruxelles, 20 septembre 2026</strong></p>

<p><em>Source : Grand Baromètre Ipsos–Le Soir–RTL Info–Het Laatste Nieuws–VTM, enquête en ligne menée du 8 au 15 septembre 2026. Marge d’erreur annoncée pour l’échantillon flamand : environ ±3,1 points. Les résultats doivent être lus comme une photographie de l’opinion et non comme une prévision électorale certaine.</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
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                <title>NETEKİM ..80’ler (2. Bölüm)</title>
                <category>Sait Kose</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/netekim-80ler-2-bolum-1319</link>
                <author>skose6826@GMAIL.COM (Sait Kose)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/netekim-80ler-2-bolum-1319</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[NETEKİM ..80’ler (2. Bölüm)]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Pazar Yazısı</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>NETEKİM ..80’ler (2. Bölüm)</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p>12 Eylül 1980 sabahı radyolarımızı açtığımızda daha önce pek duymadığımız bir ses duyduk. Genelkurmay Başkanı Kenan Evren konuşuyordu.</p>

<p>Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Yönetime El Koydu...Netekim diye devam eden konuşmalar senelerce devam edecekti ( nitekim demez netekim derdi ).</p>

<p>TÜRKİYE</p>

<p>Türkiye 70’lerin siyasi ve sağ sol çatışmalarından sonra yeni ve bambaşka bir döneme giriyordu. 1974 Kıbrıs Harekatından sonra konan ambargolar ekonomiyi zor durumda bırakmıştı .</p>

<p>Askeri darbe ile Meclis feshedildi, siyasi faaliyetler durduruldu ve 1982 Anayasası’nın ardından 1983’te yeniden seçimlere gidildi.</p>

<p>1983 seçimlerinde Turgut Özal ve ANAP iktidara geldi.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/818785221_29174781405457639_3932894111598471470_n(1).jpg" /></p>

<p>Özal dönemiyle birlikte Türkiye ekonomide ve dış dünyayla ilişkilerinde önemli bir değişim sürecine girdi. 80’lerin Türkiye’sini Özal’dan ayrı düşünmek kolay değil.</p>

<p>Ama siyasette ilginç bir şey vardır:</p>

<p>İktidarların ilk yıllarındaki değişim heyecanı,pozitif ekonomik hamleler zamanla yerini iktidarın konforuna bırakabiliyor.</p>

<p>Netekimde öyle oldu ve Anap Türkiye siyasetinden kaybolup gitti.</p>

<p>80 darbesi silahlı sağ sol çatışmasına son vermişti ama 84'ten sonra ve günümüze kadar sürecek başka türlü terör olaylarının başlamasına engel olamamıştı .</p>

<p>BELÇİKA</p>

<p>Belçika’da ise başka bir dönüşüm yaşanıyordu.</p>

<p>Wilfried Martens’in 1979'da 1992ye tam 9 kez başbakanlık (Süleyman Demirel'i geçmiş <img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t7f/1/16/1f60a.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" />)yaptığı yıllarda Belçika’nın devlet yapısı yeniden şekilleniyor, Brüksel’in bugünkü bölgesel yapısına giden süreç ilerliyordu.</p>

<p>1988-89 reformlarıyla Brüksel Bölgesi'nin kendi kurumları ve hükümeti oluşturuldu.</p>

<p>Kurulduğu ilk yıllarda Brüksel'in çevresini değiştiren yatırımlar yapan hükümet özellikle 2004'ten sonraki 20 yıllık PS Başbakanlığının maalesef şehrin gelişmine katkısı olmadığı gibi tüm bölgeyi paralize etti .</p>

<p>Burada yaşayan kimse bunun tersini söyleyemez.</p>

<p>80’ler Belçika’da iyiki sadece siyaset değildi.</p>

<p>1985: Liverpool -Juventus maçında yaşanan Heysel faciası.</p>

<p>1986: Meksika'da düzenlenen Dünya Kupasında Pfaff'lı Scifo'lu Belçika'nın Dünya dördüncülüğü.</p>

<p>1986: Sandra Kim 15 yaşında "J'aime la vie " parçasıyla Eurovision şarkı yarışması birinciliğini ülkemize kazandırıyordu .</p>

<p>1987: Eurovision bu sefer Belçika'ya geliyordu .</p>

<p>1986: Avrupa Bayrağı ,Avrupa Bayrağı Brüksel'deki Avrupa Toplulukları Komisyonu önünde göndere çekildi .</p>

<p>Hüzünlü ve mutlu anıları unutmamak lazım.</p>

<p>DÜNYA</p>

<p>1979 sonu–1980'ler: Sovyetler Birliği Afganistan’a müdahale etti. Savaş 80’ler boyunca devam etti ve Sovyet askerleri 1989’da Afganistan’dan tamamen çekildi. Aynı yıllar Gorbaçov'un gelişi,Perestroyka Glasnost derken Sovyetler Birliğinin silinmesi .</p>

<p>1980: Irak-İranSavaşı başladı. Yaklaşık sekiz yıl süren savaş, 1988’de ateşkesle sona erdi.Dünya İran -Irak savaşı der ama ben özellikle Irak-İran yazdıö çünkü savaşı birilerinin gazı ile başlatan Saddam Hüseyin'di ve sonunu hwpimiz biliyoruz .</p>

<p>1987: Filistin’de Birinci İntifada başladı. İşgal altındaki Filistin topraklarında başlayan bu süreç, Filistin meselesini yeniden dünyanın gündeminin merkezine taşıdı.Taşıdı ama sorun bi türkü hallolmadı .</p>

<p>1989: Berlin Duvarı yıkıldı. Doğu Avrupa’da komünist rejimler birbiri ardına değişmeye başladı.</p>

<p>1980–1990: Yugoslavya’da Tito’nun 1980’de ölümünün ardından siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlar giderek büyüdü veya büyütüldü.</p>

<p>Yugoslavya henüz 80’lerde dağılmamıştı; parçalanma 1991’de başladı.</p>

<p>Pozitif bakalım :</p>

<p>Müzik demişken...</p>

<p>80’ler sadece siyaset, savaşlar ve değişen dünyadan ibaret değildi. Michael Jackson’ın Billie Jean (1982), Beat It (1983) ve Thriller (1983) gibi şarkıları da sadece o yıllara değil bu güne kadar müzik hafızalarımıza damga vurmaya devam ediyor .</p>

<p>Bir tarafta Kenan Evren, Özal, Martens,PS, İran-Irak Savaşı, Yugoslavya...</p>

<p>Diğer tarafta Michael Jackson, Sandra Kim ve “J’aime la vie”...</p>

<p>İşte 80’ler biraz da böyle bir dönemdi. Hayat bir taraftan değişirken, müzik de bize eşlik ediyordu.</p>

<p>Bu iki Pazar boyunca 80’lere hem günlük hayatımız açısından, hem de bugünkü dünyamızı şekillendiren siyasi gelişmeler açısından biraz göz attık.</p>

<p>Tabii burada anlattıklarım 80’lerin tamamı değil. Yazıyı iki üç kez kısaltmak zorunda kaldım. Çünkü o yıllarda yaşananların hepsini buraya sığdırmak mümkün değil.</p>

<p>Umarım 80’lere birlikte yaptığımız bu kısa yolculuğu beğenmişsinizdir.</p>

<p>Ben yine de bir şeyi söyleyerek bitireyim:</p>

<p>Sandra Kim ne demişti:</p>

<p>J’aime la vie...</p>

<p>Hayatı seviyoruz.</p>

<p>Herkese seveceği bir Pazar diliyorum.</p>

<p>Sait Köse</p>

<p>Brüksel, 20 Eylül 2026</p>]]></content:encoded>
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                <title>Europe’s AI Ambitions and the Foundations of Human Capability</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/europes-ai-ambitions-and-the-foundations-of-human-capability-1318</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/europes-ai-ambitions-and-the-foundations-of-human-capability-1318</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Europe’s AI Ambitions and the Foundations of Human Capability]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<p><span style="font-size:25pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549"><strong>Europe’s AI Ambitions and the Foundations of Human Capability</strong></span></span></span></p>
</div>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963"><em>Evidence from the EU, Norway and Kazakhstan raises a shared question: how do education, technological investment and institutions combine to build lasting capability?</em></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#263c49"><strong>By Dr Glenn Agung Hole</strong><br />
Institutional economist and Associate Professor, University of South-Eastern Norway</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Europe’s competitiveness agenda connects innovation, industrial development, economic security and skills. The European Commission’s Competitiveness Compass identifies education, financing and coordination as components of that agenda. The educational foundations on which these ambitions depend are now receiving renewed scrutiny.&nbsp;[1]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Published on 8 September 2026, the OECD’s PISA 2025 results document further difficulties in reading and mathematics across many participating education systems. They provide evidence about the capabilities of a generation growing up alongside increasingly sophisticated digital technologies.&nbsp;[2]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Kazakhstan’s stated development agenda brings education, technological development, entrepreneurship and infrastructure into a connected discussion of national development. The question is how these connections are being articulated, and whether institutions can translate them into capabilities that endure beyond individual programmes.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Recent articles by Aida Haidar in The Astana Times and Birgit Rodvelt, reporting on Norway’s National Reading Centre, provide the starting point for this comparison. Haidar examines the coexistence of digital familiarity and weak foundational learning in Kazakhstan; Rodvelt reports concerns about reading endurance and critical reflection in Norway.&nbsp;[3, 4]</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/7725d211-3566-485e-91bb-994474c2ee8c.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>The question for the European debate is therefore one of institutional conversion: under what conditions do knowledge, technology and investment become lasting productive and strategic capability?</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The comparison concerns how education, technology and economic development are connected in stated objectives and institutional arrangements. It does not evaluate the relative effectiveness of national reforms. PISA measures selected student skills; strategy documents describe ambitions and planned action. The relationship between them has to be investigated rather than assumed.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">Europe: position is not trajectory</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">PISA assesses how 15-year-olds apply knowledge and skills in reading, mathematics and science. Its results describe selected educational outcomes, not a comprehensive measure of national competitiveness. The OECD average is also distinct from an EU average.&nbsp;[18]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The European results are far from uniform. Ireland and Estonia recorded reading scores of 500 and 499 respectively, compared with an OECD average of 461. Belgium scored 466, Germany 465 and France 456. The Netherlands recorded 441 in reading but 483 in mathematics, placing its reported averages on different sides of the respective OECD benchmarks. These are comparisons within subjects, not an assumption that scores in different subjects measure identical capabilities.&nbsp;[6]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">A count of the published estimates shows that 15 of the EU’s 27 member states had reading scores numerically below the OECD average. Among the 26 with a reported 2022–2025 reading comparison, 25 had negative point estimates. These counts do not mean that every difference or change is statistically significant. Table 1 provides the full comparison.&nbsp;[5, 6]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Relative position and direction of travel are separate issues. Ireland and Estonia remained above the reported OECD reading average while their scores fell by 16 and 12 points respectively. Educational capability can therefore weaken even where a country retains a comparatively high position.&nbsp;[6]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The OECD attaches sampling cautions to results for the Netherlands and Norway. More generally, uncertainty, population coverage and the composition of comparison groups matter when interpreting differences. A small numerical gap is not automatically a meaningful educational distinction.&nbsp;[7]</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">The European agenda already recognises the links</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The EU has not simply overlooked foundational learning. Presented in March 2025, the Commission’s Union of Skills connects human-capital development with competitiveness. Its accompanying Action Plan on Basic Skills and STEM Education Strategic Plan address foundational learning, scientific and technical education, and preparation for digital and clean-technology transitions.&nbsp;[8]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The basic-skills agenda also encompasses apprenticeships, teacher development, mentoring and cooperation among educational, cultural and community organisations. It therefore recognises that learning takes place through relationships between institutions, not only within an individual classroom.&nbsp;[9]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Responsibility is nevertheless distributed. EU member states organise their education systems and determine teaching content, while the Union supports and complements their activities. National PISA outcomes cannot simply be attributed to a single European education policy.&nbsp;[10]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">For Brussels, the analytical issue is how shared economic objectives interact with national implementation and local professional capacity. Consider a manufacturing supply chain spanning several countries: new equipment addresses one requirement, while the ability of technicians, managers and suppliers to understand specifications and adapt production addresses another. Neither investment tells us, by itself, how the complete system will perform.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">What Kazakhstan is attempting to connect</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Kazakhstan’s recent initiatives offer a concrete example of these connections in an official development agenda. A presidential decree signed on 16 May 2026 places reading culture within the fields of culture, education and innovation. It links the agenda to human-capital development and calls for modernised libraries, wider literary access and a reading-culture concept for 2027–2031 explicitly situated within the development of artificial intelligence.&nbsp;[11]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">At the AI Development Council meeting on 4 May, the official account connected universities and applied research with commercialisation, venture investment and computing infrastructure. It also discussed digital development in relation to industrial applications, energy and logistics. These were stated priorities and implementation requirements, not independently demonstrated results.&nbsp;[12]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Foundational learning and advanced technology appear within a connected account of economic development. The documents describe relationships between capabilities that can subsequently be investigated, rather than establishing that the relationships already function effectively.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Kazakhstan’s educational evidence makes that distinction indispensable. Only 36 per cent of students reached at least Level 2 proficiency in reading, compared with 69 per cent across the OECD. Meanwhile, 47 per cent reported using AI chatbots to support learning at least weekly. These aggregate findings show that widespread technological use can coexist with substantial foundational difficulties; they do not establish that AI caused those difficulties.&nbsp;[13]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Nor can an assessment conducted in 2025 demonstrate the effectiveness of measures adopted in 2026. The relevant comparison concerns the connection between stated objectives, institutional arrangements and subsequent outcomes. It does not support a claim that Kazakhstan has already resolved the problems facing its education system.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">Norway: substantial resources, a steep reading decline</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Norway adds a useful European comparison. It is outside the EU but participates in the single market through the European Economic Area. Its institutional experience is therefore relevant to the wider European discussion without being conflated with EU member-state results.&nbsp;[14]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The scale of Norway’s reading decline deserves particular attention. Its reported score fell from 477 in 2022 to 453 in 2025: a loss of 24 points, compared with 14 points across the OECD. The Norwegian decline was therefore 10 points larger than the published OECD change. These are changes in test-score points, not percentages. [5, 6]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The National Reading Centre reports the lowest reading performance recorded for Norway in PISA, with 41 per cent of boys and 27 per cent of girls among low performers. Its researchers also identify difficulties with sustained reading, reflection and comparing information across texts. [4] The OECD describes the 2025 results as extending the decline already observed between 2018 and 2022. [19]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The resource context makes this particularly striking. OECD expenditure data for 2022 record government spending of USD 19,797 per full-time-equivalent student from primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education, adjusted for purchasing power. [20] Substantial resources coexist with deteriorating measured reading proficiency. This does not establish why results declined; it makes the conversion of resources into learning a question that spending totals alone cannot answer.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The OECD’s sampling caution remains material: Norway excluded 10.4 per cent of its target population, compared with 7.3 per cent in 2022. High exclusion rates may bias performance estimates upwards. This limits the precision of comparisons and does not provide a simple correction to the reported scores. [7, 19]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">A related institutional issue appears in the Office of the Auditor General’s investigation, published on 16 June 2026. It found insufficient information about the contribution of several measures to foundational learning. Despite extensive research, the education ministry also lacked information about how the measures worked together. This investigation preceded the publication of PISA 2025 and is not an evaluation of those new results.&nbsp;[15]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The presence of programmes, research and resources does not establish their combined effect. Norway’s audit examines implementation, whereas Kazakhstan’s cited decrees describe intended action. They illuminate different stages of development; they are not a matched evaluation of national effectiveness. [11, 12, 15] Norway’s higher measured proficiency than Kazakhstan’s therefore needs to be distinguished from the substantial decline in Norway’s own results. [5, 6]</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">From individual skills to institutional capability</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">An institutional-capital perspective focuses on the arrangements through which societies preserve, transmit and apply knowledge over time. Foundational literacy is one component of this process, not a complete explanation of productivity, entrepreneurship or institutional performance.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The distinction becomes practical when an engineering firm evaluates an AI-generated technical proposal. Access to the system changes its technological resources. Determining whether the proposal is sound requires people who understand the problem, check assumptions and recognise when further expertise is needed. Producing an answer and exercising judgement about it are different activities.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The same distinction can be examined in entrepreneurship. A prospective founder may obtain a market summary almost instantly. Assessing its relevance still involves questioning the evidence, comparing alternatives and understanding constraints. A mentoring relationship or applied university project can provide a setting in which those judgements are discussed and tested; whether it improves outcomes is a matter for evaluation.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">From this perspective, the central unit of analysis is not simply the skill possessed by an individual, but the institutional relationships through which that skill becomes useful. These include connections among schools, universities, firms, investors and professional communities. The question is whether those relationships help knowledge circulate, enable experimentation and preserve learning when individuals leave.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">PISA does not directly measure these professional or organisational outcomes. Connecting achievement at age 15 to later economic activity requires additional evidence.&nbsp;[18] This raises a research question: how does foundational learning develop into professional competence, and under what institutional conditions can that competence be applied and renewed?</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">A practical setting in EU–Central Asia relations</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">For Brussels, these questions extend to international cooperation. At the first EU–Central Asia summit in April 2025, the European Commission announced a €12 billion Global Gateway investment package covering transport, critical raw materials, digital connectivity, water and energy. This was a regional package, not an allocation exclusively to Kazakhstan, and an announcement is distinct from completed investment.&nbsp;[16]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The summit also included commitments to deepen cooperation in education and science, using opportunities under Erasmus+ and Horizon Europe and collaborating in fundamental and applied research. These commitments provide a practical context for examining the connections between physical investment and the development of human capability.&nbsp;[17]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">A transport project can be assessed through capacity and reliability. A university partnership can be examined for knowledge transfer and sustained research relationships. An industrial collaboration can be investigated for its contribution to supplier competence and the ability of participating firms to undertake more demanding activities. Studying these outcomes together would make the relationship between infrastructure and learning more visible.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">The regional dimension is equally relevant to this inquiry. Do opportunities reach smaller firms and communities beyond the most prominent universities and technology centres? Does expertise remain accessible after an externally funded project ends? Can participating organisations adapt what they have learned to a new problem? These are questions for European institutions and their Central Asian partners alike.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">The relationship that matters</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Educational assessments describe measured outcomes. Strategies and decrees describe intentions and institutional arrangements. Neither substitutes for the other. The contribution of comparative analysis is to examine how they are connected, without treating an announcement as an achievement or a test score as a complete account of a society.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Kazakhstan’s stated agenda seeks to articulate relationships between human development, technology and economic activity. The European evidence, meanwhile, shows variation in educational outcomes alongside explicit initiatives connecting skills with competitiveness.&nbsp;[8, 11, 12] The common analytical task is to establish what happens between the stated ambition and the resulting capability.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a">For the European debate, this moves the discussion beyond a country’s position in a PISA table. It brings education, research, entrepreneurship and infrastructure into the same frame of analysis, while leaving their effects open to evidence.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Cambria,serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>Technological investment tells us what resources are being assembled. Human and institutional capability tells us what people and organisations become able to do with them.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<div style="page-break-after:always"><span style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></div>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">Table 1. PISA 2025: EU member states and benchmarks</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963">Mean scores and published reading-score changes, 2022–2025. EU member states are listed alphabetically. [5–7]</span></span></span></p>

<table align="center" cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#25485b; height:37px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong><span style="color:white">Country / benchmark</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#25485b; height:37px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong><span style="color:white">Reading</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#25485b; height:37px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong><span style="color:white">Mathematics</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#25485b; height:37px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong><span style="color:white">Science</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#25485b; height:37px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong><span style="color:white">Reading change<br />
			2022–2025</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Austria</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">467</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">477</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">497</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−13</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Belgium</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">466</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">480</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">490</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−13</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Bulgaria</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">387</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">405</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">421</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−18</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Croatia</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">453</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">455</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">476</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−22</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Cyprus</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">379</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">412</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">411</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−2</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Czechia</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">468</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">477</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">490</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−20</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Denmark</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">460</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">471</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">478</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−29</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Estonia</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">499</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">508</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">527</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−12</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Finland</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">474</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">469</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">504</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−16</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">France</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">456</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">458</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">483</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−18</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Germany</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">465</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">464</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">486</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−15</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Greece</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">423</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">424</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">434</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−16</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Hungary</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">452</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">459</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">480</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−21</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Ireland</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">500</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">480</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">500</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−16</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Italy</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">474</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">468</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">483</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−7</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Latvia</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">430</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">460</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">468</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−45</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Lithuania</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">464</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">470</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">488</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−8</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Luxembourg</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">443</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">458</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">474</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">—</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Malta</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">415</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">439</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">453</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−31</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Netherlands*</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">441</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">483</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">485</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−18</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Poland</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">482</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">484</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">495</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−7</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Portugal</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">462</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">460</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">482</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−15</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Romania</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">413</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">419</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">425</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−16</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Slovakia</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">448</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">469</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">475</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">+1</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Slovenia</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">445</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">460</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">484</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−24</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Spain</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">451</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">457</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">477</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#f4f6f7; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−23</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">Sweden</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">466</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">464</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">485</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a">−21</span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>OECD average</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>461</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>463</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>482</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>−14</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>Norway*</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>453</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>452</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>470</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>−24</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:227px">
			<p><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>Kazakhstan</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>385</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:94px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>414</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:87px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>420</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
			<td style="background-color:#e9eff3; height:20px; width:136px">
			<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#20242a"><strong>−1</strong></span></span></span></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963">Source: OECD (2026), PISA 2025 Results (Volume I), Table I.1, printed pp. 28–29; underlying Tables I.B1.2a.1–3 and I.B1.2a.36–38. Selection and layout adapted for this article. [5]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963">Reading the table: Scores and changes are rounded as published. Numerical differences are not necessarily statistically significant; significance markers are not reproduced here. The OECD benchmark is not an EU average. [6, 7]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963">Coverage: * One or more PISA sampling standards were not met. “—” indicates no reported 2022 comparison. The OECD short-term-change average excludes Costa Rica, Luxembourg and Spain. Slovakia is reported as “Slovak Republic” by the OECD. Cyprus data cover the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. [5, 7]</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963">Adapted from OECD material under CC BY 4.0. This analysis does not represent the official views of the OECD or its member countries.</span></span></span></p>

<div style="page-break-after:always"><span style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></div>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h1><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#183549">Sources</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4a5963">Source numbering corresponds to the article and table. Online sources checked on 16 September 2026. All links are direct source links without tracking parameters.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[1] </strong>European Commission (2025; page updated 29 May 2026). Competitiveness Compass.<br />
<a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en"><span style="color:#245877">https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[2] </strong>OECD (8 September 2026). PISA 2025: Students’ reading and mathematics performance declined sharply across the OECD.<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2026/09/pisa-2025-students-reading-and-mathematics-performance-declined-sharply-across-the-oecd.html"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2026/09/pisa-2025-students-reading-and-mathematics-performance-declined-sharply-across-the-oecd.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[3] </strong>Haidar, A. (14 September 2026). Why Reading Matters in Age of AI? Kazakhstan’s PISA Results Offer Answer. The Astana Times.<br />
<a href="https://astanatimes.com/2026/09/why-reading-matters-in-age-of-ai-kazakhstans-pisa-results-offer-answer/"><span style="color:#245877">https://astanatimes.com/2026/09/why-reading-matters-in-age-of-ai-kazakhstans-pisa-results-offer-answer/</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[4] </strong>Rodvelt, B. (12 September 2026). Norske 15-åringers leseferdigheter har aldri vært dårligere. University of Stavanger contribution to forskning.no.<br />
<a href="https://www.forskning.no/barn-og-ungdom-lesing-partner/norske-15-aringers-leseferdigheter-har-aldri-vaert-darligere/2708485"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.forskning.no/barn-og-ungdom-lesing-partner/norske-15-aringers-leseferdigheter-har-aldri-vaert-darligere/2708485</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[5] </strong>OECD (2026). PISA 2025 Results (Volume I): Future-Ready Students. Table I.1, printed pp. 28–29. OECD Publishing.<br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/73451bc5-en"><span style="color:#245877">https://doi.org/10.1787/73451bc5-en</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[6] </strong>OECD (2026). Student performance in PISA 2025. In PISA 2025 Results (Volume I).<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i_73451bc5-en/full-report/student-performance-in-pisa-2025_23e075c2.html"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i_73451bc5-en/full-report/student-performance-in-pisa-2025_23e075c2.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[7] </strong>OECD (2026). Reader’s Guide. In PISA 2025 Results (Volume I). Sampling, comparability and reporting cautions.<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i_73451bc5-en/full-report/reader-s-guide_0364240f.html"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i_73451bc5-en/full-report/reader-s-guide_0364240f.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[8] </strong>European Commission (5 March 2025). Union of Skills strategy to equip people for a competitive Europe.<br />
<a href="https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/union-skills-strategy-equip-people-competitive-europe-2025-03-05_en"><span style="color:#245877">https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/union-skills-strategy-equip-people-competitive-europe-2025-03-05_en</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[9] </strong>European Commission (updated 5 March 2026). Basic skills. European Education Area.<br />
<a href="https://education.ec.europa.eu/education-levels/school-education/basic-skills"><span style="color:#245877">https://education.ec.europa.eu/education-levels/school-education/basic-skills</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[10] </strong>EUR-Lex. Education. Summary of the allocation of responsibilities under Article 165 TFEU.<br />
<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/education.html"><span style="color:#245877">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/education.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[11] </strong>President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (16 May 2026). Decree No. 1279 on measures to develop reading culture and form a reading nation. Official text in Russian.<br />
<a href="https://akorda.kz/ru/o-merah-po-razvitiyu-kultury-chteniya-i-formirovaniyu-chitayushchey-nacii-164044"><span style="color:#245877">https://akorda.kz/ru/o-merah-po-razvitiyu-kultury-chteniya-i-formirovaniyu-chitayushchey-nacii-164044</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[12] </strong>President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (4 May 2026). President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held the second meeting of the AI Development Council. Official proceedings.<br />
<a href="https://www.akorda.kz/en/president-kassym-jomart-tokayev-held-the-second-meeting-of-the-ai-development-council-543538"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.akorda.kz/en/president-kassym-jomart-tokayev-held-the-second-meeting-of-the-ai-development-council-543538</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[13] </strong>OECD (2026). PISA 2025 Results (Volume I): Kazakhstan. Country note.<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i-country-notes_2d4ff9ea-en/kazakhstan_c01ae9c9-en.html"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i-country-notes_2d4ff9ea-en/kazakhstan_c01ae9c9-en.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[14] </strong>European Free Trade Association. EEA &amp; Relations with the EU.<br />
<a href="https://www.efta.int/eea"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.efta.int/eea</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[15] </strong>Office of the Auditor General of Norway (16 June 2026). Kunnskapsdepartementet sitt arbeid for å styrkje lese-, skrive- og rekneferdigheitene hos elevane. Document 3:17 (2025–2026).<br />
<a href="https://www.riksrevisjonen.no/rapporter-mappe/no-2025-2026/kunnskapsdepartementet-sitt-arbeid-for-a-styrkje-lese-skrive-og-rekneferdigheitene-hos-elevane/"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.riksrevisjonen.no/rapporter-mappe/no-2025-2026/kunnskapsdepartementet-sitt-arbeid-for-a-styrkje-lese-skrive-og-rekneferdigheitene-hos-elevane/</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[16] </strong>European Council (4 April 2025). Joint press release following the first EU–Central Asia summit.<br />
<a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/04/04/joint-press-release-following-the-first-eu-central-asia-summit/"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/04/04/joint-press-release-following-the-first-eu-central-asia-summit/</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[17] </strong>European Council (4 April 2025). First EU–Central Asia summit. See “People-to-people contacts and mobility”.<br />
<a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2025/04/04/"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2025/04/04/</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42"><strong>[18] </strong>OECD. Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Assessment scope and publication information.<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/pisa.html"><span style="color:#245877">https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/pisa.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42">[19] OECD (8 September 2026). PISA 2025 Results (Volume I): Norway. Country note; performance trends and sampling cautions.<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i-country-notes_2d4ff9ea-en/norway_77d5f84b-en.html"><span style="color:#205c79">https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i-country-notes_2d4ff9ea-en/norway_77d5f84b-en.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#303b42">[20] OECD (9 September 2025). Education at a Glance 2025: Norway. Financial resources invested in education; 2022 expenditure data.<br />
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/education-at-a-glance-2025_1a3543e2-en/norway_693d8ce6-en.html"><span style="color:#205c79">https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/education-at-a-glance-2025_1a3543e2-en/norway_693d8ce6-en.html</span></a></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:35:47 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2026/08/drprof-glenn-agung-hole-from-norway-1787756570.jpg"/>
            </item>
                                <item>
                <title>Du couvre-feu commercial à la « patrouille Bouchez » : le Quartier Nord pris en otage par la politique du spectacle</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/du-couvre-feu-commercial-a-la-patrouille-bouchez-le-quartier-nord-pris-en-otage-par-la-politique-du-spectacle-1317</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/du-couvre-feu-commercial-a-la-patrouille-bouchez-le-quartier-nord-pris-en-otage-par-la-politique-du-spectacle-1317</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Du couvre-feu commercial à la « patrouille Bouchez » : le Quartier Nord pris en otage par la politique du spectacle]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Du couvre-feu commercial à la « patrouille Bouchez » : le Quartier Nord pris en otage par la politique du spectacle</h1>

<p><strong>Quartier Nord : après le couvre-feu, la diversion ?</strong></p>

<h2>La fermeture nocturne des commerces n’a pas réduit la criminalité globale : elle l’a principalement déplacée vers la journée. Au moment d’en tirer les conclusions, certains responsables politiques préfèrent pointer « l’immigration illégale ». Une manière commode de détourner le regard des responsabilités locales, régionales et fédérales.</h2>

<p><strong>Par Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner | Bruxelles</strong><br />
<strong>16 septembre 2026</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/f40e9fc5-54ac-4e09-ad2c-738a2d855fb2.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p>Tout commence le 1er avril 2026.</p>

<p>À Schaerbeek et dans une partie de Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, les autorités imposent la fermeture nocturne des commerces du quartier Brabant entre 1 heure et 6 heures du matin. L’objectif annoncé est de diminuer les nuisances, le trafic de stupéfiants, les violences et le sentiment d’insécurité autour de la gare du Nord et de la rue d’Aerschot.</p>

<p>Pendant plusieurs mois, des commerçants parfaitement légaux sont ainsi contraints de fermer leurs portes. Des indépendants, des travailleurs et des familles paient directement le prix d’une mesure présentée comme indispensable au rétablissement de l’ordre.</p>

<p>Six mois plus tard, le constat tombe : les nuits sont devenues plus calmes, mais la criminalité globale n’a pas diminué. Elle s’est principalement déplacée vers la journée.</p>

<p>Voilà le résultat.</p>

<h2>Une mesure qui déplace le problème</h2>

<p>À la suite d’un rapport de police présenté le 14 septembre, le bourgmestre faisant fonction de Schaerbeek, Martin de Brabant (MR), a annoncé qu’il ne proposerait pas de prolonger le dispositif au-delà de la fin du mois.</p>

<p>« Les nuits sont plus calmes dans le quartier, mais la criminalité dans son ensemble n’a pas diminué », reconnaît-il. Le trafic et la consommation de drogue se déroulent désormais davantage en journée. « Ce n’est pas le but recherché », admet-il encore. Cette décision concerne actuellement Schaerbeek ; la position définitive de Saint-Josse sur son propre dispositif doit encore être distinguée. (<a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/la-fermeture-nocturne-dans-le-quartier-brabant-ne-sera-pas-prolongee-car-le-bilan-est-mitige/">BX1</a>)</p>

<p>En langage administratif, on parle d’un « bilan mitigé ». En langage politique, il faut reconnaître que l’objectif principal n’a pas été atteint.</p>

<p>Fermer les commerces n’a pas démantelé les réseaux criminels. Cela n’a pas fait disparaître le crack, la prostitution clandestine, la traite des êtres humains ou les dealers. On a temporairement modifié les horaires et la visibilité des phénomènes, tout en fragilisant l’économie légale du quartier.</p>

<p>Les autorités ont choisi la cible la plus accessible : le commerçant identifié, enregistré, contrôlable et solvable. Pendant ce temps, les réseaux clandestins se sont adaptés.</p>

<p>Depuis le début, les opposants à cette mesure demandaient des données précises, une étude d’impact économique et une évaluation permettant d’isoler les effets réels des fermetures parmi toutes les interventions menées simultanément. Ces demandes étaient légitimes.</p>

<p>Aujourd’hui, le rapport de police confirme au moins une chose : punir collectivement les commerces ne constitue pas une politique de sécurité durable.</p>

<h2>Quand arrive la diversion migratoire</h2>

<p>Au moment où il faudrait évaluer les décisions prises, reconnaître les erreurs et indemniser éventuellement les dommages économiques, le débat change brusquement de cible.</p>

<p>Martin de Brabant affirme désormais que la situation du quartier Nord est largement liée à l’immigration irrégulière. Il indique que moins de 8 % des personnes sans titre de séjour interpellées à Schaerbeek auraient été placées en centre fermé en vue d’un éloignement. Il demande donc au gouvernement fédéral d’assumer ses responsabilités. (<a href="https://bx1.be/categories/news/expulsions-schaerbeek-appelle-le-federal-a-faire-davantage-dans-le-quartier-nord/">BX1</a>)</p>

<p>La question du séjour irrégulier existe. Elle ne doit être ni niée ni dissimulée.</p>

<p>Lorsqu’une personne commet un délit, elle doit être poursuivie, qu’elle soit belge, étrangère en séjour légal ou sans titre de séjour. Lorsqu’une décision d’éloignement définitive peut légalement être exécutée, l’autorité fédérale doit assumer sa mission.</p>

<p>Mais présenter « l’immigration illégale » comme la racine générale de l’insécurité transforme une question complexe en slogan électoral.</p>

<p>Cette formulation mélange le statut administratif d’une personne avec un comportement criminel. Elle permet surtout de détourner le débat des carences policières, judiciaires, sociales, sanitaires et communales qui ont laissé le quartier Nord se dégrader pendant des années.</p>

<p>Une personne sans papiers n’est pas automatiquement un trafiquant. Et un trafiquant ne cesse pas d’être dangereux lorsqu’il possède une carte d’identité belge.</p>

<h2>La visite nocturne qui tombe à point nommé</h2>

<p>Le 14 septembre, les Jeunes MR organisent au Royal Layalina, rue Royale à Saint-Josse, une rencontre intitulée « Ce qui change pour vous – Faire rayonner Bruxelles ».</p>

<p>Le programme officiel annonce Georges-Louis Bouchez, le ministre fédéral de l’Intérieur Bernard Quintin et la secrétaire d’État bruxelloise Audrey Henry. La sécurité, la propreté et la gouvernance bruxelloise figurent au centre de la soirée. (<a href="https://www.mr.be/agenda/140926/">MR</a>)</p>

<p>Après la rencontre, Georges-Louis Bouchez effectue une visite nocturne du quartier Nord avec Emir Kir, Bernard Quintin et Audrey Henry.</p>

<p>Le président du MR décrit alors une situation qui « dépasse l’entendement » : consommation de crack en rue, insalubrité, prostitution, traite des êtres humains et habitants apeurés. Il parle d’une « zone qui échappe aux autorités » et dénonce un « laxisme insupportable face à l’immigration illégale ». Il réclame davantage de renvois, des comparutions immédiates et des peines effectivement exécutées. (<a href="https://fr.linkedin.com/posts/georges-louis-bouchez-834179113_presidencemr-fierdetreliberal-lavenirseclaire-activity-7505537654520832000-nN4B">Déclaration de Georges-Louis Bouchez</a>)</p>

<p>Le constat de terrain ne doit pas être minimisé. La situation du quartier Nord est grave. Les habitants ont le droit de vivre sans dealers, sans violence, sans exploitation sexuelle et sans scènes quotidiennes de consommation de crack.</p>

<p>Mais une visite de quelques dizaines de minutes, filmée et diffusée sur les réseaux sociaux, ne constitue pas une politique publique.</p>

<p>Surtout, cette situation n’a pas été découverte en septembre 2026. Elle existe depuis des années. Emir Kir dirige Saint-Josse depuis plus d’une décennie. Le MR détient le ministère fédéral de l’Intérieur et participe au gouvernement chargé de la politique migratoire. Martin de Brabant dirige Schaerbeek et appartient lui aussi au MR.</p>

<p>Qui dénonce exactement l’inaction de qui ?</p>

<h2>Emir Kir–MR : une proximité politiquement utile</h2>

<p>La présence d’Emir Kir aux côtés des principales figures du MR n’est pas anodine.</p>

<p>Ancien membre du PS, dont il a été exclu en 2020 après avoir reçu une délégation comprenant des élus du MHP turc, Emir Kir évolue aujourd’hui comme indépendant. Sa proximité visible avec le MR témoigne d’une recomposition politique locale qui dépasse les anciennes étiquettes gauche-droite.</p>

<p>Il avait parfaitement le droit de participer à une rencontre organisée sur le territoire de sa commune. Il était également normal qu’il accompagne des responsables fédéraux et régionaux sur le terrain.</p>

<p>Mais politiquement, l’image lui est avantageuse.</p>

<p>Le bourgmestre montre le quartier dégradé au président du MR et au ministre de l’Intérieur. La responsabilité de l’action à venir peut alors être renvoyée vers le fédéral, tandis que la commune se présente comme victime d’un manque de moyens et de coordination.</p>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez, de son côté, obtient les images nécessaires à son discours sur l’autorité, les sanctions et les expulsions.</p>

<p>Chacun y trouve son compte. Sauf les habitants et les commerçants, qui attendent encore des résultats.</p>

<p>Il serait excessif d’affirmer qu’un scénario aurait été organisé pour transférer la responsabilité sur le MR. Aucun élément public ne permet de le démontrer. En revanche, l’utilisation politique de cette visite est manifeste : après l’échec relatif des fermetures nocturnes, le débat se déplace vers l’immigration irrégulière et la fermeté pénale.</p>

<h2>Le chiffre des 31 % ne répond pas à la question</h2>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez affirme que 31 % des détenus en Belgique seraient en situation irrégulière. Ce chiffre est également repris par le MR dans sa communication politique. (<a href="https://www.mr.be/grace-au-mr-le-gouvernement-va-renvoyer-les-detenus-etrangers-dans-leur-pays-dorigine/">MR</a>)</p>

<p>Même en acceptant ce chiffre, il ne démontre pas que 31 % de la criminalité du quartier Nord serait commise par des personnes sans papiers.</p>

<p>Une donnée nationale sur la population carcérale ne peut pas être automatiquement transposée à un quartier bruxellois. Elle ne précise pas davantage combien de personnes sont condamnées définitivement, détenues préventivement ou immédiatement éloignables.</p>

<p>La lutte contre la criminalité exige des données locales précises : auteurs identifiés, types d’infractions, heures des faits, récidive, réseaux criminels concernés et résultats judiciaires.</p>

<p>Sans cela, le chiffre devient un outil de communication davantage qu’un instrument de compréhension.</p>

<h2>Un contexte particulièrement inflammable</h2>

<p>Cette offensive politique intervient dans un climat déjà tendu.</p>

<p>Une croix gammée venait d’être découverte sur la mosquée El Mouahidine à Laeken, entraînant l’ouverture d’une enquête. Quelques heures plus tard, le licenciement de l’enseignante Hadija Amajoud, qui refusait de retirer son foulard dans une école provinciale de Flandre-Orientale, relançait la controverse sur la neutralité et la liberté religieuse.</p>

<p>Ces événements sont juridiquement et politiquement distincts. Il serait incorrect de les confondre.</p>

<p>Mais leur proximité dans le temps imposait une prudence particulière. Dans un tel climat, présenter l’immigration irrégulière comme la source centrale de la criminalité risque d’élargir la suspicion à l’ensemble des populations issues de l’immigration et, indirectement, aux citoyens musulmans.</p>

<p>Le moment choisi était donc particulièrement mauvais pour les raccourcis et les amalgames.</p>

<h2>Ni déni ni bouc émissaire</h2>

<p>Refuser la stigmatisation ne signifie pas nier la réalité.</p>

<p>Il faut poursuivre les trafiquants, lutter contre la traite des êtres humains, démanteler les réseaux de prostitution forcée, exécuter les peines et traiter les situations de séjour irrégulier dans le respect du droit.</p>

<p>Mais il faut également renforcer la police de proximité, les moyens de la justice, l’accompagnement des toxicomanes, la psychiatrie, l’aide aux sans-abri, la prévention et la coopération entre Schaerbeek, Saint-Josse, la Région et le fédéral.</p>

<p>Le quartier Nord a besoin d’un commandement opérationnel coordonné, de résultats mesurables et d’une présence permanente sur le terrain. Il n’a pas besoin d’une succession d’arrêtés temporaires, de promenades nocturnes médiatisées et de déclarations martiales.</p>

<p>Les commerçants légaux ne doivent plus servir de variables d’ajustement. Les personnes sans papiers ne doivent pas devenir les coupables automatiques. Les habitants ne doivent plus être utilisés comme décor d’une campagne sécuritaire.</p>

<p>Après les fermetures nocturnes inefficaces, voici venu le temps de la diversion.</p>

<p>Pourtant, la question reste la même : qui assumera enfin la responsabilité politique d’un quartier abandonné depuis des années ?</p>

<p>Le Quartier Nord mérite mieux qu’un couvre-feu commercial et une « patrouille » pour les réseaux sociaux.</p>

<p>Il mérite une politique de sécurité ciblée, humaine, coordonnée et évaluée.</p>

<p>Et surtout, des responsables politiques capables d’assumer leur propre bilan avant de chercher de nouveaux coupables.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 15:14:02 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>With Broad International Participation.. St. Petersburg Prepares to Launch the 12th United Cultures Forum</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/with-broad-international-participation-st-petersburg-prepares-to-launch-the-12th-united-cultures-forum-1316</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/with-broad-international-participation-st-petersburg-prepares-to-launch-the-12th-united-cultures-forum-1316</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[With Broad International Participation.. St. Petersburg Prepares to Launch the 12th United Cultures Forum]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:24px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>With Broad International Participation.. St. Petersburg Prepares to Launch the 12th United Cultures Forum</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">President Putin’s Vision for Promoting Civilizational Diversity: Combining International Efforts to Protect and Preserve Cultural Identity</span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tatyana Golikova, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation and Chairperson of the Forum Organizing Committee: The Forum Serves as a Platform for Direct International Dialogue Based on Respect for Cultural Diversity and Historical Memory</span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Event Brings Together Leaders in Culture, Cinema, and Technology Under the Theme "United Cultures, Common Values"</span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A Roadmap for Fostering Creativity, Preserving Heritage, and Exploring the Horizons of Artificial Intelligence in the Arts</span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;Amr Yehia</span></em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-14%20at%2019_10_52%20(2).jpeg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The 12th St. Petersburg International United Cultures Forum will take place from September 24 to 26, 2026, under the theme “United Cultures, Common Values.” The complete business programme for the forum has been published, featuring the list of confirmed speakers, details of panel discussions, and diverse sectoral tracks bringing together elite cultural leaders, artists, government officials, creative sector representatives, and experts from around the world. The forum Organized by the Roscongress Foundation with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, and the St. Petersburg City Administration, this year's edition provides a dedicated venue for professional exchange and actionable initiatives.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Russian President Vladimir Putin set out the general features and core tasks governing the forum’s work, emphasizing the critical importance of combining international efforts to protect and preserve cultural identity amid rapid global transformations.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-14%20at%2019_10_51.jpeg" style="height:800px; width:777px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In his address, President Putin stated: “Let me stress once again: our task in the modern world is to combine efforts in safeguarding cultural identity and diversity, traditions, and worldviews whilst moving forward, fostering innovation, and jointly creating genuine art – uplifting creativity that elevates humanity’s finest qualities. We must counter threats to minority cultures’ survival, advance principles of justice and equality in interethnic relations, and free the world from prejudice, double standards, and attempts to cancel this or that culture.” </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tatyana Golikova, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation and Chairperson of the Forum Organizing Committee, explained that the forum has evolved into a primary platform for direct international dialogue rooted in respect for cultural diversity, historical memory, and traditional values. She noted that the business programme spans a broad spectrum of issues, ranging from heritage preservation and the development of theatre, cinema, music, and museum practices to analyzing the opportunities and risks associated with adopting modern technologies.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-14%20at%2019_10_52.jpeg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Tatyana Golikova, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation and Chairperson of the Forum Organizing Committee</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">For his part, Anton Kobyakov, Adviser to the President of the Russian Federation and Executive Secretary of the Organizing Committee, stressed that culture remains one of the most sustainable instruments for dialogue between nations. He highlighted that the business programme provides a space to discuss practical issues of international cooperation, preserve cultural identity, and forge new partnerships among creative industry players.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The agenda is divided across ten primary thematic tracks: ‘Musical Culture’, ‘Film’, ‘Media Culture’, ‘Museums’, ‘United Cultures and Technologies towards the Cultural Code of the Future’, ‘Cultural Sovereignty in the 21st Century’, ‘Cultural Heritage: Tradition and Modernity’, ‘Circus’, ‘Theatre’, and ‘Education in Culture’, alongside a dedicated youth track and specialized session topics.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Among the cornerstone events included in the forum are the closing session chaired by Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova, the Meeting of the Coordinating Council for Culture under the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, and the Hermitage Prize Award Ceremony.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-14%20at%2019_10_52%20(1).jpeg" style="height:800px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In the ‘Musical Culture’ track, sessions will address strategies to engage younger generations with classical music, the role of international music competitions in facilitating long-term collaboration between musicians and audiences, and a dedicated meeting marking the 10th anniversary of the Valery Khalilov Wind Society. Pianist and "People’s Artist of the Russian Federation" Denis Matsuev will moderate discussions on international music competitions alongside fellow pianists Freddy Kempf and Justus Frantz.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The ‘Film’ track will explore the dynamic relationship between movie theatres, television, and digital platforms, the "Transcontinental Film Train" joint production project, and the application of artificial intelligence in live-action cinema. This track will also host panel sessions titled <em>“Russia Minus Hollywood, and Hollywood Minus Russia”</em> and <em>“How to Form a Unified Film Space in the CIS.”</em> Participating industry leaders include Minister of Culture Olga Lyubimova, CEO of Channel One Russia Konstantin Ernst, director and producer Fyodor Bondarchuk, Gazprom-Media Holding CEO Alexander Zharov, and director Karen Shakhnazarov.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In the ‘Media Culture’ track, Director General of the TASS news agency Andrey Kondrashov will moderate a session titled <em>“Fathers in Russian and Global Multinational Culture and Media.”</em> Speakers include Deputy Chairperson of the State Duma Anna Kuznetsova, Director of the Eurasian Bureau of China Media Group Wang Bin, and Chief Correspondent of the Moscow Bureau of the Turkish Anadolu Agency Ali Cura.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The forum allocates substantial focus to cultural heritage and cultural sovereignty, featuring sessions on postcolonial restoration ethics, cultural sovereignty in civilizational dialogue between East and West, and cultural heritage in the Arctic. Participants include General Director of the State Hermitage Museum Mikhail Piotrovsky, Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for International Cultural Cooperation Mikhail Shvydkoy, and Director General of the State Historical Museum Alexey Levykin.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The intersection of technology and artificial intelligence with the arts will also be highlighted through specialized sessions examining the impact of AI algorithms on copyright protection, drafting regional cultural codes, and the future of digital mechanisms in preserving heritage.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Minister of Culture Olga Lyubimova affirmed that the forum places top priority on opening a direct professional dialogue that connects heads of major cultural institutions with emerging young talent to address industry challenges and shape the future cultural landscape.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The ‘Theatre’ track features delegations and theatre association leaders from Russia, India, Vietnam, Türkiye, Colombia, Tunisia, and other countries. Sessions will be moderated by Chairman of the Union of Theatre Workers Vladimir Mashkov, Artistic Director of the State Theatre of Nations Yevgeny Mironov, and Artistic Director of the Alexandrinsky Theatre Valery Fokin, focusing on international theatre cooperation and the development strategy for Russian theatre leading up to 2035.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In the ‘Circus’ track, General Director of the Great Moscow State Circus Edgard Zapashny will moderate sessions examining the circus as a bridge between cultures and the impact of technology on arena performance, joined by Artistic Director Askold Zapashny, General Director of the Russian State Circus Company Sergey Belyakov, and circus artists from France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Guatemala.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Youth Programme will feature panels on the ethical principles of young artists working with artificial intelligence, alongside direct mentorship sessions with cultural luminaries such as Vladimir Mashkov and Mikhail Piotrovsky.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In the Special Topics track, an open session titled <em>“Besogon and Culture”</em> hosted by director Nikita Mikhalkov will focus on the values of the Diamond Butterfly Open Eurasian Film Award, running alongside sessions dedicated to digital heritage preservation and inclusive culture.</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 11:34:07 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>La moutarde monte au nez : en Flandre, la « neutralité » coûte son emploi à une enseignante voilée</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/la-moutarde-monte-au-nez-en-flandre-la-neutralite-coute-son-emploi-a-une-enseignante-voilee-1315</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/la-moutarde-monte-au-nez-en-flandre-la-neutralite-coute-son-emploi-a-une-enseignante-voilee-1315</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[La moutarde monte au nez : en Flandre, la « neutralité » coûte son emploi à une enseignante voilée]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>La moutarde monte au nez : en Flandre, la « neutralité » coûte son emploi à une enseignante voilée</h1>

<h2>Hadija Amajoud, enseignante nommée à titre définitif dans l’enseignement provincial spécialisé, a été licenciée pour avoir refusé de retirer son voile. Près de deux ans après un débat organisé sur Avrupa TV, les craintes exprimées à l’époque deviennent réalité. Ce licenciement sera-t-il le premier d’une longue série ?</h2>

<p><strong>Par Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner | Bruxelles</strong><br />
<strong>14 septembre 2026</strong></p>

<p><strong>https://youtu.be/v4lTNFHcahY?is=Y5D3haa3WSubbUgr</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/8b87410a-b667-46f3-9a31-45ee16d29782.png" /></strong></p>

<p>La moutarde monte au nez. Et cette fois, derrière le débat abstrait sur la neutralité, il y a un visage, une carrière et une sécurité professionnelle qui s’effondrent.</p>

<p>La province de Flandre-Orientale a décidé de licencier Hadija Amajoud, enseignante à l’école fondamentale spécialisée Kiempunt Campus d’Assenede. Son tort : avoir refusé de retirer le voile qu’elle portait pourtant déjà lorsqu’elle avait été engagée.</p>

<p>« Je perds non seulement mon emploi, mais aussi mes revenus, ma sécurité et ma nomination définitive. Tout ce que j’ai construit a soudainement disparu », a-t-elle déclaré après l’annonce de son licenciement.</p>

<p>Derrière cette décision individuelle se cache une question beaucoup plus large : jusqu’où une autorité publique peut-elle aller au nom de la neutralité ? Et surtout, cette neutralité protège-t-elle réellement tous les citoyens ou devient-elle progressivement un instrument politique visant certaines convictions plus que d’autres ?</p>

<h2>Un débat que nous avions déjà soulevé en octobre 2024</h2>

<p>Bruxelles Korner avait abordé cette question dès octobre 2024, au cours d’une émission diffusée sur Avrupa TV avec Hüseyin Dönmez et Mustafa Yoloğlu, alors conseiller communal Vooruit.</p>

<p>Le débat portait déjà sur le voile, la place des enseignants concernés et les orientations politiques susceptibles de limiter l’expression des convictions religieuses dans les écoles et les administrations.</p>

<p>À l’époque, Mustafa Yoloğlu insistait sur la nécessité, pour les élus issus de la diversité, de défendre au sein de leurs partis les préoccupations des citoyens qui leur accordaient leur confiance. Il affirmait que les décisions touchant à la culture, à la religion ou aux libertés individuelles devaient être discutées et combattues, si nécessaire, à l’intérieur même des structures politiques.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/68c25469-4298-4d30-a306-39a8a5283c54.jpg" style="height:564px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>La suppression ou la réduction des cours de religion avait également été évoquée. Des inquiétudes existaient déjà quant à l’avenir professionnel de centaines d’enseignants chargés des cours de religion islamique.</p>

<p>Près de deux ans plus tard, le débat n’est plus théorique.</p>

<p>La Flandre-Orientale vient d’appliquer concrètement une politique qui transforme une règle vestimentaire en motif de licenciement.</p>

<h2>Une enseignante dont le travail n’était pas contesté</h2>

<p>Hadija Amajoud travaillait depuis le 1er septembre 2022 dans l’enseignement provincial. Elle parle couramment le néerlandais et, selon les éléments rendus publics, ses prestations pédagogiques n’avaient jamais fait l’objet d’une évaluation négative.</p>

<p>Elle avait même été nommée à titre définitif le 1er janvier 2024.</p>

<p>Le voile ne constituait donc pas un élément nouveau : elle le portait déjà lors de son entrée en fonction. Ce qui a changé, ce n’est pas l’enseignante, mais le règlement.</p>

<p>Le 27 juin 2024, la province a modifié les règles applicables à son personnel. Le nouveau dispositif interdit désormais les signes religieux, philosophiques ou idéologiques visibles, à l’exception des enseignants chargés de dispenser les cours philosophiques.</p>

<p>Une première procédure disciplinaire avait pourtant échoué. La commission disciplinaire provinciale avait recommandé son classement, estimant que le code de déontologie alors en vigueur ne pouvait pas être appliqué à l’enseignante et qu’aucun fait disciplinairement punissable n’avait été établi.</p>

<p>La province avait finalement clôturé cette procédure sans sanction en octobre 2024.</p>

<p>Mais, entre-temps, les règles ont été renforcées. Après plusieurs procédures, la sanction est finalement tombée : le licenciement.</p>

<p>Le syndicat socialiste flamand ACOD, équivalent néerlandophone de la CGSP, a annoncé qu’il contesterait la décision devant la Chambre de recours à Bruxelles.</p>

<p>« Nous allons nous y opposer aussi longtemps que possible », a déclaré le représentant syndical Kristof Bruyland.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/4e26c3a9-3dd2-49db-b7df-f3ae17982d12.jpg" style="height:616px; width:800px" /></p>

<h2>La neutralité : principe juridique ou mot magique de la politique ?</h2>

<p>Vooruit, la N-VA et le MR invoquent régulièrement la neutralité. Celle-ci semble être devenue le mot magique permettant de justifier toute restriction à l’expression religieuse.</p>

<p>Mais la neutralité ne possède pas une définition unique et incontestable.</p>

<p>Il existe une différence fondamentale entre la neutralité du service public et l’effacement complet des convictions personnelles de chaque agent. Un enseignant peut-il accomplir son travail avec impartialité tout en portant un signe religieux ? Ou faut-il considérer que sa seule apparence compromet automatiquement la neutralité de l’institution ?</p>

<p>Hadija Amajoud défend la première interprétation. Elle estime que l’autorité provinciale applique une conception « purement politique » de la neutralité.</p>

<p>La question mérite d’être posée : cette enseignante avait-elle tenté d’imposer sa religion à ses élèves ? Avait-elle refusé d’enseigner le programme ? Avait-elle fait l’objet de plaintes concernant son comportement professionnel ?</p>

<p>À ce stade, les faits rendus publics indiquent plutôt que le conflit repose sur le seul port visible du voile.</p>

<p>La neutralité ne devrait pourtant pas consister à juger une personne sur son apparence, mais à vérifier si elle traite les élèves de manière égale, respecte leur liberté de conscience et accomplit correctement sa mission pédagogique.</p>

<h2>Ce que protège réellement la Constitution belge</h2>

<p>La Belgique n’est pas constitutionnellement construite sur une laïcité d’exclusion comparable au modèle français. Elle repose sur un équilibre entre neutralité des pouvoirs publics, liberté religieuse, pluralisme et égalité.</p>

<p>L’article 19 de la Constitution garantit :</p>

<p>« La liberté des cultes, celle de leur exercice public, ainsi que la liberté de manifester ses opinions en toute matière […] »</p>

<p>Cette liberté comprend le droit de croire, de ne pas croire, de changer de conviction et de manifester sa religion, individuellement ou collectivement.</p>

<p>Les articles 10 et 11 consacrent parallèlement l’égalité des Belges devant la loi et l’interdiction des discriminations. L’article 20 interdit de contraindre une personne à participer aux actes ou aux cérémonies d’un culte. Quant à l’article 24, il impose à l’enseignement organisé par les communautés de respecter les conceptions philosophiques, idéologiques ou religieuses des parents et des élèves.</p>

<p>Ces droits ne sont certes pas absolus. La liberté religieuse peut faire l’objet de restrictions, notamment dans le cadre professionnel. Mais celles-ci doivent poursuivre un objectif légitime, être clairement prévues, appliquées de manière cohérente et rester proportionnées.</p>

<p>Autrement dit, invoquer la neutralité ne suffit pas. Encore faut-il démontrer pourquoi le port du voile par une enseignante compétente constituerait concrètement une menace pour les élèves, l’enseignement ou l’impartialité du service public. <a href="https://www.unia.be/fr/criteres-de-discrimination/convictions-religieuses-ou-philosophiques/symboles-religieux">La Constitution et le cadre juridique sont notamment expliqués par le Sénat belge et Unia</a>.</p>

<h2>Theo Francken applaudit la décision</h2>

<p>Le ministre N-VA Theo Francken a publiquement salué la politique appliquée en Flandre-Orientale. Il a rappelé qu’à Lubbeek, dont il fut longtemps bourgmestre, le principe de neutralité avait déjà été imposé dans l’administration communale, les écoles et les services de garde d’enfants.</p>

<p>Selon lui, les employés concernés s’étaient alors conformés aux règles ou avaient choisi de chercher un autre emploi. Il estime que les signes religieux extérieurs ne sont pas compatibles avec la neutralité des services publics et félicite les responsables provinciaux ayant appliqué cette politique.</p>

<p>Plus controversée encore est sa lecture du voile. Theo Francken met en doute le caractère volontaire de son port par de nombreuses jeunes filles et le présente comme un code de conduite religieux, voire idéologique, imposé collectivement.</p>

<p>Cette généralisation pose problème. Elle revient à supposer que les femmes voilées seraient, par définition, incapables de décider elles-mêmes de leur tenue. On prétend les libérer, mais on commence par leur retirer la possibilité de parler en leur propre nom.</p>

<p>Le paradoxe est évident : au nom de l’émancipation des femmes, une femme perd son emploi, son revenu et la carrière qu’elle avait construite.</p>

<h2>La décision démocratique ne ferme pas le débat juridique</h2>

<p>Les défenseurs de l’interdiction affirment qu’il s’agit d’une décision adoptée démocratiquement. Mais une majorité politique ne peut pas tout faire simplement parce qu’elle dispose des voix nécessaires.</p>

<p>Dans un État de droit, une décision démocratique reste soumise à la Constitution, aux lois antidiscrimination, au droit européen et au contrôle des tribunaux.</p>

<p>C’est précisément la fonction d’un recours : déterminer si la mesure poursuit un objectif légitime et si le licenciement constitue une réponse proportionnée. La justice devra également tenir compte du fait que l’enseignante avait été engagée, puis nommée, alors qu’elle portait déjà son voile.</p>

<p>La vraie question n’est donc pas seulement de savoir si une interdiction générale peut exister. Elle est de déterminer si l’on peut modifier les règles en cours de carrière, puis priver une enseignante nommée de son emploi alors qu’aucune insuffisance professionnelle ne lui est reprochée.</p>

<h2>Où sont les élus qui promettaient de défendre les libertés ?</h2>

<p>Lors de la campagne électorale de 2024, plusieurs partis sollicitant largement les voix des électeurs d’origine immigrée affirmaient vouloir défendre les libertés fondamentales et combattre les discriminations.</p>

<p>Dans notre émission d’octobre 2024, la responsabilité des élus issus de ces communautés avait été clairement posée : une fois élus, seraient-ils réellement capables de porter ces dossiers au sein de leurs partis ? Ou les promesses disparaîtraient-elles devant les rapports de force politiques ?</p>

<p>Aujourd’hui, la question revient avec davantage de gravité.</p>

<p>Que disent les élus de Vooruit ? Que pensent les responsables socialistes flamands d’une décision prise contre une enseignante dont le syndicat socialiste conteste le licenciement ? Quelle est la position du MR lorsqu’il défend une neutralité restrictive ? Jusqu’où la N-VA entend-elle étendre ces interdictions ?</p>

<p>Les électeurs concernés ont le droit d’obtenir des réponses précises, et non de simples déclarations prononcées pendant les campagnes électorales.</p>

<h2>Le premier licenciement, mais certainement pas le dernier ?</h2>

<p>Hadija Amajoud serait la première enseignante de Flandre explicitement licenciée pour avoir refusé de retirer son voile. Cette première crée désormais un précédent politique et administratif.</p>

<p>D’autres pouvoirs publics pourraient être tentés d’adopter des règlements similaires. D’autres enseignantes, éducatrices, employées communales ou agentes administratives pourraient bientôt être placées devant le même choix : retirer leur voile ou perdre leur emploi.</p>

<p>C’est là que se situe le véritable enjeu.</p>

<p>Aujourd’hui, il s’agit d’Hadija Amajoud. Demain, combien d’autres personnes seront concernées ? Et après-demain, quelles autres convictions ou expressions individuelles seront jugées incompatibles avec une neutralité dont la définition varie selon les majorités politiques ?</p>

<p>Une démocratie ne se mesure pas seulement à la volonté de la majorité. Elle se mesure aussi à sa capacité à protéger les droits des minorités.</p>

<p>La neutralité doit garantir que l’État ne favorise aucune conviction. Elle ne devrait pas devenir un prétexte permettant d’effacer certaines personnes de l’espace public.</p>

<p>Hadija Amajoud a perdu son emploi sans que ses qualités professionnelles soient remises en cause. Voilà le cœur du dossier. Derrière les grands principes et les discours politiques, une enseignante compétente se retrouve privée de sa carrière en raison d’un vêtement lié à sa conviction.</p>

<p>La sanction est tombée. La bataille juridique commence.</p>

<p>Mais une question reste suspendue au-dessus de toute la Flandre : Hadija Amajoud sera-t-elle la première, sans être la dernière ?</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2026 13:44:49 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>INTERVIEW| Malaysia, Egypt shift trade toward high-value industries: Malaysia trade commissioner</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/interview-malaysia-egypt-shift-trade-toward-high-value-industries-malaysia-trade-commissioner-1314</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/interview-malaysia-egypt-shift-trade-toward-high-value-industries-malaysia-trade-commissioner-1314</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[INTERVIEW| Malaysia, Egypt shift trade toward high-value industries: Malaysia trade commissioner]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>INTERVIEW| Malaysia, Egypt shift trade toward high-value industries: Malaysia trade commissioner</h1>

<h1>&nbsp;</h1>

<h6><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Amr Yehia&nbsp;, Sunday 13 Sep 2026</strong></span></h6>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Following record bilateral trade of $718 million in 2025, commercial relations between Cairo and Kuala Lumpur are shifting toward high-value technology sharing, joint manufacturing, and supply-chain integration.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><img alt="`" src="https://english.ahram.org.eg/Media/News/2026/9/13/41_2026-639249217974935994-493.jpg" /></p>

<p>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</p>

<p>In an exclusive interview with Ahram Online, Mohd Khairy Maidin, the trade commissioner of the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) in Cairo, outlined how MATRADE is leveraging this momentum across Egypt’s mega-projects, digital trade corridors, and MIHAS 2026.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Ahram Online (AO): Since assuming your role as trade commissioner in Cairo, and with MATRADE’s expanded regional mandate, what have been the standout achievements and key milestones in driving Malaysia-Egypt commercial relations, especially given the record $718 million bilateral trade volume achieved in 2025?</strong></p>

<p><strong>Mohd Khairy Maidin:</strong>&nbsp;It is an incredibly exciting time to be steering this ship. Hitting that $718 million mark in 2025 was not just a numerical victory; it proved the deep economic resilience and mutual synergy between our two nations. However, if you ask me what I am most proud of, it is the qualitative shift in how we trade.</p>

<p>The standout milestone is undoubtedly the inauguration of the Proton Saga completely knocked-down (CKD) assembly facility in Giza, operated in partnership with Ezz Elarab Elsewedy Automotive Factories (ESAF). This multi-million-dollar joint venture completely shifts our dynamic. We are no longer just exchanging bulk commodities; we are now trading in high-value industrial technology, manufacturing capacity, and shared expertise.</p>

<p>We have successfully broadened our trade basket; while palm oil remains a fundamental pillar, we are seeing aggressive, sustainable growth in electrical and electronics (E&amp;E), automotive components, and machinery.</p>

<p><strong>AO: The trade basket between both nations is evolving rapidly from traditional commodities to industrial technology. What specific Malaysian sectors offer the strongest immediate export potential to Egypt, and vice versa?</strong></p>

<p><strong>KM:</strong>&nbsp;You have hit the nail on the head regarding the evolution of our bilateral trade. On the Malaysian side, the immediate potential lies in integrating our suppliers directly into Egypt's localized industrial supply chains.</p>

<p>Following the Proton assembly expansion in Giza, there is massive room for Tier 1 and Tier 2 Malaysian automotive parts manufacturers to supply the Egyptian market.</p>

<p>Beyond automotive, our Electrical &amp; Electronics (E&amp;E) sector, particularly semiconductors and smart manufacturing equipment, is perfectly positioned to support Egypt’s ongoing industrial leap. We also see robust demand for our green technologies and solar components, alongside high-value Halal F&amp;B, such as specialized ingredients and sustainable palm oil derivatives.</p>

<p>Looking at what Egypt offers Malaysia, the trade flow is highly complementary. Egypt is a recognized powerhouse in fertilizers and agrochemicals, which are critical for Malaysia's extensive agriculture and plantation sectors.</p>

<p>Furthermore, we are increasingly sourcing Egyptian fresh produce, like citrus fruits and high-quality dates, and exploring petroleum products to support Malaysia's energy diversification goals.</p>

<p><strong>AO: Egypt is undergoing a massive transformation with nationwide mega-projects and smart cities. How do you see Malaysian enterprises benefiting from and contributing to this growth?</strong></p>

<p><strong>KM:</strong>&nbsp;Malaysia brings a proven, practical track record to this space. We built our own green administrative capital from scratch in Putrajaya, as well as our primary tech hub in Cyberjaya. Therefore, we do not view Egypt's mega-projects merely as bidding opportunities for foreign contractors; we are actively positioning Malaysian firms as long-term strategic partners in green construction and smart urban management.</p>

<p>We are encouraging Malaysian suppliers to provide high-value building materials, such as specialized architectural glass, sustainable timber, and advanced insulation tailored specifically for desert climates.</p>

<p>More importantly, MATRADE is actively encouraging our software and technology firms to form joint ventures with Egyptian engineering giants. This ensures that as we introduce IoT-enabled transit technology and smart city software for projects like the New Capital, we are also facilitating genuine knowledge transfer and local capacity building.</p>

<p><strong>AO: With Egypt serving as a strategic gateway into Africa through the AfCFTA and Malaysia offering a doorway into Southeast Asia as an ASEAN powerhouse, how is MATRADE facilitating concrete B2B linkages and supply chain integration?</strong></p>

<p><strong>KM:</strong>&nbsp;This "dual-gateway" framework is the absolute core of our pitch to the private sector. We consistently tell Malaysian businesses: do not look at Egypt simply as a consumer market of 105 million people. Look at it as your strategic manufacturing launchpad for the entire African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).</p>

<p>&nbsp;The Proton Giza assembly plant is a perfect example, as the facility prepares to export assembled vehicles to North and Sub-Saharan Africa by the end of 2026.</p>

<p>To operationalize this strategy, MATRADE Cairo is actively facilitating institutional linkages, including institutional MoUs between the Federation of Egyptian Chambers of Commerce (FEDCOC) and the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (NCCIM).</p>

<p>We are physically connecting Egyptian raw material exporters with Malaysia's manufacturing hubs, utilizing Malaysia's world-class port infrastructure so Egyptian exporters can use us as a primary redistribution hub for the 600-million-strong ASEAN market.</p>

<p><strong>AO: What key operational challenges are Egyptian and Malaysian exporters currently facing, and what policy solutions or institutional mechanisms are being deployed to streamline trade flows?</strong></p>

<p><strong>KM:</strong>&nbsp;I prefer to be candid: international trade is never without friction. Currently, currency volatility, localized foreign exchange constraints, and complex customs documentation are the primary hurdles facing our exporters.</p>

<p>However, we are actively deploying concrete mechanisms to address these issues. To mitigate hard currency constraints, we are elevating bilateral dialogues around alternative trade settlement mechanisms, including local currency trade and structured barter-like frameworks.</p>

<p>On the regulatory front, we are working to strengthen mutual recognition between Malaysia's halal authority (JAKIM) and Egyptian certification bodies to eliminate double-certification bottlenecks at customs ports.</p>

<p>Finally, we are advocating for digital, blockchain-based trade corridors to make customs documentation paperless, which will drastically reduce port clearance times for time-sensitive cargo.</p>

<p><strong>AO: Looking ahead, what are your primary targets and strategic priorities for MATRADE Cairo to deepen trade&nbsp;and further elevate the commercial partnership?</strong></p>

<p><strong>KM:</strong>&nbsp;Our quantitative target is to sustain 10 percent to 15 percent year-on-year growth in overall bilateral trade. However, the qualitative composition of that growth matters far more than the headline number; we want it driven predominantly by non-traditional, high-value sectors rather than bulk commodities.</p>

<p>Strategically, my primary priority is achieving true investment reciprocity. We need to move beyond traditional buying and selling toward genuine cross-border Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). I want to see Egyptian private capital and sovereign funds investing in Malaysia's tech parks and Halal hubs, just as Malaysian capital is establishing roots in Egypt.</p>

<p>Additionally, we are prioritizing tech capacity building, specifically exporting Malaysian Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), cybersecurity, and Islamic fintech solutions to directly support Egypt's digital transformation agenda.</p>

<p><strong>AO: Finally, with the 22nd edition of the Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS 2026) taking place September 23–26 in Kuala Lumpur, what is the core agenda, and what benefits can participating Egyptian enterprises expect?</strong></p>

<p><strong>KM:</strong>&nbsp;MIHAS is the benchmark event for the global Halal economy, and this 22nd edition, running from 23 to 26 September&nbsp;at the Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre (MITEC) in Kuala Lumpur, will be groundbreaking. This year, the core theme&nbsp;centres on embedding trust, governance, and technology into international trade, with artificial intelligence featured as a standalone sector for the first time.</p>

<p>My expectations for Egyptian participation are exceptionally high. We anticipate robust delegations from both the public and private sectors, particularly across pharmaceuticals, modest fashion, cosmetics, and processed food industries. The tangible benefit for an Egyptian business attending MIHAS 2026 is that they are not just selling to Malaysia; they are entering a global sourcing hub with buyers from over 80 countries.</p>

<p>Through MATRADE’s International Sourcing Programme (INSP), we pre-schedule targeted B2B meetings for Egyptian exporters with pre-vetted global buyers, offering them a gateway to integrate into the $3 trillion global halal ecosystem.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2026 00:37:27 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>80’ler — 1. Bölüm</title>
                <category>Sait Kose</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/80ler-1-bolum-1313</link>
                <author>skose6826@GMAIL.COM (Sait Kose)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/80ler-1-bolum-1313</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[80’ler — 1. Bölüm]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:26px"><em>Pazar Yazısı</em></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#ffffff"><span style="font-size:48px"><strong><span style="background-color:#e74c3c">80’ler — 1. Bölüm</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/806884848_29078001741802273_7748139228884575055_n.jpg" style="height:590px; width:443px" /></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center">Son günlerde sosyal medyada bir 80’ler akımı var. Herkes kendisini veya ailesini o yılların kıyafetleri, arabaları, mekânları veya müzikleriyle paylaşıyor.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Sorulan soru ise genelde şu:</p>

<p style="text-align:center">80’ler gerçekten güzel miydi?</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bana göre herkes kendi hayatına göre cevap verebilir.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Kiminin çocukluğu güzel geçti, kiminin gençliği...</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Kiminin ilk aşkı veya hayat aşkı, bazılarının ilk arabası, ilk işi... Hatta birçok insanın doğduğu yıllar ve hayata ilk bakışı...</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Kiminin ise 80’lerden hatırlamak bile istemediği anıları vardır mutlaka.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">O yüzden “80’ler güzeldi” veya “ne renki kıyafetlerimiz vardı” demenin tek başına çok fazla anlamı yok.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bana göre ise bir gerçek var:</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Hayat çok daha yavaş akıyordu.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Mesela “videolar” ilk o yıllarda yaygınlaşmıştı. İlk çıkanlar yaklaşık 60 bin Belçika frangıydı. Bir işçinin 30 bin frank kazandığını düşünürsek, bugünün parasıyla en az 5 bin euroluk bir cihazdan bahsediyoruz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Şimdi evinizde oturup IPTV veya Netflix’ten istediğiniz film veya diziyi izliyorsunuz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">O zaman ise kasetçiye gidip film kiralamak başlı başına bir maceraydı.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">"Üç film 100 frank" <img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t4f/1/16/1f601.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:center">Şimdi bir haber anında dünyanın öbür ucundan görüntülü olarak bize ulaşıyor.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">O zaman ise haberin gelmesi bile bir haberdi.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Birçoğumuzun unuttuğu faks yeni yeni yaygınlaşıyordu. Gazeteciler haberleri teleks ile geçiyordu.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bir fotoğrafı çekip fotoğrafın negatifini verip foroları almak bazen bir hafta sürerken, şimdi dünyanın öte ucundaki ailemizle anında görüntülü görüşebiliyoruz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bugün aynı anda yüzlerce kanala, binlerce videoya ve milyonlarca habere ulaşabiliyoruz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Ama bir şeyi de unutmamak lazım:</p>

<p style="text-align:center">ÇOK BİLGİYE ULAŞMAK , HER ZAMAN DAHA ÇOK ŞEY BİLMEK ANLAMINA GELMİYOR .</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Belki 80’lerde daha az haberimiz vardı.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Ama gelen haberi daha uzun konuşuyorduk.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bugün ise bir haber geliyor...</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Okuyoruz...</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bir dakika sonra başka bir haber geliyor.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Sonra onu unutuyoruz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">80’lerin en büyük farkı buydu:</p>

<p style="text-align:center">HER ŞEY DAHA YAVAŞTI .</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Hayat gerçekten daha mı güzeldi?</p>

<p style="text-align:center">80’leri yaşayan herkesin cevabı farklı olur eminim.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Ve gelecek Pazar, 80’lerin dünyasına biraz daha yakından bakacağız.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Dünyada ne oluyordu?</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Belçika’da ne oluyordu?</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Türkiye’de neler yaşanıyordu?</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Çünkü 80’ler sadece kasetlerden, saçlardan ve fotoğraflardan ibaret değildi.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Bugünün dünyası, o yıllarda alınan kararlarla şekilleniyordu.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">Ve...</p>

<p style="text-align:center">“Netekim” öyle de oldu.</p>

<p style="text-align:center">(“Netekim”deki ironiyi gelecek hafta anlatacağım)</p>

<p style="text-align:center">80'ler gibi renkli bir pazarınız olsun dostlar .</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em>Sait Köse</em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em>Brüksel, 13 Eylül 2026</em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/803827443_29078002861802161_8446657022656321729_n.jpg" style="height:711px; width:800px" /></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/805899825_29078001965135584_1998115503242175701_n.jpg" style="height:600px; width:800px" /></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/807797500_29078002305135550_7300980795516458977_n.jpg" style="height:800px; width:542px" /></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/806686228_29078003158468798_7018434312505746714_n.jpg" style="height:534px; width:800px" /></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/806884848_29078001741802273_7748139228884575055_n.jpg" style="height:590px; width:443px" /></em></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 13 Sep 2026 19:56:33 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Aynı Şehirde, Farklı Hayatlar: Ekonomik Eşitsizlik İnsan Psikolojisini Nasıl Değiştiriyor?</title>
                <category>Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ayni-sehirde-farkli-hayatlar-ekonomik-esitsizlik-insan-psikolojisini-nasil-degistiriyor-1312</link>
                <author>YESIMSARIKAYA@bruxelleskorner.com (Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ayni-sehirde-farkli-hayatlar-ekonomik-esitsizlik-insan-psikolojisini-nasil-degistiriyor-1312</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Aynı Şehirde, Farklı Hayatlar: Ekonomik Eşitsizlik İnsan Psikolojisini Nasıl Değiştiriyor?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aynı Şehirde, Farklı Hayatlar: Ekonomik Eşitsizlik İnsan Psikolojisini Nasıl Değiştiriyor?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hiç çevrenize dikkatlice baktınız mı?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aynı sokakta yaşayan iki insan, aynı otobüse binen iki çalışan ya da aynı okulda okuyan iki çocuk... Fiziksel olarak birbirlerine çok yakın olabilirler. Ancak hayata bakışları, gelecek planları ve günlük kaygıları birbirinden kilometrelerce uzakta olabilir. Çünkü ekonomik eşitsizlik yalnızca gelir farkı değildir; aynı zamanda umut, güven, sağlık, eğitim ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasında da görünmez mesafeler oluşturur. Ekonomik eşitsizlikten söz edildiğinde çoğu zaman aklımıza rakamlar gelir. Enflasyon, maaşlar, kira fiyatları, satın alma gücü ya da gelir dağılımı konuşulur. Oysa bu tablonun görünmeyen bir yüzü daha vardır. O da insan zihninde bıraktığı etkidir. Çünkü ekonomik koşullar yalnızca yaşam standartlarımızı değil, düşünme biçimimizi, kararlarımızı ve geleceğe bakışımızı da şekillendirir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/32a8100c-cfc9-4a63-94a7-8eacb6191168.png" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Düşünün... Ay sonunu nasıl getireceğini hesaplayan bir insanın zihni ile gelecekte yapmak istediği yatırımları planlayan bir insanın zihni aynı şekilde çalışabilir mi?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Psikoloji bize bunun pek mümkün olmadığını söylüyor. İnsan beyni, temel ihtiyaçlarının tehdit altında olduğunu hissettiğinde önceliğini değiştiriyor. Güvende kalmaya odaklanan bir zihin, uzun vadeli planlar yapmakta, yeni fikirler üretmekte ve geleceğe umutla bakmakta zorlanabiliyor. Bu nedenle ekonomik baskı yalnızca cüzdanı değil; dikkati, hafızayı, karar verme süreçlerini ve kişiler arası ilişkileri de etkileyebiliyor. Son yıllarda yapılan psikoloji araştırmaları, ekonomik belirsizlik arttıkça insanların kaygı düzeylerinin yükseldiğini, geleceğe ilişkin umutlarının ise zayıflayabildiğini gösteriyor. İlginç olan nokta şu ki, insanları her zaman sahip oldukları gelir değil, o gelirin kendilerine güvenli bir gelecek sağlayıp sağlamayacağı düşüncesi daha fazla etkiliyor. Başka bir ifadeyle, yalnızca yoksulluk değil, ekonomik belirsizlik de zihinsel yük oluşturabiliyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomik eşitsizliğin etkisi yalnızca maddi imkânları sınırlı olan bireylerle de sınırlı değildir. Araştırmalar, gelir farklarının çok belirgin olduğu toplumlarda yüksek gelir grubundaki bireylerin bile daha düşük toplumsal güven, daha fazla stres ve daha yoğun rekabet duygusu yaşayabildiğini ortaya koyuyor. Çünkü eşitsizlik arttıkça insanlar birbirlerini daha fazla kıyaslamaya başlıyor. Karşılaştırmalar arttıkça ise yaşamdan alınan doyum azalabiliyor. Belki de bu yüzden günümüzde görünmez bir yarışın içindeyiz. Daha büyük bir ev, daha yeni bir telefon, daha prestijli bir makam, daha pahalı bir tatil... Özellikle sosyal medya, bu yarışı her gün yeniden gözümüzün önüne getiriyor. İnsanlar artık yalnızca kendi yaşamlarını yaşamıyor; başkalarının hayatlarının en parlak anlarıyla da sürekli karşılaşıyor. Oysa gördüğümüz kareler, çoğu zaman hayatın tamamını değil, yalnızca seçilmiş birkaç saniyesini yansıtıyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kendimizi sürekli başkalarının yaşamıyla karşılaştırdığımızda, elimizde olanları fark etmek giderek zorlaşıyor. Bir süre sonra sahip olduklarımız normalleşirken, sahip olmadıklarımız daha görünür hâle geliyor. Bu durum ise memnuniyetsizlik hissini besleyebiliyor. Oysa psikolojik iyi oluşun en güçlü belirleyicilerinden biri, sürekli daha fazlasına sahip olmak değil; sahip olduklarının değerini görebilmek ve geleceğe dair gerçekçi bir umut geliştirebilmektir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomik eşitsizliğin en fazla etkilediği gruplardan biri de çocuklar ve gençlerdir. Çocuklar yalnızca ailelerinin ekonomik koşullarını değil, o koşulların oluşturduğu duygusal iklimi de hissederler. Evde sürekli geçim kaygısının konuşulduğu, gelecek endişesinin yoğun yaşandığı bir ortamda büyüyen çocuklar, dünyayı daha belirsiz ve daha tehditkâr algılayabilir. Bu durum onların akademik motivasyonundan sosyal ilişkilerine kadar birçok alanı etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle ekonomik eşitsizlik yalnızca bugünü değil, gelecek kuşakların psikolojik gelişimini de ilgilendiren toplumsal bir konudur.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Çalışma hayatında da benzer bir tablo görüyoruz. Aynı kurumda çalışan kişiler arasında ücret, fırsat ya da takdir açısından adaletsizlik algısı oluştuğunda sorun yalnızca motivasyonun azalması değildir. Güven zedelenmeye, iş birliği zayıflamaya ve çalışanlar birbirlerini desteklemek yerine rakip olarak görmeye başlayabilir. Endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisi alanındaki çalışmalar, çalışanların yalnızca aldıkları ücrete değil, o ücretin ne kadar adil olduğuna da önem verdiklerini göstermektedir. İnsanlar çoğu zaman mutlak kazançlarını değil, kendilerine nasıl davranıldığını ve emeklerinin ne ölçüde karşılık bulduğunu değerlendirirler.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peki böyle bir ortamda birey ne yapabilir?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Her şeyden önce kendi değerini yalnızca ekonomik göstergeler üzerinden tanımlamamaya çalışmalıdır. Gelir düzeyi yaşam koşullarını etkileyebilir; ancak insanın karakterini, bilgi birikimini, yeteneklerini ya da topluma sağlayacağı katkıyı belirlemez. Kendimizi yalnızca sahip olduklarımız üzerinden değerlendirdiğimizde, mutluluğumuzu da sürekli değişen ekonomik koşullara teslim etmiş oluruz. İkinci olarak, sürekli kıyaslama alışkanlığını fark etmek önemlidir. Elbette insan zaman zaman kendisini başkalarıyla karşılaştıracaktır. Ancak bu karşılaştırmalar, gelişmek için bir motivasyon kaynağı olmaktan çıkıp değersizlik hissi üretmeye başladığında psikolojik yük oluşturur. Böyle anlarda dikkatimizi başkalarının hayatından kendi hedeflerimize yöneltmek daha sağlıklı bir yaklaşım olabilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Son olarak şunu unutmamak gerekir: Ekonomik eşitsizlik, bireysel çabayla tamamen ortadan kaldırılabilecek bir sorun değildir. Bu nedenle yaşanan her güçlüğü kişinin yetersizliği olarak görmek de doğru değildir. Bazen insanlar ellerinden geleni yapmalarına rağmen içinde bulundukları ekonomik koşullar nedeniyle zorlanabilirler. Böyle zamanlarda kendimize karşı daha anlayışlı olmak, sosyal destek aramak ve kontrol edebildiğimiz alanlara odaklanmak psikolojik dayanıklılığı güçlendirebilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Belki de kendimize sormamız gereken en önemli soru şudur: Gerçekten daha mı yoksuluz, yoksa sürekli başkalarının hayatına bakmaktan kendi hayatımızın değerini göremiyor muyuz?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomik eşitsizlik, çağımızın en önemli toplumsal sorunlarından biridir ve çözümü yalnızca bireylerin omuzlarına bırakılamaz. Ancak psikolojik açıdan güçlü kalabilmek, bu gerçeği inkâr etmekten değil; onun hayatımız üzerindeki etkisini doğru anlamaktan geçer. Çünkü insanın gerçek zenginliği yalnızca banka hesabında değil; umut edebilme gücünde, üretebilme isteğinde, kurduğu ilişkilerde ve yaşamına yüklediği anlamda da saklıdır. Belki de en büyük zenginlik, sahip olduklarımızı küçümsemeden, sahip olamadıklarımızın da hayatımızdaki tek ölçü olmasına izin vermeden yaşayabilmektir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Doç. Dr. Yeşim SIRAKAYA</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">St. Clements University - UK</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Endüstri ve Örgüt Psikolojisi</span></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 12 Sep 2026 16:00:57 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2026/07/doc-dr-yesim-sirakaya-1783624529.jpeg"/>
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                                <item>
                <title>Kazakhstan, Europe and the Institutional Foundations of Technological Power</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kazakhstan-europe-and-the-institutional-foundations-of-technological-power-1311</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kazakhstan-europe-and-the-institutional-foundations-of-technological-power-1311</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Kazakhstan, Europe and the Institutional Foundations of Technological Power]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Kazakhstan, Europe and the Institutional Foundations of Technological Power</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>By Dr Glenn Agung Hole</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><em>Kazakhstan’s supercomputing ambitions raise a question that Europe cannot afford to treat as someone else’s development challenge: how does access to advanced technology become a lasting capacity to innovate, retain economic value and act independently?</em></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In October 2025, Kazakhstan’s government addressed a question that deserves a place in Europe’s debate about technological sovereignty. It approved rules for allocating the computing resources of Alem.Cloud, its national supercomputing centre, with the stated aim of providing access to universities, scientific organisations, start-ups and commercial projects. The significance lay in the proposed relationship between advanced infrastructure and the wider economy. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Who gains access to computing power, under what conditions, and with what opportunities to develop a viable business around it? These questions receive less attention than processing speeds. Yet they help determine whether a technological investment becomes a source of productive capability or remains an expensive installation with limited effects beyond its immediate users.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Alem.Cloud belongs to the domain of classical high-performance computing. Its relevance is not that it establishes Kazakhstan’s leadership in quantum technology, but that it exposes an institutional challenge shared by technologically ambitious states: acquiring an advanced asset is only one stage in developing the capacity to benefit from it. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For Brussels, the appropriate response is neither to celebrate Kazakhstan as a model nor to dismiss its ambitions as a peripheral development story. It is to examine the conditions under which technological investment changes a country’s economic possibilities—and the conditions under which it merely changes the form of its dependencies.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>From computing access to productive ownership</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The economic case for shared computing infrastructure begins with a plausible mechanism. Where access is affordable and predictable, a smaller enterprise can undertake experiments that would otherwise require prohibitive investment. Engineers can test applications, researchers can work with more demanding models, and potential customers can assess solutions before committing to deployment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But this mechanism has several points of failure.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Consider a hypothetical engineering company developing software for industrial maintenance. Computing access may enable it to build a working application. Commercial success would still depend on suitable data, technical staff, a customer willing to test the product and financing that lasts beyond the demonstration phase. A promising application could stall even while the national computing facility operates exactly as intended.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is why entrepreneurship belongs inside technological strategy, rather than being appended to it as an expected consequence.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Entrepreneurs perform the difficult work of turning knowledge into something another organisation will use and pay for. Their ability to do so depends on an environment that connects research to customers, capital and practical expertise. Supporting one part of that environment while neglecting the others can produce impressive project statistics without durable businesses.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">By <em>institutional capital</em>, I mean the accumulated rules, organisational knowledge and relationships that enable a society to coordinate productive activity and renew its capabilities. Its importance becomes visible in these connections. A university may be excellent, a financing programme well administered and a computing centre technically advanced, while the arrangements between them remain inadequate.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Infrastructure and the broader business environment therefore need to be considered together. An assessment of a computing investment should examine the reliability of electricity and connectivity alongside the availability of engineers. A commercialisation programme should consider whether firms can finance expansion and plan under predictable tax and regulatory conditions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Taxation, in this context, cannot be assessed solely through the revenue collected in a particular year. Its design should also be evaluated against the ability of productive enterprises to retain capital and finance uncertain development. That does not establish a case for indiscriminate tax reductions. It establishes a case for judging fiscal policy and industrial ambition together.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The strategic return is not exhausted by the first successful application. It also includes the expertise, commercial relationships and accumulated capital that make the next application possible.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Kazakhstan’s test is whether the benefits spread</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan’s published access policy expresses an intention to connect computing resources with a broad range of users. The announcement alone does not establish that access is equitable, that commercially successful applications have emerged or that the benefits extend beyond organisations already close to public resources. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That distinction matters because the country’s wider institutional constraints are substantial. In its assessment published in January 2026, the International Monetary Fund identified the state’s large economic presence as a constraint on private-sector development. Its Executive Directors argued that investment in digitalisation and infrastructure should be accompanied by stronger legal protections, secure property rights and a more level playing field for private enterprise. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These are not qualifications to be placed politely at the end of an otherwise celebratory technological narrative. They concern the mechanism through which the investment is supposed to work.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If access favours established or politically connected organisations, public infrastructure can reinforce existing concentrations of economic power. If independent enterprises can compete on credible terms, the same infrastructure can widen participation and create opportunities that incumbents would not develop themselves.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The state’s challenge is therefore more demanding than selecting a national priority and financing it. It must create conditions in which actors it does not directly control can identify uses, challenge assumptions and retain a meaningful share of the value they create.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Public support can be justified where experimentation generates knowledge that individual firms cannot fully capture. But support should come with independent evaluation and the possibility of redirecting resources. A programme that cannot acknowledge failure cannot reliably distinguish learning from waste.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For Alem.Cloud, evidence of institutional progress would include transparent allocation decisions, meaningful participation by independent firms and credible accounts of what users achieve. The relevant question is whether capabilities spread through the economy, rather than remaining concentrated around the facility.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/5aab9f45-7946-4464-ba53-393cf72d0d85.png" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Europe’s problem is the connection between its strengths</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe should recognise this challenge without assuming that Kazakhstan’s circumstances are equivalent to its own.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">European technological capability is real. Germany’s JUPITER Booster ranked fifth in the June 2026 TOP500 supercomputer list. Europe’s position cannot reasonably be described as one of regulatory activity without technical achievement. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Yet scientific and infrastructural strength do not resolve every part of the economic problem. The European Commission’s Quantum Europe Strategy, adopted in July 2025, explicitly identified difficulties in translating innovation into market opportunities, together with fragmentation across national strategies and roadmaps. Its proposed response connected research, infrastructure, industrial development, investment and skills. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The institutional diagnosis is consequently more precise than the familiar claim that Europe simply regulates too much. The question is whether its different policies reinforce the same productive process.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A research agency may fund a promising technology while procurement arrangements make it difficult for a young company to secure an initial customer. An infrastructure programme may expand computing access while firms struggle to finance the next stage of development. Each intervention can fulfil its own mandate without the combined system producing the intended result.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The unit of evaluation should therefore be the full path from knowledge to productive use, not merely the performance of individual programmes.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Ownership enters the argument at this point. Where a company must relocate key activities to obtain growth financing, the concern is not simply that foreign investors receive a return. It is that decisions about future research, reinvestment and capability development may increasingly be taken elsewhere.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Foreign capital can also expand domestic capability. Acquisition need not destroy local expertise, and national ownership does not guarantee productive investment. The appropriate test is what happens to the capacity to develop technology and make consequential decisions—not the passport of every shareholder.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe should accordingly distinguish between attracting activity and retaining the institutional conditions for its renewal. Hosting a successful project is valuable. Remaining a credible location for its next generation requires a deeper alignment of skills, capital, infrastructure and incentives.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Quantum security makes institutional delay consequential</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The same problem appears in the protection of information against future quantum attacks.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Frédéric Rosard’s recent analysis of quantum geopolitics draws attention to the dependence that can arise when countries lack the knowledge and facilities needed to participate in advanced technological systems. An institutional perspective extends that concern to their ability to adapt and replace the systems on which they already rely. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A sufficiently capable quantum computer could threaten important public-key cryptographic systems. The timing remains uncertain. However, information requiring long-term confidentiality can be exposed to a present-day collection risk: an adversary may retain encrypted material in the expectation of decrypting it later. This is why preparation need not—and should not—depend on predicting the precise date of a technological breakthrough. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The technical foundations for a transition are already being established. NIST released its first three finalised post-quantum cryptography standards in August 2024, covering key establishment and digital signatures, and encouraged organisations to begin integrating them. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The EU’s June 2025 roadmap, meanwhile, calls for all member states to begin transitioning by the end of 2026, with the protection of critical infrastructure transitioned as soon as possible and no later than the end of 2030. These are recommended implementation milestones, not evidence that the necessary organisational changes have occurred. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The institutional work is concrete. Organisations need to identify where cryptography is used, understand supplier dependencies and plan changes across systems that may have different owners and replacement schedules. NIST’s guidance specifically recommends inventories and engagement with technical departments and vendors. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">From there, responsibility must connect to budgets and procurement decisions. A security team cannot complete a transition through technical expertise alone if it has no authority over the contracts or systems that need to change.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is the wider lesson for technological sovereignty: a society needs the capacity to revise earlier technological choices. The ability to install a system and the ability to replace it are distinct capabilities. Strategic resilience requires both.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Cooperation should leave both sides more capable</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For Europe and Kazakhstan, this institutional perspective suggests a more useful basis for cooperation than declarations about digital leadership.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A partnership should be designed around a problem that participating organisations are equipped to address. For example, a jointly funded research-to-industry programme could connect computing access with technical training, independent project selection and trials with potential customers. Its evaluation would examine whether participants developed expertise and applications that remained useful after the initial funding ended.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This would differ from an arrangement whose principal achievement was the delivery of equipment. It would also differ from training disconnected from any organisation capable of employing the resulting skills.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The conditions of cooperation would matter as much as its technological content. Rights to use research results should be clear. Commercial confidentiality and personal data should be protected. Academic participants should retain the freedom to question methods and report disappointing findings. Sensitive technologies would require proportionate security assessments.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Such safeguards are part of the productive value of a partnership. They make it more credible for researchers, firms and public organisations to commit resources beyond a single transaction.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Neither side should assume that cooperation requires eliminating every foreign dependency. A more practical objective is to make critical dependencies understandable and manageable. Where several systems rely on the same underlying supplier, purchasing through different intermediaries may offer little additional freedom. Where local teams gain the knowledge to assess alternatives, negotiate terms and reorganise operations, international cooperation can increase autonomy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For Kazakhstan, that would mean using external partnerships to expand domestic productive capability rather than merely multiplying suppliers. For Europe, it would mean treating a potential partner as a participant in knowledge production, while maintaining demanding standards for security and accountability.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Both would need to assess success over a longer horizon than the announcement of an investment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The decisive test comes when the original equipment needs upgrading, the first grant expires or a commercial relationship changes. Can the institutions that have formed around the investment retain expertise, mobilise new capital and make an informed decision about what comes next?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is where institutional capital becomes strategic capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For Astana and Brussels alike, the most consequential outcome would be an economy better able to undertake its next technological transition—not simply better equipped at the end of this one.</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 12 Sep 2026 15:25:38 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Europe Cannot Build Strategic Autonomy on Industrial Retreat</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/europe-cannot-build-strategic-autonomy-on-industrial-retreat-1310</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/europe-cannot-build-strategic-autonomy-on-industrial-retreat-1310</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Europe Cannot Build Strategic Autonomy on Industrial Retreat]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Europe Cannot Build Strategic Autonomy on Industrial Retreat</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Pierre Wunsch’s warning that heavy industry could disappear from Europe by 2050 should not be dismissed as another intervention in the climate debate. It exposes a deeper contradiction at the heart of the European project. Brussels wants climate neutrality, strategic autonomy, greater defence capacity and technological sovereignty at the same time. Yet none of these ambitions can be sustained if Europe progressively weakens the industrial system on which they all depend.</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>By Dr.&nbsp;Glenn Agung Hole</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/46447a4e-bcec-4cb0-b24f-0f5a6cb11445.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">When Pierre Wunsch, Governor of the National Bank of Belgium and a member of the European Central Bank’s Governing Council, warned in Brussels that heavy industry could effectively disappear from Europe by 2050 under current policies, the most important part of his intervention was not the date.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nor was it the precise carbon price.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The real issue is whether Europe has constructed an institutional architecture in which the policy instruments designed to deliver one strategic objective increasingly undermine the productive capacity required to achieve the others.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is a much more fundamental European question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe wants to reach climate neutrality. It wants greater strategic autonomy. It wants to rebuild defence capacity, reduce technological dependence on the United States and China, secure critical supply chains and establish a stronger position in artificial intelligence, clean technology and advanced manufacturing.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Each objective is understandable.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Taken together, however, they require an enormous expansion of physical, technological and industrial capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They require electricity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They require grids.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They require steel, chemicals, cement, specialised metals, machinery, transformers, semiconductors, engineering capabilities, industrial infrastructure and capital.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In other words, Europe’s post-geopolitical ambitions are extraordinarily industrial.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is why Wunsch’s warning matters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A Europe that becomes geopolitically more ambitious while becoming industrially weaker is moving in two directions at once.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The contradiction cannot be solved rhetorically.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It must be solved economically.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Belgium provides a particularly useful lens through which to understand the problem.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The National Bank of Belgium has already documented that energy-intensive industries face growing competitive pressure from energy costs and carbon pricing. Chemicals, basic metals, mineral products, paper and refining are particularly exposed, and Belgian energy-intensive industries appear in several respects more sensitive to energy shocks than equivalent industries in France, Germany and the Netherlands. In 2025, transmission tariffs for large Belgian electricity consumers doubled compared with the previous year.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This matters because Belgium is not an abstract case at the margins of European industry.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The Belgian economy sits at the centre of one of Europe’s most sophisticated industrial and logistical systems. Its chemical and petrochemical clusters, ports, transport networks and advanced manufacturing capabilities form part of deeply integrated European value chains.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Energy-intensive industries themselves account for only around 4 per cent of Belgian value added and 3 per cent of employment. But this understates their systemic importance. The National Bank estimates that a negative shock to these industries could directly affect as many as 130,000 jobs, with three quarters of Belgian employment in energy-intensive industries concentrated in Flanders.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The deeper issue is therefore not how many people stand inside the factory gate.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is how much economic activity depends upon what happens behind it.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Modern industrial capacity exists as an ecosystem. Chemicals feed pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, construction and agriculture. Metals enter machinery, transport, energy systems and defence. Industrial gases, refining, specialised materials and engineering services intersect across thousands of production processes.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Remove enough foundational capacity and the consequences propagate far beyond the sector where the original production loss occurred.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is where Europe’s current policy debate becomes too fragmented.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Climate policy is discussed as climate policy. Energy policy is discussed as energy policy. Competitiveness is treated as another policy portfolio. Defence, capital markets, technology and strategic autonomy are debated in still other institutional silos.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But firms do not experience Europe in silos.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">An industrial company experiences all these policies simultaneously through one economic calculation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It sees the electricity price, the carbon price, the cost of capital, the time required to secure a permit, the availability of grid capacity, the tax system, the regulatory burden, the labour market and the expected demand for its output.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Then it decides whether to invest.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is the point at which political ambition becomes economic reality.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And this is where Europe is struggling.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The European Commission itself now acknowledges that affordable energy is fundamental to competitiveness and that energy costs materially shape investment decisions in energy-intensive sectors. Its Affordable Energy Action Plan is explicitly designed to reduce costs, improve energy-market integration and accelerate investment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The recognition is important.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But it also reveals how far the European debate has moved.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Only a few years ago, competitiveness was often treated as something that would emerge almost automatically from the green transition: Europe would regulate early, innovate first and create industrial leadership in the technologies of the future.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The reality has proven more complicated.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Decarbonisation requires technologies, but technology requires capital. Capital requires an investable project. And an investable project requires an expected return that compensates for risk.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The chain cannot simply be reversed by political intention.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is where the sequencing of European policy becomes decisive.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A high carbon price can be an economically coherent mechanism if industry already has viable substitutes available at scale: abundant low-carbon electricity, sufficient grid capacity, commercially mature technologies and financing structures capable of supporting the transition.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The same carbon price has a very different effect when those alternatives remain expensive, infrastructure-constrained or technologically immature.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In the first case, the carbon price accelerates substitution.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In the second, it may accelerate exit.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That distinction is fundamental.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe should therefore be extremely careful not to confuse the pricing of the old industrial system with the construction of the new one.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They are not the same economic process.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The EU Emissions Trading System can make carbon-intensive production progressively more expensive. It cannot, by itself, build a power station, reinforce a transmission grid, construct a hydrogen network or create an internationally competitive low-carbon steel plant.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Those are capital-formation problems.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And capital formation follows a different logic.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is also why the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, although economically sophisticated, cannot solve the entire competitiveness problem.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">CBAM attempts to prevent carbon leakage by requiring certain imports into the European market to face a carbon cost comparable to that imposed on European producers.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That helps address an obvious distortion in the internal European market.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But it does not fully solve the position of European exporters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The National Bank of Belgium has explicitly noted this limitation: CBAM does not provide an equivalent mechanism to compensate EU producers competing in markets outside the Union.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This creates a potentially important asymmetry.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A European producer may be partly protected from lower-carbon-cost competition inside Europe while still being disadvantaged when selling into the global market.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe could therefore preserve production for its internal market while gradually losing competitiveness internationally.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That would be a peculiar form of industrial sovereignty.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It would protect the European market without necessarily preserving Europe as a globally competitive production base.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And that distinction matters enormously.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Strategic autonomy is not autarky.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe cannot define success as maintaining sufficiently protected production for its own consumers while surrendering global industrial scale.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Scale matters because it supports productivity, research and development, supplier specialisation and future investment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Industrial capacity that loses international competitiveness will eventually struggle domestically as well.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has responded increasingly through industrial subsidies and state aid.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Again, there are legitimate reasons for doing so.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The geopolitical environment has changed profoundly. Energy security, defence production, critical technology and resilient supply chains create strategic externalities that ordinary market prices do not always capture.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But the growing reliance on national state support creates another European contradiction.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Under the Clean Industrial Deal State Aid Framework, member states have received substantially greater scope to support energy, clean technology and industrial transformation. During 2026 alone, the Commission approved major national schemes including a German electricity-capacity mechanism of up to €35 billion, an Italian renewable-energy scheme of €23 billion, a Spanish capacity mechanism of €9 billion and other large national interventions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These measures may individually be justified.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Collectively, however, they raise an institutional question Brussels cannot avoid.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If Europe responds to a common competitiveness problem primarily through national fiscal capacity, countries with the strongest public balance sheets gain greater ability to compensate industry for the disadvantages generated by Europe’s common economic environment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The risk is that the European solution to industrial fragmentation becomes another source of fragmentation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A single market cannot indefinitely rely on twenty-seven different fiscal capacities to maintain a common industrial base.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe may otherwise move from competition between firms to competition between national treasuries.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is not industrial integration.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is the partial renationalisation of European industrial policy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The deeper issue is therefore institutional.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe does not primarily suffer from an absence of policy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Few political systems produce more strategies, frameworks, regulations, funds and initiatives.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nor does Europe lack capital, engineering knowledge or scientific capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What Europe increasingly struggles with is the conversion of these resources into sufficient productive capacity at sufficient speed.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is what I describe as <strong>institutional conversion capacity</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The quality of an economic system cannot be measured only by the resources it possesses.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The more important question is what the institutional system is capable of turning those resources into.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has savings.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Can it convert them into productive investment?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has universities and research.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Can it convert them into firms that scale?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has climate targets.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Can it convert them into new energy infrastructure before existing industrial capacity becomes uneconomic?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has a large single market.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Can it convert that scale into lower costs and faster commercial deployment?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has geopolitical ambitions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Can it convert them into the industrial capacity necessary to sustain strategic power?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These are not separate questions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They are different expressions of the same institutional problem.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is why the current debate over European competitiveness cannot be reduced to deregulation either.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Reducing unnecessary regulatory burdens would certainly help. Faster permitting would help. Better capital-market integration would help.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But Europe’s challenge is larger.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It concerns whether the continent can once again coordinate energy, infrastructure, capital, entrepreneurship, industrial capability and strategic priorities into a coherent productive system.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Mario Draghi’s competitiveness report was important precisely because it began to connect these elements rather than treat them as independent policy portfolios. The Commission itself acknowledges that slower productivity growth, higher energy costs, demographic pressures and intensified global competition now challenge Europe’s long-term prosperity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The next step is more difficult.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe must move from diagnosis to institutional execution.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That means judging policies not primarily by how ambitious they appear at the moment of adoption, but by what forms of economic capacity they reproduce ten and twenty years later.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This distinction is essential.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A successful transition should leave Europe with lower emissions <strong>and</strong> a stronger productive base.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If it leaves Europe with lower territorial emissions because industrial production has migrated abroad, Europe will have solved an accounting problem while creating an economic and geopolitical one.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The same applies to strategic autonomy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe cannot become strategically autonomous by importing the physical foundations of autonomy from states on which it seeks to become less dependent.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is no meaningful European defence autonomy without metallurgy, chemicals, electronics and advanced manufacturing.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is no technological sovereignty without energy systems, semiconductors, data infrastructure and industrial capital.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is no artificial-intelligence leadership without enormous amounts of electricity, grid capacity and physical infrastructure.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The twenty-first-century economy may be digital at the interface.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">At its foundation, it remains remarkably physical.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is why the future of European heavy industry cannot be dismissed as nostalgia for an old economic model.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The question is not whether Europe should preserve every existing factory or every legacy technology.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Capitalism necessarily involves structural transformation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Joseph Schumpeter called it creative destruction.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But creative destruction requires both elements.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If policy succeeds at destruction without creating the economic conditions for sufficiently large-scale replacement, the result is not transformation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is simply destruction.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is the risk Europe must now confront with considerably greater intellectual honesty.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The latest Belgian evidence already suggests that companies are becoming more selective. The National Bank reported in June that investment remained targeted towards automation, digitalisation, artificial intelligence, maintenance and efficiency rather than broad capacity expansion. Firms also cited uncertainty, complex permitting, regulatory burdens and infrastructure bottlenecks, including grid connections, as factors influencing the timing, scale and location of investment. Several internationally active companies indicated that these constraints were making Belgium and Europe less attractive investment locations.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This should attract far more attention in Brussels than another debate about a distant 2050 projection.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Because industrial decline rarely begins with a dramatic decision to leave Europe.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It begins quietly.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The existing plant remains.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Maintenance continues.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Employment declines only gradually.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But the next production line is built somewhere else.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The next generation of technology is scaled somewhere else.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The supplier follows the new investment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The engineering competence gradually follows the supplier.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Research follows production.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Eventually an entire ecosystem that once appeared permanent becomes difficult to reconstruct.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is why the decisive metric for European industrial policy should not be the number of strategies adopted, subsidies announced or targets legislated.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It should be whether the next generation of productive capital is actually being built in Europe.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Pierre Wunsch may or may not be literally correct that heavy industry will disappear from Europe by 2050.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In one sense, that is almost beside the point.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The more important question is what proportion of the industrial capital that will define 2050 is being allocated to Europe today.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is where Europe’s future is being decided.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Brussels does not need to choose between climate ambition and industrial competitiveness.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But it does need to recognise that the two become compatible only when climate policy is embedded within a broader architecture of energy abundance, investment, infrastructure and productive capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The objective should therefore not be to preserve yesterday’s industry indefinitely.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nor should it be to subsidise every activity that can no longer survive European cost structures.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The objective must be to create an institutional environment in which the next industrial generation finds Europe economically rational.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is a higher standard than regulatory compliance.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is also a more demanding test of European governance.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe has spent decades building perhaps the most sophisticated regulatory state in the world.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The challenge of the coming decade is whether it can become equally sophisticated at building productive capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Because strategic autonomy cannot be legislated into existence.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It must be produced.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And Europe cannot become more sovereign by becoming less capable of producing the material foundations of its sovereignty.</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 12:28:45 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Russia Looks to Suez as Its Industrial Gateway to the Middle East and Africa</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/russia-looks-to-suez-as-its-industrial-gateway-to-the-middle-east-and-africa-1309</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/russia-looks-to-suez-as-its-industrial-gateway-to-the-middle-east-and-africa-1309</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Russia Looks to Suez as Its Industrial Gateway to the Middle East and Africa]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Russia Looks to Suez as Its Industrial Gateway to the Middle East and Africa</h1>

<h3>Russian Industrial Zone enters a new phase as Moscow seeks a manufacturing foothold on the Suez Canal</h3>

<p><strong>The Crystal Fund is being positioned as a “single window” for Russian investors, while pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, engineering and food processing emerge among the priority sectors. For Moscow, Egypt offers something more strategic than an industrial park: access to African and Middle Eastern markets and to Cairo’s network of trade agreements.</strong></p>

<p><strong>By Amr Yehia – Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/033ec29a-2155-4ee2-9fef-165ebbf422fd.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p><strong>Vladivostok / Cairo</strong></p>

<p>Russia is accelerating efforts to transform its planned industrial zone in Egypt into a manufacturing and export platform capable of serving markets well beyond the Egyptian economy.</p>

<p>The latest developments surrounding the <strong>Russian Industrial Zone within the Suez Canal Economic Zone</strong> were highlighted during the Eastern Economic Forum held in Vladivostok from <strong>1 to 4 September 2026</strong>, as Moscow seeks to give the long-discussed project a more operational structure.</p>

<p>The Eastern Economic Forum itself was held at the Far Eastern Federal University under the theme <strong>“The Far East – Development for the Benefit of the People”</strong>, bringing together Russian and international policymakers and investors around infrastructure, industry and Russia’s growing economic orientation towards Asian and emerging markets.</p>

<h2>From diplomatic project to industrial strategy</h2>

<p>The Russian Industrial Zone is one of the flagship economic projects linking Moscow and Cairo.</p>

<p>Its importance goes considerably beyond bilateral trade.</p>

<p>Located within Egypt’s strategically positioned <strong>Suez Canal Economic Zone</strong>, the project could allow Russian manufacturers to establish production facilities close to one of the world’s most important maritime corridors and use Egypt as a platform for exports towards the <strong>Middle East, Africa and other international markets</strong>.</p>

<p>Egyptian and Russian authorities had already intensified negotiations during the first half of 2026. Cairo officially described the project as a major strategic initiative expected to strengthen industrial capacity, investment, exports, technology transfer and employment.</p>

<p>In July, another important obstacle was removed when Russia settled on the institutional structure responsible for attracting and accompanying investors.</p>

<p>The <strong>Crystal Fund</strong>, established by former Russian Far East Development Minister Alexander Galushka and Alexander Krutikov, was designated as the comprehensive development institution for the Russian Industrial Zone.</p>

<p>It will effectively operate as a <strong>single point of access for Russian investors, developers and future residents of the zone</strong>.</p>

<p>For Russian Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade <strong>Roman Chekushov</strong>, the decision was intended to move the project from prolonged preparation towards practical implementation.</p>

<p>The message from Moscow is clear: the Russian Industrial Zone is no longer being presented merely as a diplomatic symbol, but as an industrial infrastructure project designed to integrate Russian companies into new international supply chains.</p>

<h2>Pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and advanced manufacturing</h2>

<p>The industrial profile envisaged for the zone is particularly significant.</p>

<p>Among the sectors considered for localisation are:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>pharmaceuticals and medical equipment;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>chemicals and petrochemicals;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>engineering and machinery;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>metallurgy and metal processing;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>electrical equipment and electronics;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>construction materials;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>wood processing;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>cosmetics and related chemical industries.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Russian and Egyptian discussions have also identified significant potential in <strong>fertilisers, energy equipment and industrial feeder sectors</strong>.</p>

<p>Food processing could become another strategic component.</p>

<p>Egypt is already an important destination for Russian agricultural exports, particularly grain, meaning that processing activities could potentially bring Russian agricultural supply chains closer to consumers in Africa and the Middle East.</p>

<p>This introduces another dimension into the project: Egypt would not simply receive Russian products but could increasingly become a location where some Russian-origin commodities are <strong>processed, transformed and re-exported</strong>.</p>

<h2>The attraction of the Suez Canal</h2>

<p>Geography explains much of Moscow’s interest.</p>

<p>The current project site covers around <strong>50 hectares</strong> in the northeastern section of the Suez Canal Economic Zone and has access to the <strong>Port of Ain Sokhna</strong>. Russian plans cited by Interfax foresee project design and construction work between <strong>2026 and 2029</strong>, with operations targeted for around <strong>2030</strong>.</p>

<p>From Ain Sokhna, companies can reach the Red Sea, the Gulf, East Africa and Asian shipping routes while remaining directly connected through the Suez Canal to Mediterranean and European markets.</p>

<p>For Moscow, this potentially provides an industrial bridge between <strong>Russia, Africa, the Arab world and Asia</strong>.</p>

<p>For Cairo, the equation is different but complementary: attracting manufacturing investment, creating employment, expanding local industrial capacity and increasing exports from the Suez Canal corridor.</p>

<h2>The “Made in Egypt” advantage</h2>

<p>One of the potentially most powerful incentives concerns the origin of goods manufactured inside Egypt.</p>

<p>Products meeting the necessary Egyptian local-content and rules-of-origin requirements could qualify as <strong>Egyptian-made products</strong>, potentially allowing manufacturers to benefit from trade arrangements available to Egyptian exports.</p>

<p>That distinction is crucial.</p>

<p>A Russian company exporting directly from Russia faces one commercial environment. A Russian-controlled factory producing qualifying goods in Egypt could operate under a very different trade framework.</p>

<p>This is why Moscow increasingly describes the zone not merely as an overseas industrial estate but as a <strong>gateway into third-country markets</strong>.</p>

<p>The strategy resembles a wider global trend in which industrial powers seek production bases inside countries that combine competitive manufacturing costs, major ports and preferential access to several regional markets.</p>

<h2>Strong incentives — but conditions matter</h2>

<p>Russian officials involved in promoting the project have also highlighted substantial investment incentives.</p>

<p>Alexander Galushka has referred to exemptions from property taxation and to reductions that could reach <strong>50% of corporate profit taxation for a period of five years</strong>, alongside infrastructure support within the Suez Canal Economic Zone.</p>

<p>Such incentives, however, need to be understood within the applicable Egyptian investment legislation, the precise status granted to each project and the eligibility conditions negotiated with the SCZone authorities.</p>

<p>The broader principle is nevertheless clear: Cairo wants the Suez Canal corridor to compete internationally for industrial investment.</p>

<p>Egyptian officials have repeatedly emphasised the facilitations and legislative incentives being offered to accelerate implementation of the Russian project.</p>

<h2>Egypt at the centre of Russia’s southward economic strategy</h2>

<p>There is also a geopolitical dimension.</p>

<p>Western sanctions and the restructuring of international trade since 2022 have pushed Russian companies to search more aggressively for alternative markets, logistics corridors and industrial partnerships across <strong>Asia, Africa and the Middle East</strong>.</p>

<p>Egypt occupies an exceptional position in that strategy.</p>

<p>It is simultaneously an Arab country, an African economy, a Mediterranean power, a member of BRICS and the custodian of the Suez Canal.</p>

<p>Relations between Presidents Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Vladimir Putin have meanwhile expanded around several strategic projects, most notably the <strong>El Dabaa nuclear power plant</strong> and the Russian Industrial Zone. The Egyptian presidency itself has described both projects as pillars of the broader strategic relationship with Moscow.</p>

<p>The industrial zone therefore cannot be analysed in isolation.</p>

<p>It belongs to a broader Russian attempt to build durable economic infrastructure outside its traditional markets.</p>

<h2>A Russian window onto Africa</h2>

<p>If the project reaches full implementation, its significance will not depend solely on the number of Russian factories established along the Suez Canal.</p>

<p>Its real importance will lie in what those factories allow Russian companies to do.</p>

<p>Producing inside Egypt could shorten supply chains, reduce logistical barriers, facilitate regional distribution and potentially allow qualifying products to access markets under trade arrangements unavailable to goods exported directly from Russia.</p>

<p>That transforms the equation.</p>

<p><strong>For Cairo, Russia represents investment, industrialisation and technology.</strong></p>

<p><strong>For Moscow, Egypt represents geography, logistics and market access.</strong></p>

<p>And this is precisely why the Russian Industrial Zone could become much more than another bilateral investment project.</p>

<p>Situated alongside the artery connecting Europe and Asia and facing the markets of Africa and the Middle East, the Suez Canal may gradually become <strong>one of Moscow’s most important industrial windows towards the Global South</strong>.</p>

<p><strong>Amr Yehia<br />
Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 12:11:16 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Almanya: Faşizme adım adım</title>
                <category>Bülent Güven</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/almanya-fasizme-adim-adim-1308</link>
                <author>guvenbulent@hotmail.com (Bülent Güven)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/almanya-fasizme-adim-adim-1308</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Almanya: Faşizme adım adım]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Almanya: Faşizme adım adım</h1>

<h2>Dr. Bülent Güven&nbsp;</h2>

<p><a href="https://www.indyturk.com/taxonomy/term/286496"><img alt="" src="https://www.indyturk.com/sites/default/files/styles/150x150/public/B%C3%BClent%20G%C3%BCven.png?itok=RRrsUyzP" /></a></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:36px"><strong>Almanya: Faşizme Adım Adım</strong><br />
<strong>AfD yükselirken, tarih yeniden tekerrür mü ediyor?</strong><br />
<em>Dr. Bülent Güven – Bruxelles Korner</em></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3d2ee2e8-d4ff-4477-ad21-0d0069992d13.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>AfD'nin Saksonya-Anhalt'taki lideri Ulrich Siegmund / Fotoğraf: AFP</p>

<p>Geçtiğimiz pazar, 6 Eylül’de&nbsp;Almanya’nın doğu eyaletlerinden Saksonya-Anhalt’ta yapılan seçimlerde, Alman iç istihbaratı tarafından da aşırı sağcı bir parti olarak tasvir edilen Alternative für Deutschland / Almanya için Alternatif (AfD) partisi oyların yüzde 44’ünü alarak büyük bir zafer kazandı.</p>

<p>Almanya’daki bu seçim sonucuna benzer haberleri son yıllarda farklı Avrupa ülkelerindeki seçimlerden sonra duymak artık rutin hâline geldi. 1990’larda İtalya’da başlayan aşırı sağ eğilimli partilerin yükselişi tüm Avrupa’yı sarmış durumda. Bu partilerin bir kısmı da yine başta İtalya olmak üzere Avusturya, Polonya ve Hollanda gibi ülkelerde iktidar ortağı oldular.</p>

<p>Sosyal bilimciler, Avrupa’da toplumun aşırı sağ ve sağ popülist partilere kaymasını, 1990’lardan itibaren küreselleşmenin başta ABD olmak üzere tüm Avrupa’da yol açtığı ekonomik problemler sonucu siyasal dengelerin değişmesine bağlıyorlar. Aşırı sağ kategoride değerlendirilebilecek Trump’un da tam bu nedenlerden dolayı ikinci kez seçilebildiğini söylemek mümkün.</p>

<p>1990 sonrası ne tür gelişmelerin bu sürecin önünü açtığı sorusu yıllardır Batı dünyasında yazılıp çiziliyor. Tek bir cümle ile ifade etmek gerekirse, II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra yeniden kurulan dünya dengelerinde Batı bloku ekonomik olarak dünyanın kazananları tarafındaydı. 2007’ye kadar dünyadaki ekonomik gücün yüzde 80’i Batılı devletlerin kontrolündeydi.</p>

<p>Bu ekonomik güç, Batılı ülkelerde yaşayan insanlara belli bir refah sağlıyordu. Gelinen noktada Batılı ülkelerin ekonomik gücü dünya ekonomisinin yaklaşık yüzde 45’ine düşmüş durumda. Bu ekonomik gerileme artık insanların gündelik hayatlarına yansımaya başladı.</p>

<h6>&nbsp;</h6>

<p>Batı dünyasında son 20 yıldır yapılan temel tartışma, bu ekonomik sıkıntının ve bunun yol açtığı sosyal sonuçların nasıl çözüleceği sorusudur. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra, küçük partiler bir kenara bırakılırsa, siyasi yelpaze iki ana eksen üzerine oturuyordu. Yelpazenin bir tarafında sosyal adalete, azınlık haklarına ve millî gelirin adil paylaşımına önem veren sosyal demokrat partiler; diğer tarafında ise ekonomik kalkınmaya, muhafazakârlığa ve milliyetçiliğe önem veren merkez sağ veya muhafazakâr partiler yer alıyordu. Bu denge üzerine kurulu siyasal düzen uzun yıllar Batılı ülkelerde huzur, refah ve güven sağladı.</p>

<p>Fakat süreç içinde bu merkez partiler arasındaki ortak noktalar artmaya başladı. Örneğin tüm Avrupa’da bu merkez partiler hem küreselleşmenin yaygınlaşması yönünde hem de Avrupa Birliği’nin entegrasyon sürecinin hızlanması konusunda ortak hareket etmeye başladılar. Benzer durum göçmen kökenli insanların bu ülkelere kabulü konusunda da yaşandı.</p>

<p>Küreselleşme sürecinde ekonomik kayba uğrayan sıradan bir Avrupa vatandaşı için ekonomik durumunun kötü olmasının temel nedenleri küreselleşme, Avrupa Birliği ve göçmenlerdir. Fakat mevcut partiler için ise bu üç faktör Avrupa’daki refahın temel şartıdır. Ekonomik verilerden yola çıkıldığında haksız da sayılmazlar. Ancak bu faktörlerin sağladığı ekonomik avantajlar toplumdaki eğitimli kesimin refahını artırırken, eğitim düzeyi düşük insanların refahını düşürmeye başladı.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle toplumun önemli bir kesimini oluşturan bu&nbsp;<em>“kaybedenler”</em>&nbsp;grubuna mensup insanlar son yıllarda aşırı sağ ve sağ popülist partileri seçmeye başladılar. Çünkü bu partiler, tam da bu insanların ekonomik durumlarının gerekçesi olarak gördükleri unsurları seçimlerde argüman olarak kullanmaya başladılar. Küreselleşme onlara göre refah kaybı demekti; Avrupa entegrasyonu halkı ezmek için elitlerin bir projesiydi ve göçmenler de yerel kültürü ve halkı yok etmek için yine elitler tarafından uygulanan bir projeydi. Dolayısıyla bu elitleri cezalandırmak için bu tür aşırı sağcı ve popülist partilere oy vermek gerektiğini düşünüyorlardı.</p>

<p>Avrupa’daki sağa kayışı kabaca bu gerekçelerle açıklamak mümkündür.</p>

<p>Benzer gerekçeler bir noktada Almanya için de geçerli olmakla birlikte, Almanya’nın bazı özel durumları bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu anlamda Saksonya-Anhalt eyalet seçimleri vesilesiyle Almanya’yı özel olarak mercek altına almakta fayda var. Çünkü Almanya dünyanın en büyük üçüncü ekonomisine sahip ve Avrupa’nın hem nüfus hem de ekonomik güç açısından en büyük ülkesi. Almanya’da muhtemel aşırı sağ bir iktidarın sadece bölgesel değil, küresel yansımaları da olabilir.</p>

<p>Öncelikle belirtmek gerekir ki Almanya, 1871 yılında Alman birliğini sağlayıp kurulduğunda, kuruluş meşruiyetini Alman kanına sahip insanların varlığından alıyordu. Vatandaşlığın Alman kanına bağlı olması 2000’lere kadar Almanya anayasasında varlığını korudu. Bu meşruiyet üzerine kurulan devlette Alman ırkının üstünlüğü okul kitaplarına dahi yazılmıştı. Fichte ve Herder gibi filozoflar da bu düşüncenin felsefesini yapıyorlardı.</p>

<p>Dolayısıyla Hitler gibi birinin Alman ırkının üstünlüğünü vurgulayarak iktidara gelmesi böyle bir sosyolojik zemine dayanıyordu. Hitler’i tarihî bir trafik kazası değil, bu sosyoloji iktidar yaptı. Altı milyon Yahudi’nin imhası ancak kendini diğerlerinden üstün gören bir toplumun gerçekleştirebileceği bir eylemdi. Almanya’da bu sosyoloji, tüm tarihî tecrübelere rağmen maalesef varlığını sürdürmektedir. Uzun yıllar örtük biçimde devam eden bu eğilim, AfD’nin yükselişiyle birlikte açıkça ifade edilmeye başlanmıştır.</p>

<p>Almanya’yı diğer Avrupa ülkelerinden farklı kılan bir diğer unsur ise AfD’nin üzerine oturduğu zemindir. AfD’nin arka bahçesi olarak adlandırılabilecek sosyal ağların gerçekten ırkçı bir temelden gelmeleridir. Örneğin Hitler dönemindeki Hitlerjugend’in bugünkü uzantısı olan Jugendadler, AfD’ye destek veren bir harekettir. Bu hareketin içinde bulunmuş bazı kişilerin hâlihazırda AfD milletvekili olması ve mevcut üyelerinin babalarının da AfD milletvekili olması durumun ciddiyetini göstermektedir.</p>

<p>Daha ilginç bir durum ise AfD’nin üst düzey yöneticilerinin büyükbabalarının Hitler döneminde önemli görevlerde bulunmuş olmalarıdır. Örneğin AfD’nin Federal Meclis’te grup başkan vekili olan Beatrix von Storch’un dedesi Johann Ludwig, 1932’den 1945’e kadar Hitler’in maliye bakanlığını yapmıştır. Yine AfD’nin genel başkanı Alice Weidel’in dedesi de Hitler döneminde başsavcılık yapmıştır.</p>

<p>Bu tür örnekleri çoğaltmak mümkündür. Bu durum şunu göstermektedir: AfD, yukarıda tasvir edilen ekonomik nedenlerle yükselişe geçmiş olsa da temelde ırkçı bir sosyolojiye dayanmaktadır ve Nazi dönemi ile hem ailevi hem de fikirsel bağlarını sürdürmektedir. AfD içinde önemli aktörlerden biri olan Björn Höcke’nin söylemlerinin Hitler’in söylemleriyle benzer olduğu da mahkeme kararıyla tescillenmiştir.</p>

<p>AfD’nin bu yapısı, onu Avrupa’daki diğer aşırı sağ partilerden ayıran en önemli unsurlardan biridir. Avrupa’daki diğer aşırı sağ partiler iktidara yaklaştıkça veya iktidar oldukça söylem ve eylemlerini daha ılımlı hâle getirirken, AfD oylarını artırdıkça söylemlerini daha da radikalleştirmektedir.</p>

<p>Örneğin İtalya’da Meloni ve partisi iktidara geldikten sonra söylem ve uygulamalarında merkeze doğru kaymıştır. Benzer bir durum Fransa için de geçerlidir. Aşırı sağcı Le Pen, iktidar olma ihtimali arttıkça hem partisinin adını daha ılımlı bir şekilde değiştirmiş hem de söylemlerini yumuşatmıştır.</p>

<p>Ancak AfD’de süreç bunun tam tersine işlemektedir. Geçtiğimiz pazar günü Saksonya-Anhalt’ta seçimleri kazanan AfD adayı Ulrich Sigmund, iki yıl önce Potsdam’da Almanya’da yaşayan tüm göçmen kökenli insanların “remigration” kavramı çerçevesinde deport edilmesini planlayan gizli bir toplantıya katılan isimlerden biriydi ve bunu da inkâr etmemiştir.</p>

<p>AfD’nin Avrupa’daki diğer aşırı sağ partilerden farkını bu çerçevede daha da detaylandırmak mümkündür.</p>

<p>Burada asıl sorulması gereken soru şudur:</p>

<p><em>AfD’nin Almanya’nın doğu eyaletlerinde, yani göçmenlerin az olduğu bölgelerde iktidar olması mümkün olmakla birlikte, Almanya genelinde de iktidar olması mümkün mü?</em></p>

<p>Bu soruya maalesef kesin bir&nbsp;<em>“hayır”</em>&nbsp;demek mümkün değildir.</p>

<p>AfD’nin Almanya genelinde anketlerdeki oy oranı şu an itibarıyla yüzde 30’a yaklaşmış durumdadır. Almanya’da yaklaşık 59 milyon seçmen bulunmaktadır. Bu seçmenlerin yüzde 30’unun oyunu alma ihtimali olan bir AfD söz konusudur. Bu seçmenlerin yaklaşık yüzde 12’si göçmen kökenlidir.</p>

<p>Göçmenler içinde AfD’ye oy verme ihtimali olanlar bulunsa da bu oran oldukça düşüktür. Bu kesim dışarıda bırakıldığında AfD’nin “yerli” Alman seçmenler arasında oy oranı yüzde 35-36 seviyelerine ulaşmaktadır. Yani sokaktaki her üç Alman’dan birinden fazlası, söylemlerinin radikalleşmesine rağmen AfD’ye oy vermektedir. Bu trend ise giderek yükselmektedir.</p>

<p>81 yıl öncesine kadar ırkçılık gerekçesiyle soykırım uygulamış bir ülkede, bu soykırımı gerçekleştiren ideolojik mirasla bağlantılı bir partinin yeniden iktidara gelme ihtimali hem toplumları hem de devletleri harekete geçirmelidir. Ancak bu yönde güçlü bir tepki görmek şu an için mümkün değildir.</p>

<p>Farklı gerekçelerle de olsa AfD, hem Trump ve çevresi, hem Rusya hem de Çin tarafından sosyal medya, hibrit müdahaleler ve maddi yollarla desteklenmektedir.</p>

<p>AfD’nin Almanya’da iktidara gelmesi, bugünkü Almanya’nın ve Avrupa Birliği’nin sonu anlamına gelebilir. Bu ülkelerin verdikleri destek de kısmen bu hedefe yöneliktir.</p>

<p>Nihayetinde AfD yükseldikçe ve iktidar olma ihtimali arttıkça, en azından Avrupa ciddi sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalacaktır.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 11:53:11 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Volkswagen Is Cutting 50,000 More Jobs. Europe Is Losing More Than Employment.</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/volkswagen-is-cutting-50000-more-jobs-europe-is-losing-more-than-employment-1307</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/volkswagen-is-cutting-50000-more-jobs-europe-is-losing-more-than-employment-1307</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Volkswagen Is Cutting 50,000 More Jobs. Europe Is Losing More Than Employment.]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b"><strong><span style="font-size:8.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#18696d">BRUXELLES KORNER&nbsp; |&nbsp; OPINION</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#18696d">EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b"><strong><span style="font-size:25.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Volkswagen Is Cutting 50,000 More Jobs.</span></span></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size:25.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Europe Is Losing More Than Employment.</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><em>Europe's largest carmaker plans to remove a further 50,000 positions worldwide, on top of roughly 50,000 reductions already under way. Brussels should read the announcement not simply as a corporate restructuring, but as a warning that Europe is failing to reproduce the industrial capabilities on which its prosperity, security and green transition depend.</em></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">By Dr Glenn Agung Hole</span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/779bc8c9-94b3-4d9a-a582-269438fa4707.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">On 3 September 2026, Volkswagen's supervisory board approved the most extensive restructuring in the group's 89-year history. The new "Future Plan 2030" foresees a further reduction of around 50,000 positions worldwide, including management roles, in addition to approximately 50,000 job reductions already under way. The company has not yet disclosed the timetable or geographical distribution of the additional cuts.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The employment figure is only one part of the plan. Volkswagen says its European factories have more than 500,000 units of excess capacity. Four German plants - Emden, Zwickau, Hanover and Neckarsulm - cannot be guaranteed new models as present production is phased out between 2031 and 2034. The group intends to halve its model range, reduce product complexity by roughly 75 per cent by 2035, and lift its operating margin from 3.8 per cent in the first half of 2026 to 9 per cent by 2030. At the same time, it plans EUR 135 billion in capital expenditure and research and development between 2027 and 2031.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Financial markets initially welcomed the settlement. Volkswagen's shares rose 7.9 per cent on the announcement. From the perspective of the firm, the logic is understandable: reduce fixed costs, simplify governance, concentrate volume and restore investability.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">From the perspective of Europe, however, the announcement is more than a cost-saving programme. It is a stress test of the continent's industrial system. If the new 50,000 positions are viewed only as a labour-market event, policymakers will miss the deeper risk. Europe is not merely losing jobs. It may be eroding the institutional capital required to produce, innovate and industrialise at scale.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">This is not a morality tale about one company</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Volkswagen's difficulties should not be romanticised or attributed entirely to Brussels. The group has accumulated excessive complexity, slow decision-making structures, overlapping brands and costly capacity. Chinese competition and United States tariffs have intensified the pressure, but they did not create every internal weakness. Nor should public policy attempt to preserve every existing position indefinitely. Technological transitions necessarily reallocate labour and capital, and productivity improvement often means producing more with fewer employees.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">That counterargument is important because industrial policy becomes self-defeating when it protects corporate inefficiency rather than productive capability.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Yet the opposite error is equally serious: assuming that every firm-level efficiency gain is automatically a social gain. A restructuring can be rational for Volkswagen and still reveal a systemic failure for Europe. The decisive question is not whether old jobs disappear. It is whether new productive capabilities - in batteries, power electronics, semiconductors, software, artificial intelligence, advanced materials and manufacturing equipment - are being created in Europe quickly enough to replace the value that is leaving.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">If they are not, Europe is not experiencing creative destruction. It is experiencing destruction without sufficient creation.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">The transition is being measured incorrectly</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">European debate often measures the automotive transition through visible outputs: the number of electric vehicles sold, battery factories announced, charging points installed or euros committed. These indicators matter, but they can conceal where economic value, technological control and industrial learning actually reside.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">A vehicle may be assembled in Europe while a growing share of its value is imported. The battery cells, active materials, production machinery, semiconductors, power electronics, operating systems and data architecture may originate elsewhere. Under those conditions, final assembly can remain European while the high-margin, knowledge-intensive and strategically decisive layers of the value chain move abroad.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Deloitte estimates that Europe's dependence on non-European battery cells, upstream inputs, production equipment and specialist labour could result in EUR 100-150 billion in lost value added by 2030. This is not merely an import bill. It represents factories not constructed, engineers not employed, supplier relationships not formed, patents not commercialised and profits not reinvested within Europe.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The distinction is fundamental. A green transition is not automatically an industrial transition. Europe can electrify transport and still become less capable of producing the technologies on which electrification depends.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The appropriate metric is therefore not nominal European production, but retained European value added. Policymakers should ask who owns the intellectual property, where the capital equipment is produced, where supplier learning occurs, where engineering teams accumulate experience, and where cash flow is reinvested. Without those questions, Europe risks mistaking consumption sovereignty for production sovereignty.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Industrial ecosystems do not contract in a straight line</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The automotive industry is not a collection of isolated factories. It is a layered system of original-equipment manufacturers, component suppliers, machine builders, chemicals and metals companies, logistics providers, software firms, research institutes, vocational schools, banks and specialised small and medium-sized enterprises.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">These relationships are cumulative and path-dependent. Capabilities develop through repeated production, problem-solving and investment. Engineers learn from suppliers; suppliers specialise around customers; educational institutions adapt to regional demand; financiers learn which technologies and management teams are credible. Much of this knowledge is tacit. It cannot be fully codified, stored and purchased later.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">This is what I describe as institutional capital: the accumulated capacity of organisations, networks and public institutions to coordinate knowledge, investment and execution over time.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Such capital can erode far faster than it can be rebuilt. Automotive suppliers typically carry high fixed costs in factories, tooling, engineering and certification. When vehicle volumes fall by 10 per cent, their costs do not fall by 10 per cent. Margins can therefore deteriorate much faster than revenue. Investment is postponed, skilled employees leave, and the ability to win the next contract weakens.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The warning signs pre-date Volkswagen's latest announcement. CLEPA recorded 54,000 announced job losses among European automotive suppliers in 2024 and a further 50,000 in 2025. It also reported that three quarters of suppliers expected margins below the critical 5 per cent level in 2026, while almost one in four anticipated losses. Volkswagen's additional 50,000 reductions will therefore enter a supplier system already under strain.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">This is where linear policy analysis fails. The first-order effect is the job removed at Volkswagen. The second-order effect is the volume lost by a supplier. The third is the investment that supplier cancels. The fourth is the apprenticeship not offered, the laboratory not expanded and the regional contractor that closes. Eventually, the region becomes less attractive for the next industrial investment.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">At that point, restructuring becomes institutional erosion.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">An automotive crisis becomes a fiscal and security crisis</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The European Commission itself describes the automotive sector as contributing around EUR 1 trillion to EU GDP, supporting 13 million direct and indirect jobs, and accounting for approximately one third of private research and development investment in the Union. These figures explain why Volkswagen cannot be treated as a narrowly German concern.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Europe must simultaneously finance ageing populations, welfare states, defence expansion, energy infrastructure, climate adaptation and technological renewal. None of these commitments exists independently of the productive economy. They are claims on future value creation.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">When a high-productivity export ecosystem weakens, corporate tax receipts decline, wage-tax bases narrow and social expenditure rises. Lower investment reduces the future capital stock. Weaker exports place pressure on the external balance. The state is then asked to assume greater strategic responsibility precisely as the economic base financing that responsibility becomes less productive.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Industrial capacity is therefore not simply an economic asset. It is fiscal capacity in productive form. It is also a component of strategic autonomy. The same engineering, materials, electronics, energy and production systems that sustain civilian manufacturing are relevant to defence mobilisation, infrastructure resilience and technological security.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Europe cannot credibly separate its debates on cars, competitiveness, welfare, defence and sovereignty. They rest on the same institutional foundation.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Brussels understands the problem but still governs in silos</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The European Union is not unaware of the challenge. The Draghi report identified high energy prices, weak investment and fragmented capital markets as central obstacles to European competitiveness. The Clean Industrial Deal seeks to combine decarbonisation with industrial renewal. The Commission's Automotive Action Plan recognises batteries, software, artificial intelligence, skills, supply-chain resilience, trade conditions and the business environment as parts of the same transition.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The diagnosis is increasingly systemic. Delivery remains fragmented.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Energy policy is negotiated as energy policy. Climate targets are administered as climate policy. State aid is assessed through competition policy. Chinese electric vehicles are addressed through trade instruments. Skills are assigned to labour and education programmes. Research funding is distributed through separate innovation mechanisms. Regional consequences are left largely to Member States.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Each instrument may be defensible in isolation. The industrial system experiences their combined effect.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">This creates a characteristic European implementation gap: the Union recognises interdependence in strategy documents but reproduces administrative separation in execution. Companies make investment decisions across energy, capital, technology, skills and market access simultaneously. European governance too often responds sequentially, through different institutions, funding windows and political timetables.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">There is also a distributional weakness. Relaxed state-aid rules may accelerate investment, but Member States do not possess equal fiscal capacity. If industrial renewal depends primarily on national subsidies, the largest economies can defend their production bases more effectively than smaller ones. Europe may then weaken the single market while failing to build sufficient continental scale.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The problem is not a lack of plans. It is insufficient conversion capacity: the ability to turn political ambition, finance and regulation into operating factories, competitive technologies, skilled workforces and durable supplier systems.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Europe should preserve capabilities, not corporate structures</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">A credible response must avoid two temptations. The first is protectionism without transformation: shielding incumbents from competition while leaving their cost structures and technologies unchanged. The second is market fatalism: accepting the disappearance of industrial ecosystems on the assumption that capital and labour will move frictionlessly into equally productive activities.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Neither approach is adequate. Europe needs a capability-centred industrial policy built on five principles.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">First, every major support instrument should be assessed against a European value-capture test. Public funding should be tied not merely to the location of final assembly, but to measurable commitments in research, intellectual property, supplier development, workforce formation, production equipment and reinvestment. The objective is not autarky. It is to ensure that strategic openness does not become structural dependency.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Second, policy must transform the supplier base before volumes collapse. Many viable suppliers face a financing gap between declining combustion-engine cash flows and the heavy investment required for electrification, electronics, software and advanced manufacturing. Europe needs patient transition capital - including guarantees, co-investment and quasi-equity - linked to credible transformation plans. Waiting until insolvency turns an industrial problem into a social-support problem is both more expensive and less effective.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Third, energy must be treated as industrial infrastructure. Batteries, chemicals, metals, semiconductors and advanced manufacturing require reliable electricity at globally competitive and predictable prices. Temporary compensation does not substitute for a durable energy system. Grid capacity, generation, long-term contracts, permitting and cross-border interconnection must be planned alongside industrial investment, not after it.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Fourth, trade and inward investment policy should maximise capability transfer. Europe benefits from foreign capital and competition, including partnerships with Asian firms. But public incentives and market access should reward local research, European supplier participation, workforce development and meaningful technology diffusion. A foreign-owned factory that imports its machinery, critical inputs, engineers and software may increase output without creating a deep European ecosystem.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Fifth, Brussels needs an integrated automotive delivery mechanism with authority to connect policy fields and intervene before regional capability loss becomes irreversible. It should track retained value added, supplier investment, energy cost, scale-up time, skills formation and technology ownership - not merely announced capacity and expenditure. What is not measured systemically will continue to be governed administratively.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">The real meaning of Volkswagen's warning</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Volkswagen's restructuring may make the company leaner and more competitive. Europe should hope that it does. A failed Volkswagen would not protect European workers or strategic autonomy.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">But the market's positive reaction should not be confused with a positive verdict on Europe's industrial trajectory. Capital markets reward a company for reducing costs. Public institutions must ask whether the capabilities released by that process are being recombined into new productive systems or simply allowed to dissipate.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">That is the central distinction between corporate restructuring and economic renewal.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The additional 50,000 positions matter not because every position can or should be preserved. They matter because they bring the total reductions under way or envisaged across Volkswagen to around 100,000 and arrive after 104,000 announced supplier job losses in 2024 and 2025. Taken together, these are not isolated adjustments. They are evidence of simultaneous contraction across a production system whose replacement architecture is not yet sufficiently European.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">The ultimate cost will not be measured only in redundancy payments or closed assembly lines. It will be measured in the factories that are never built, the patents commercialised elsewhere, the engineers who leave industrial regions, the suppliers that no longer bid for the next platform, and the tax base that fails to materialise.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Europe still has formidable assets: world-class engineering, strong research institutions, sophisticated suppliers, deep consumer markets and substantial savings. The question is whether its institutions can combine them quickly enough to preserve industrial scale during a technological transition.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Volkswagen has announced another 50,000 reductions. Brussels should hear more than the sound of jobs disappearing. It should hear the warning of a productive system approaching a threshold.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Prosperity is not inherited. It is reproduced. Europe must now demonstrate that it still knows how.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Author</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="color:#14181b">Dr Glenn Agung Hole is an institutional economist and strategic adviser on geo-economics and state capacity. He is an Associate Professor at the University of South-Eastern Norway, holds international visiting professorships, and is the founder of The Institutional Capital Project. He writes on industrial capacity, institutional economics, entrepreneurship and European strategic resilience.</span></span></span></p>

<h1><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#193041">Selected sources</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volkswagen-supervisory-board-approves-transformation-plan-2026-09-03/"><span style="color:#17696d">Reuters (3 September 2026), “Volkswagen flags 50,000 job cuts across group as board approves turnaround plan”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/main-points-volkswagens-restructuring-plan-2026-09-03/"><span style="color:#17696d">Reuters (3 September 2026), “Main points of Volkswagen's restructuring plan”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://www.deloitte.com/de/de/Industries/automotive/research/europes-battery-industry-at-a-crossroads.html"><span style="color:#17696d">Deloitte (2026), “Europe's Battery Industry at a Crossroads”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://www.clepa.eu/insights-updates/data-digests/structural-pressures-on-europes-suppliers-policy-delivery-is-key/"><span style="color:#17696d">CLEPA (14 January 2026), “Structural pressures on Europe's suppliers: policy delivery is key”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://www.clepa.eu/insights-updates/news/the-automotive-map-is-being-redrawn-europe-must-decide-its-place/"><span style="color:#17696d">CLEPA (26 March 2026), “The automotive map is being redrawn - Europe must decide its place”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://transport.ec.europa.eu/document/download/89b3143e-09b6-4ae6-a826-932b90ed0816_en"><span style="color:#17696d">European Commission (5 March 2025), “Industrial Action Plan for the European automotive sector”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/clean-industrial-deal_en"><span style="color:#17696d">European Commission (2025), “Clean Industrial Deal”</span></a></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#5b6369"><a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/draghi-report_en"><span style="color:#17696d">European Commission (2024), “The Draghi report on EU competitiveness”</span></a></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 17:53:47 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>SMEs: Uzbekistan Loosens the Grip, While Belgium Keeps Tightening the Screws</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/smes-uzbekistan-loosens-the-grip-while-belgium-keeps-tightening-the-screws-1306</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/smes-uzbekistan-loosens-the-grip-while-belgium-keeps-tightening-the-screws-1306</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[SMEs: Uzbekistan Loosens the Grip, While Belgium Keeps Tightening the Screws]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>SMEs: Uzbekistan Loosens the Grip, While Belgium Keeps Tightening the Screws</strong></span></p>

<p>By suspending most inspections of small businesses for three years, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev is sending a powerful message: entrepreneurs should no longer be treated as permanent suspects. Belgium could usefully draw inspiration from this decision—without abandoning essential oversight.</p>

<p><strong>By Kadir Duran – Tax Man Bruxelles | Brussels</strong></p>

<p>5 September 2026</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/797873388_922062120527151_2240103178428572311_n.jpg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>A word to the wise—especially in Belgium, where self-employed workers and SME owners face an accumulation of formalities, inspections, tax uncertainty and sometimes disproportionate penalties.</p>

<p>This is not about abolishing all oversight. Fraud, violations of workers’ rights, public-health risks and unfair competition must, of course, be tackled. But a modern state must distinguish honest entrepreneurs from fraudsters, offer support before imposing sanctions, and focus on prevention before punishment.</p>

<p>There is a proverb that our political leaders would do well to remember: “Not knowing is no disgrace; refusing to learn is.”</p>

<p>When it comes to supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, perhaps we simply need to look beyond the end of our own noses. Not necessarily towards the economic models that Europe usually cites, but towards a Central Asian country seeking to transform its relationship with entrepreneurs: Uzbekistan.</p>

<p>On 27 August 2026, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed a decree introducing a three-year moratorium on most inspections of small businesses. The measure, which will remain in force until 2029, is intended to reduce administrative pressure and protect entrepreneurs from unjustified, repetitive or arbitrary inspections.</p>

<p>The political message is particularly clear: businesses are not adversaries to be permanently monitored, but economic actors that must be allowed to work.</p>

<p>A Significant Moratorium, but Not Blanket Immunity</p>

<p>It is important, however, to be precise. Uzbekistan has not abolished every form of inspection, nor has it granted small businesses absolute immunity.</p>

<p>Certain inspections will remain possible, particularly when they are connected to criminal proceedings, public-health risks, compliance with labour law, complaints lodged by citizens, VAT refund claims or the liquidation of a business.</p>

<p>The moratorium therefore mainly applies to routine inspections that are not justified by a specific risk. Inspections conducted outside the permitted exceptions will be considered unlawful, and the officials responsible may be held accountable. The system thus seeks to replace indiscriminate control with risk-based oversight.</p>

<p>This distinction is essential. Supporting SMEs does not mean turning a blind eye to fraud, violations of workers’ rights, health hazards or unfair competition. A responsible state must continue to protect citizens, employees and honest businesses.</p>

<p>But it must also understand that administrative inspections come at a cost.</p>

<p>They consume time, require businesses to locate and produce documents, sometimes involve the services of an accountant, tax adviser or lawyer, and create uncertainty that can last for weeks or even months. A large company with dedicated legal and financial departments may be able to absorb that burden. For a small business, it can bring operations to a standstill.</p>

<p>In Belgium, Entrepreneurs Face an Administrative Maze</p>

<p>Belgium likes to present itself as a country that supports entrepreneurship. Yet in everyday reality, self-employed workers and SME owners must navigate a genuine administrative maze.</p>

<p>Federal taxation, social-security contributions, VAT, payroll withholding tax, accounting requirements, regional legislation, municipal regulations, employment law, environmental standards, consumer protection, risk-prevention rules and digital obligations: each area often pursues a legitimate objective, but their accumulation has created a system that is increasingly difficult to understand.</p>

<p>This complexity is compounded by the number of different authorities involved. The same company may be inspected or contacted by several public bodies, each with its own procedures, deadlines and interpretation of the rules.</p>

<p>The problem is therefore not limited to the amount of tax or social contributions paid. It also concerns the time spent understanding the rules, anticipating amendments, gathering evidence and demonstrating good faith.</p>

<p>Administrative time is never free. Every hour spent completing a form is an hour not devoted to customers, innovation, business development, training or recruitment.</p>

<p>SMEs Are the Backbone of the Belgian Economy</p>

<p>This pressure is all the more concerning because SMEs account for the overwhelming majority of Belgium’s business landscape.</p>

<p>According to the Belgian Federal Public Service Economy, Belgium had approximately 1.186 million active SMEs in 2024, an increase of 1.6% in one year. Behind that figure are shops, restaurants, craftspeople, family businesses, consultants, healthcare professionals, technology companies and thousands of organisations that keep neighbourhoods and municipalities alive.</p>

<p>These businesses create jobs, collect VAT, pay social-security contributions and taxes, and help finance the state. Yet they find it proportionately more difficult than large corporations to cope with administrative complexity.</p>

<p>A multinational company can distribute its regulatory obligations among several departments. The owner of a small business often has to act simultaneously as salesperson, manager, human-resources officer, buyer, administrative specialist and point of contact for the authorities.</p>

<p>When a new obligation is introduced, it is not absorbed by a specialised department. It lands directly on the owner’s desk—usually at the end of the day, after dealing with customers, suppliers and employees.</p>

<p>Better Inspections, Not More Inspections</p>

<p>Belgium should not, of course, mechanically reproduce the Uzbek model. The two economies, legal systems and institutional structures are different.</p>

<p>But the underlying principle deserves consideration: should a company that complies with its obligations and presents no particular risk be subjected to the same level of scrutiny as a business that has been repeatedly reported or has shown persistent irregularities?</p>

<p>A modern policy could be based on several straightforward principles:</p>

<p>* inspections based on objective risk indicators;</p>

<p>* better coordination between public authorities to avoid repetitive requests;</p>

<p>* a right to correct mistakes made in good faith before penalties are imposed;</p>

<p>* limits on successive inspections covering the same periods;</p>

<p>* official recognition of voluntary preventive audits;</p>

<p>* a clear distinction between administrative error, negligence and organised fraud;</p>

<p>* effective accountability for public authorities in cases of abusive or manifestly unfounded inspections.</p>

<p>A small business should not face the same penalty for a formal error with no financial consequences as for the deliberate concealment of income.</p>

<p>Proportionality should once again become the guiding principle of administrative action.</p>

<p>Public Authorities Must Also Be Accountable</p>

<p>In many European tax systems, taxpayers are required to comply with strict deadlines, while public authorities may sometimes take months to answer a question, issue a refund or close a case.</p>

<p>This imbalance reinforces the sense of a one-sided relationship: businesses must immediately justify, prove and pay, while the state is not always subject to the same requirements of speed and predictability.</p>

<p>Restoring trust therefore requires more than safeguards governing the obligations of entrepreneurs. Administrative action must also be properly regulated.</p>

<p>When an inspection is opened, the company should be clearly informed of its purpose, legal basis, the period concerned and the expected timetable. When no violation is found, the case should be closed promptly. When an authority makes a mistake, it should acknowledge and correct it without forcing the taxpayer into a disproportionate legal battle.</p>

<p>The rule of law does not merely require citizens and businesses to obey the rules. It also requires public authorities to respect the limits of their powers.</p>

<p>The Uzbek Experience Should Not Be Idealised</p>

<p>The moratorium introduced by Tashkent will naturally need to be assessed over time.</p>

<p>Reducing inspections can free private initiative, but insufficient oversight may also encourage abuse, undeclared work, harm to consumers or distortions of competition. The reform’s success will therefore depend on the quality of its implementation, the transparency of its exceptions and the independence of the available appeal mechanisms.</p>

<p>It would be premature to claim that Uzbekistan has permanently resolved every difficulty faced by its small businesses. But the country has at least asked the right question: how can an economy be protected from abuse without suffocating those who produce, invest and create jobs?</p>

<p>That question should also be asked in Brussels.</p>

<p>A Signal for Kazakhstan and Its New Kurultai</p>

<p>Uzbekistan’s decision has also resonated in Kazakhstan.</p>

<p>Former MP and entrepreneur Tanirbergen Berdongar expressed the hope that representatives of the new Kurultai would become genuine defenders of entrepreneurs. His message reflects a reality that extends beyond national borders: SMEs are going through a difficult period, marked by rising costs, regulatory uncertainty, inspections and penalties.</p>

<p>As Kazakhstan enters a new institutional cycle, it has an opportunity to demonstrate that political modernisation can also produce a new economic culture.</p>

<p>Defending entrepreneurs does not mean defending fraud. It means protecting those who take risks, invest their capital, create jobs and keep wealth circulating in the real economy.</p>

<p>Business Is Not the Enemy of the State</p>

<p>Political debate too often creates an artificial opposition between the interests of the state and those of businesses.</p>

<p>Yet without profitable companies, there can be no sustainable jobs, reliable tax revenue or stable financing for social security. The state and business are not two opposing camps. They belong to the same ecosystem.</p>

<p>Fighting fraud remains essential. But generalised suspicion ultimately discourages honest entrepreneurs, while professional fraudsters learn how to circumvent the rules.</p>

<p>True political courage does not consist of announcing ever more inspections. It means building a public administration capable of inspecting less, but more effectively; identifying genuine risks; preventing errors; and firmly sanctioning deliberately fraudulent conduct.</p>

<p>Uzbekistan has begun to loosen the administrative grip on its small businesses. Belgium does not necessarily have to copy this decision, but it would be wrong to ignore it.</p>

<p>Sometimes, solutions come from places we do not expect. We must simply be willing to look beyond our certainties.</p>

<p>And, above all, have the humility to learn.</p>

<p>Kadir Duran</p>

<p>Tax Man Bruxelles |</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 17:48:21 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>SALGARA</title>
                <category>Sait Kose</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/salgara-1305</link>
                <author>skose6826@GMAIL.COM (Sait Kose)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/salgara-1305</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[SALGARA]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><u><em>Pazar Yazısı</em></u></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:28px"><strong><span style="background-color:#e74c3c">SALGARA</span></strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Salgara...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Çocukken annem,rahmetli babam ve akrabalarım bu kelimeyi çok kullanırlardı. Kulağıma da hoş gelirdi.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Ben de Fransızcadaki “sale”, yani “pis” kelimesiyle bir bağlantı kurduğumdan dolayı, sanırım başka bir anlamı olduğunu düşünürdüm. <img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/td2/1/16/1f604.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /></em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>İç Anadolu'da kullanılan bir kelime.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Başka yörelerde de kullanılıyor mu, açıkçası bilmiyorum.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Peki nedir salgara?</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Öyle çok hesap kitap yapmadan...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Biraz rastgele, biraz gelişine, biraz da “olursa olur, olmazsa bakarız” diyerek yaşamaktır salgara.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Hayatın önüne ne koyduğunu fazla sorgulamadan devam etmektir.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Tam yüzde yüz şans değil...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Hani şans ile azıcık planın arasında bir şey.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Plan yok, program yok... Biraz tesadüf, biraz şans, biraz da “hayırlısı”...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Emirdağ'dan taksiye bindim köye gideceğim, kemeri bağlıyorum, taksici abi ne gerek var bişey olmaz dedi. Kaza yaparsan görürsün gereğini dedim,biraz kemerin önemi üzerine konuşunca abi valla biz salgaraya yaşıyoruz dedi <img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tce/1/16/1f600.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" />.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Adamın söylediği aslında sadece emniyet kemeriyle ilgili değildi.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Biraz düşündüm... Galiba çoğumuz hayatın birçok alanında salgaraya yaşıyoruz.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Herşeyi önceden planlayamıyoruz. Her ihtimali hesaplayamıyoruz.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Ve hayat da bize zaman zaman, hiç hesapta olmayan şeyler çıkarıyor.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>İşte salgara biraz da böyle bir şey.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Peki, çocukken hayatımızı bu kadar salgaraya bırakacağımızı biliyor muyduk?</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Tabii ki hayır.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Çocukken hepimizin planları vardı...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Sonra hayat kendi planını yaptı.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Bizim yaptığımız planların bir kısmını çöpe attı, bir kısmını değiştirdi, bazılarını da hiç ummadığımız şekilde önümüze koydu.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Zaten salgara sadece yaşanmaz.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Salgara kazanılır...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Salgara kaybedilir...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Salgara bir yerlere gelinir...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Salgara bir fırsat yakalanır...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Salgaraya yani pisi pisine ölünür...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>HEM ŞANSTIR HEM ŞANSSIZLIK !</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Hatta bazen insan, yıllarca uğraşmadan, hiç hesapta yokken salgaraya bir mevki sahibi bile olabilir.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Ama burada biraz dikkat etmek lazım.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Kendi hayatımızı biraz salgaraya yaşayabiliriz.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Bazen planı bırakıp akışına da bırakabiliriz.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Biraz şans, biraz tesadüf, biraz “hayırlısı”...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Bunda bir sakınca yok.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Ama iş başkalarını seçmeye, bizi yönetecek insanları belirlemeye gelince...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>O kadar da salgaraya bırakmamak lazım.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Çünkü biz birilerini salgaraya seçersek...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Onlar da bir yerlere salgaraya gelirlerse...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Sonra hep birlikte salgaraya yönetilmiş oluruz.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>İşte orada emniyet kemerini biraz daha sıkmak gerekiyor.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Çünkü takside “Bir şey olmaz abi” demek başka...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Memleketi, Hükümeti ,Belediyeyi “bir şey olmaz” diye yönetmeye bırakmak başka.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>O yüzden hayatı biraz salgaraya yaşayabiliriz ...</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Ama geleceğimizi, çocuklarımızı ve bizi</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>yönetecekleri seçerken biraz daha hesap kitap yapalım.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Sonuçta...Direksiyona kimin geçeceğini şansa bırakmamalıyız.</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Brüksel'den güneşli bir pazar dilerim .</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Sait Köse</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Brüksel , 6 Eylül 2026</em></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 17:39:23 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Europe’s Innovation Conversion Failure</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/europes-innovation-conversion-failure-1304</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/europes-innovation-conversion-failure-1304</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Europe’s Innovation Conversion Failure]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#17365d"><strong>Europe’s Innovation Conversion Failure</strong></span></span></span></p>
</div>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#4f81bd"><em>Draghi diagnosed an investment gap. The deeper European problem is institutional: too much scientific knowledge, private wealth and entrepreneurial potential is lost between invention and industrial scale.</em></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>By Dr Glenn Agung Hole</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe’s competitiveness debate has acquired an unusual degree of consensus. Productivity growth is too weak. The continent is under-represented in the technologies likely to shape the next economic era. Young firms struggle to scale. Capital markets remain fragmented. Energy costs weaken industrial competitiveness, while geopolitical instability has made technological dependence a strategic concern. Mario Draghi’s 2024 report brought these problems together with unusual force and estimated that meeting Europe’s existing ambitions would require an additional €750–800 billion of investment every year, equivalent to roughly 4.4–4.7 per cent of EU GDP (Draghi, 2024).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yet the most important question raised by Draghi is not whether Europe can find another €800 billion. It is why an economy that already possesses exceptional scientific institutions, one of the world’s largest markets and enormous pools of private savings has allowed such a large investment and innovation gap to emerge in the first place.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This distinction is fundamental. If Europe’s principal problem were scarcity, the solution would be primarily financial. More public expenditure, larger research programmes and greater investment incentives would gradually close the gap. But Europe’s difficulty is more structural. It repeatedly generates the inputs associated with innovation without converting enough of them into the outputs that determine economic power: scalable firms, productivity growth, technological ownership and industrial capacity.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">I describe this as Europe’s innovation conversion failure. The problem is not that Europe does not invent. It is that too much economic potential is dissipated between invention and scale.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The analytical implications are significant. Scientific excellence is not equivalent to innovation. Savings are not equivalent to productive capital. A legally integrated Single Market is not necessarily a commercially integrated market for a young firm attempting to expand across 27 jurisdictions. Nor should the sophistication of a regulatory system be confused with institutional capacity if that system cannot deliver investment, infrastructure and commercial scale at the speed required by technological competition.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe’s challenge is therefore less about producing another layer of innovation policy than about repairing the institutional chain through which knowledge becomes economic capacity.</span></span></p>

<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#365f91">The missing middle between knowledge and scale</span></span></span></h1>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Innovation policy in Europe has traditionally placed considerable weight on research intensity, scientific excellence and public support for knowledge creation. These remain indispensable. But a frontier economy cannot sustain prosperity through knowledge production alone. As economies approach the technological frontier, growth increasingly depends upon experimentation, entrepreneurship, reallocation and the commercial diffusion of new technologies. Institutions that are effective at supporting incremental improvement may therefore be insufficient when economic leadership depends on producing and scaling entirely new firms and business models (Aghion, Acemoglu, &amp; Zilibotti, 2006).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This is where the European weakness becomes visible. The continent possesses an excellent research base and a substantial population of innovative start-ups, yet the financing gap widens as successful firms grow. European Investment Bank research finds that by their tenth year of operation, EU scale-ups have raised about 50 per cent less capital than comparable firms in San Francisco. More revealingly, 82 per cent of EU scale-up financing deals in the EIB sample involved a foreign lead or sole investor, compared with only 14 per cent in San Francisco (European Investment Bank, 2024).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">These are not merely venture-capital statistics. They describe the institutional geography of future corporate power.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The point at which a firm moves from start-up to scale-up is precisely when capital requirements become larger, managerial complexity increases and access to international markets becomes strategically important. The lead investor does more than supply finance. It contributes networks, specialised knowledge, recruitment capacity, credibility and access to subsequent funding rounds. When the most important financial relationships of European technology firms are increasingly anchored outside Europe at the moment those firms begin to scale, the economic consequences extend well beyond ownership.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Innovation ecosystems are cumulative. Successful founders become investors. Experienced executives move into younger firms. Large technology companies become demanding customers and acquisition partners. Specialist lawyers, engineers and financiers cluster around successful sectors. One generation of corporate success therefore improves the institutional environment for the next. Conversely, when promising European companies relocate, list abroad or are acquired before achieving global scale, Europe loses part of this cumulative process. It may retain the university that produced the science while losing the corporate ecosystem created by its commercialisation.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">That is why describing the problem as an ‘innovation gap’ is too imprecise. Europe can remain innovative in the scientific sense while losing ground economically. The decisive question is not how many ideas are generated, but how many survive the institutional journey from laboratory to market, from market to scale, and from scale to durable European industrial capability.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The distinction also explains why additional research spending, although necessary, cannot by itself solve the problem. If the institutional bottleneck lies downstream of discovery, increasing the flow of discoveries into the same constrained system may raise scientific output without proportionately increasing commercial outcomes. Innovation policy must therefore be designed as a conversion architecture rather than a research budget.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3b3fff74-aaf6-4c20-a9cc-8c20435254e8.png" style="height:800px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#365f91">A Single Market that does not yet deliver single-market scale</span></span></span></h1>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The second conversion failure lies inside Europe’s greatest economic achievement: the Single Market. In formal terms, the European Union offers innovative firms access to a continental economy. In practice, the experience of scaling across Europe remains far more fragmented than the legal concept of a single market suggests.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The European Investment Bank’s 2025/26 Investment Report provides unusually direct evidence. Sixty-two per cent of EU firms report difficulty exporting to other EU countries because of fragmented rules and regulations. The EIB estimates that removing remaining barriers could raise firms’ investment-to-assets ratio by around 10 per cent, with even stronger effects on intangible investment, the form of investment most closely associated with knowledge-intensive growth (European Investment Bank, 2026a).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This matters because market size is itself an innovation institution. A firm that can address a large home market under one coherent commercial framework can spread fixed costs across more customers, accumulate data more rapidly, attract larger financing rounds and justify greater investment in technology. Scale is therefore not something that occurs after innovation; it changes the economics of innovation from the beginning.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The European paradox is that a technology company may be legally located inside one Single Market while commercially confronting multiple systems of taxation, company law, labour regulation, insolvency, financing and administration. For established multinationals, these frictions are costly but manageable. For a young company with limited managerial capacity, they can be decisive.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Commission’s EU Inc. proposal, presented in March 2026 as part of a broader 28th regime, should be understood in this context. The proposal would create a harmonised European corporate form with digital procedures intended to make it substantially easier for innovative companies to establish themselves and operate across the Union (European Commission, 2026a). The proposal is directionally important. But its very necessity is also diagnostic. Europe would not need a new supranational company form if the existing institutional environment already allowed young companies to experience the Single Market as economically single.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The same issue appears in capital formation. The European Commission estimates that around 70 per cent of EU household savings, worth approximately €10 trillion, are held as bank deposits (European Commission, 2025a). There is nothing inherently problematic about households preferring safe and liquid savings. Nor should Europe seek to reproduce the American financial system wholesale. But innovative, intangible-intensive companies often require forms of risk-bearing capital that traditional bank intermediation is structurally less suited to provide.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The contradiction is therefore striking. Europe simultaneously possesses enormous financial wealth and a persistent shortage of growth capital for precisely the firms expected to generate future productivity. Draghi’s investment gap and Europe’s large stock of private savings are not opposing facts. Together they identify an intermediation problem: the institutions connecting wealth to productive risk are too shallow, too fragmented or too conservative relative to the scale of technological change.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This is the deeper meaning of the proposed Savings and Investments Union. The objective should not merely be to move household savings from deposits into securities. It should be to create institutional pathways through which European savings can finance European experimentation, including the possibility of failure. Innovation cannot be financed exclusively through instruments designed around predictable cash flows, collateral and low variance. A political economy that wants technological leadership must possess institutions capable of financing uncertainty.</span></span></p>

<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#365f91">Draghi’s diagnosis is about institutional conversion, not simply investment</span></span></span></h1>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Draghi report is frequently reduced to its €750–800 billion headline. That risks obscuring its more important intellectual contribution. The report described an economy in which productive investment is too weak despite ample private savings, technological diffusion is insufficient, scale-up financing is inadequate and the Single Market remains incomplete in precisely the sectors where future growth will be determined (Draghi, 2024).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The investment number is therefore an outcome of a wider institutional structure.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This becomes clearer if one asks what Europe must actually convert over the next decade. It must convert scientific capability into commercial technology; household wealth into productive risk capital; digital regulation into a functioning market for digital enterprise; climate ambition into competitive energy systems; and strategic-autonomy rhetoric into domestic technological and industrial capacity. None of these conversions occurs automatically.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">North’s institutional economics remains relevant here because formal institutions matter principally through the incentives and transaction costs they create (North, 1990). Europe has highly developed formal institutions, but high institutional sophistication does not guarantee high institutional adaptability. Rules can provide certainty while also accumulating complexity. Regulatory coordination can protect the Single Market while simultaneously slowing experimentation. Institutions built to minimise economic and political risk can become less effective when strategic competition requires speed, concentration of resources and tolerance for uncertain technological outcomes.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This is the uncomfortable dimension of Europe’s competitiveness problem. The weakness does not lie outside the European model. It arises partly from tensions within its own institutional strengths.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe has built a political economy exceptionally good at stability, consumer protection, incremental coordination and social risk-sharing. These achievements should not be discarded. But technological competition places greater weight on another set of institutional capabilities: rapid capital reallocation, commercial experimentation, high-risk financing, infrastructure delivery and the ability to scale successful firms across a genuinely continental market.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The policy challenge is therefore not deregulation in the simplistic sense. It is institutional redesign. Europe needs to distinguish between rules that protect essential public goods and frictions that merely protect fragmentation, incumbency or administrative routine. The relevant criterion should be whether institutions improve the economy’s capacity to convert knowledge and capital into productive outcomes without sacrificing the legal and social foundations on which European legitimacy rests.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This also changes how Brussels should evaluate policy success. The production of strategies, funding programmes and legislative initiatives is not equivalent to the production of capacity. A new programme can be administratively successful while leaving the underlying conversion rate unchanged. Europe should therefore judge its innovation architecture by measurable transitions: how rapidly university research is commercialised; how many firms survive the scale-up phase without relocating; how much late-stage capital is supplied by European investors; how quickly companies can expand across Member States; and how much new technological capability becomes embedded in European industrial ecosystems.</span></span></p>

<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#365f91">Brussels has moved. The test is whether the economy moves with it.</span></span></span></h1>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The European response since Draghi should not be dismissed. The Competitiveness Compass adopted in January 2025 explicitly placed closing the innovation gap at the centre of the Commission’s economic strategy, alongside decarbonisation and the reduction of strategic dependencies (European Commission, 2025b). The EU Startup and Scaleup Strategy acknowledges that too many firms struggle to move from laboratory to market and to grow at scale inside Europe (European Commission, 2025c). The Savings and Investments Union addresses the financial side of the same problem. EU Inc. attempts to reduce corporate fragmentation. The EIB Group’s TechEU programme is designed to provide €70 billion of financing and mobilise €250 billion of investment by 2027 across innovative and strategic technologies (European Investment Bank, 2025).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe has also recognised that innovation increasingly depends upon physical infrastructure. The AI Continent Action Plan seeks to mobilise €200 billion for artificial-intelligence development, including €20 billion for up to five AI gigafactories, alongside a wider network of AI factories (European Commission, 2026b). This is important because the digital economy is not immaterial. Frontier AI requires electricity, computing infrastructure, data, semiconductors, skilled labour and extremely large pools of capital.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">These initiatives demonstrate that Brussels has understood much of the diagnosis. The danger is now implementation through institutional layering rather than institutional transformation.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe has a recurring tendency to respond to structural problems by adding instruments to an already complex architecture. Each instrument may be individually rational. Collectively, however, they can reproduce the very fragmentation they are intended to overcome if firms must navigate multiple programmes, agencies, national interpretations and eligibility systems before capital becomes usable.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The essential test of TechEU is therefore not whether €250 billion can be announced or mobilised in accounting terms. It is whether European firms experience capital as more available, faster and capable of remaining with them through successive stages of growth. The test of EU Inc. is not whether a new legal category exists, but whether a founder can expand across Europe with materially less friction. The test of the AI strategy is not the number of facilities designated, but whether European firms obtain sufficient compute, energy and financing to create globally competitive technologies and deploy them across the industrial economy.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Policy production must become capacity production.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This is where the Brussels debate should become more demanding. A continent cannot regulate itself into technological sovereignty, but neither can it subsidise its way there if the institutions governing scale remain fragmented. Public investment can de-risk new technologies, yet private capital must subsequently be willing and able to finance winners. Research grants can create knowledge, but universities need stronger interfaces with entrepreneurship and industry. Strategic procurement can create early markets, but only if purchasing institutions are prepared to adopt new solutions rather than systematically favouring established suppliers.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The central problem is therefore coordination across the entire innovation chain. Europe does not lack individual components. It lacks sufficiently powerful mechanisms for connecting them.</span></span></p>

<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#365f91">Innovation has become geo-economic capacity</span></span></span></h1>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The consequences extend beyond economic growth. The innovation conversion failure is becoming a geopolitical vulnerability because technological ownership increasingly shapes the range of choices available to states.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe can be a sophisticated adopter of technologies developed elsewhere and still improve productivity. But adoption is not equivalent to technological sovereignty. An economy dependent on external providers for frontier computing, cloud infrastructure, semiconductors or foundational digital platforms may remain prosperous while simultaneously losing strategic optionality. The issue is not autarky; no advanced economy can or should reproduce every technology domestically. The issue is whether dependence becomes concentrated in areas whose interruption or political manipulation would impose unacceptable costs.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This is why technological competitiveness, capital-market development and strategic autonomy can no longer be treated as separate policy domains. A region that cannot finance its own high-growth firms eventually becomes dependent upon foreign pools of risk capital. A region that cannot scale digital companies becomes dependent upon foreign platforms. A region unable to deploy energy and computing infrastructure at sufficient speed may retain excellent AI researchers while losing the industrial activity generated by their work.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The future distribution of economic power will therefore depend less on who produces the largest number of policy documents or even who possesses the largest current stock of wealth than on which political economies can convert resources into new capabilities fastest.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe still begins this competition with formidable advantages. Its Single Market generates around 17 per cent of global GDP; its households possess extraordinary savings; its universities, firms and research organisations retain world-class capabilities; and its institutional stability remains attractive to capital and talent (European Commission, 2025b). There is no structural law requiring European decline.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">But accumulated advantages should not be mistaken for self-reproducing advantages.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The economic history of technological leadership is characterised by repeated shifts in which regions that once dominated particular industries fail to capture subsequent technological waves. The reason is rarely a sudden disappearance of intelligence or capital. More often, existing institutions, incumbent interests and financial structures become poorly matched to new technologies and new forms of organisation.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe’s central task is therefore institutional adaptation at the technological frontier. It must preserve what is valuable about the European model while becoming significantly more capable of reallocating capital, tolerating entrepreneurial risk, commercialising science and producing scale.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This is why the European competitiveness debate should move beyond the language of an innovation gap. A gap implies that Europe simply needs more of something: more research, more investment, more venture capital or more digital infrastructure. Europe needs all of these, but the deeper question is the system through which they are connected.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Draghi diagnosed the investment requirement. The next stage of the debate must diagnose the institutional architecture that created it.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe’s competitive crisis begins when scientific excellence is mistaken for innovation, regulatory sophistication for institutional capacity, household wealth for productive capital, and the legal existence of the Single Market for the economic reality of continental scale. None of these equivalences holds.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Economic power emerges only when knowledge, capital, infrastructure and entrepreneurship can be converted into productive capacity.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Europe still possesses the ingredients.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Its future will depend on whether it can improve the conversion.</span></span></p>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<h1 style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#365f91">References</span></span></span></h1>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aghion, P., Acemoglu, D., &amp; Zilibotti, F. (2006). Distance to frontier, selection, and economic growth. American Economic Review, 96(1), 37–74. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157740"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157740</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Draghi, M. (2024). The future of European competitiveness: A competitiveness strategy for Europe, Part A. European Commission. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Commission. (2025a, March 19). Savings and investments union: Better financial opportunities for EU citizens and businesses. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/savings-and-investments-union-better-financial-opportunities-eu-citizens-and-businesses-2025-03-19_en"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/savings-and-investments-union-better-financial-opportunities-eu-citizens-and-businesses-2025-03-19_en</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Commission. (2025b). Competitiveness Compass. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Commission. (2025c, May 28). Choose Europe for your startup and scaleup. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/choose-europe-your-startup-and-scaleup-2025-05-28_en"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/choose-europe-your-startup-and-scaleup-2025-05-28_en</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Commission. (2026a, March 18). EU Inc. – making business easier in the European Union. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/eu-inc-making-business-easier-european-union-2026-03-18_en"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/eu-inc-making-business-easier-european-union-2026-03-18_en</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Commission. (2026b). AI Continent Action Plan. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/ai-continent_en"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/ai-continent_en</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Investment Bank. (2024). The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union. <a href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/online/all/the-scale-up-gap"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://www.eib.org/en/publications/online/all/the-scale-up-gap</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Investment Bank. (2025, August 25). Europe’s innovative companies get boost as EIB Group launches TechEU Platform to simplify financing. <a href="https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-314-europe-s-innovative-companies-get-boost-as-eib-group-launches-techeu-platform-to-simplify-financing"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-314-europe-s-innovative-companies-get-boost-as-eib-group-launches-techeu-platform-to-simplify-financing</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">European Investment Bank. (2026a). Investment Report 2025/26: Capitalising on Europe’s strengths – Executive summary. <a href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20250379-investment-report-2025-executive-summary"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20250379-investment-report-2025-executive-summary</span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:30px"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678"><span style="color:#0563c1">https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678</span></a></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 20:00:54 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Georges-Louis Bouchez: KOBİ’lerin savunucusu mu, yoksa yeni bir toplumsal ayrışmanın mimarı mı?</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/georges-louis-bouchez-kobilerin-savunucusu-mu-yoksa-yeni-bir-toplumsal-ayrismanin-mimari-mi-1303</link>
                <author>duranskynetbe@hotmail.com (Kadir Duran)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/georges-louis-bouchez-kobilerin-savunucusu-mu-yoksa-yeni-bir-toplumsal-ayrismanin-mimari-mi-1303</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Georges-Louis Bouchez: KOBİ’lerin savunucusu mu, yoksa yeni bir toplumsal ayrışmanın mimarı mı?]]></description>
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<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

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<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Georges-Louis Bouchez: KOBİ’lerin savunucusu mu, yoksa yeni bir toplumsal ayrışmanın mimarı mı?</strong></span></p>

<h2>“Daha az vergi, daha az kamu harcaması” sloganıyla hareket eden Arizona hükümeti; sermaye kazançları vergisi getirdi, işsizlik ödeneğini süreyle sınırlandırdı ve bazı vergi avantajlarını daralttı. Çalışan kesim belirli ölçüde kazançlı çıkabilirken, istihdam piyasasından en uzakta bulunanlar reformların asıl yükünü taşıma riskiyle karşı karşıya.</h2>

<p><strong>Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner | Brüksel</strong><br />
<strong>5 Eylül 2026</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/b03effd0-0835-4cbf-9cd0-84c71f60014f.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez kendisini emeğin, girişimcilerin ve küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin, yani KOBİ’lerin savunucusu olarak tanıtıyor.</p>

<p>Verdiği mesaj ilk bakışta oldukça basit: Belçika yeni vergiler getirmek yerine gereksiz kamu harcamalarını azaltmalı, çalışanları ödüllendirmeli, ekonomik faaliyet yaratan ve istihdam sağlayan işletmeleri desteklemelidir.</p>

<p>Reformcu Hareket’in (MR) Genel Başkanı, şirketlere verilen kamu yardımlarının da yeniden gözden geçirilmesini istiyor. Bouchez’ye göre “şirket yardımları” başlığı altında hesaplanan 23,8 milyar avronun 7 milyar avrodan daha azı gerçekten üretim yapan işletmelere ulaşıyor. Geri kalan bölüm ise kamu şirketlerine, sosyal ekonomi kuruluşlarına ve yeterince verimli olmadığını düşündüğü çok sayıda destek mekanizmasına aktarılıyor.</p>

<p>Bu yaklaşım kamuoyunun bir bölümü açısından ikna edici görünebilir. Eğer harcanan milyarlar büyüme, istihdam veya daha kaliteli kamu hizmetleri üretmiyorsa bu harcamalar neden devam etsin?</p>

<p>Ancak Bouchez’nin söylemi Arizona koalisyonunun aldığı kararlarla karşılaştırıldığında önemli bir çelişki ortaya çıkıyor. MR’ın da yer aldığı hükümet, bazı sermaye kazançları üzerinden yeni bir vergi getirdi; işsizlik ödeneğini süreyle sınırlandırdı; çeşitli vergi avantajlarını azalttı ve küçük işletmelerin de yararlandığı bazı destekleri kaldırmayı veya yeniden düzenlemeyi gündemine aldı.</p>

<p>Bu durumda şu soru kaçınılmaz hâle geliyor:</p>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez gerçekten KOBİ’lerin ve çalışanların savunucusu mu, yoksa toplumun en kırılgan kesimlerini daha da zayıflatabilecek bir politikanın mimarlarından biri mi?</p>

<p>Bu sorunun cevabı, siyasi sloganlardan çok daha derin bir değerlendirmeyi gerektiriyor.</p>

<h2>Kendi içinde tutarlı bir liberal anlayış</h2>

<p>İdeolojik açıdan bakıldığında Georges-Louis Bouchez’nin liberal çizgisiyle büyük ölçüde tutarlı davrandığını söylemek gerekir.</p>

<p>Bouchez’ye göre devlet; güvenlik, adalet, eğitim, altyapı ve kendisinin “adil ve sürdürülebilir dayanışma” olarak tanımladığı temel görevler üzerinde yoğunlaşmalıdır.</p>

<p>Savunduğu anlayış birkaç temel ilkeyle özetlenebilir:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Verimsiz olduğu düşünülen kamu harcamalarını azaltmak;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İnsanların sosyal yardımlara uzun süre bağımlı kalmasını engellemek;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Çalışmakla çalışmamak arasındaki gelir farkını büyütmek;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Öncelikle yatırım yapan ve istihdam yaratan şirketleri desteklemek;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İş gücü piyasasını daha esnek hâle getirmek;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İşletmeler üzerindeki idari yükleri, kuralları ve bürokrasiyi azaltmak;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Mesleki gelirler üzerindeki vergi yükünü kademeli olarak düşürmek.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Dolayısıyla MR, mevcut bütün kamu yardımlarının korunacağını vadetmiyor. Parti, yardımları büyümeye ve istihdama sağladıkları düşünülen katkıya göre seçmek istiyor.</p>

<p>Fakat burada temel bir soru ortaya çıkıyor: Bir harcamanın verimli veya verimsiz olduğuna kim karar verecek?</p>

<p>Bir fabrikaya verilen yatırım desteği kolaylıkla ekonomik yatırım olarak sunulabilir. Buna karşılık işsizlik ödeneği, sosyal ekonomi kuruluşuna verilen bir destek veya kamu şirketine aktarılan kaynak çoğu zaman bir maliyet olarak değerlendirilebilir.</p>

<p>Peki çalışanları işe götüren tren, uzun süredir işsiz olanları yeniden istihdama kazandıran bir dernek veya engelli bireylere çalışma imkânı sunan korumalı işyeri ekonominin işleyişine katkıda bulunmuyor mu?</p>

<p>Dolayısıyla tartışma yalnızca muhasebe rakamlarından ibaret değildir. Esas olarak siyasi ve toplumsal bir tercihle ilgilidir.</p>

<h2>23,8 milyar avroluk “şirket yardımı” gerçekte ne anlama geliyor?</h2>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez şirketlere 23,8 milyar avro yardım yapıldığını söylediğinde vatandaşlar bu paranın doğrudan özel şirketlere çek veya nakit sübvansiyon olarak dağıtıldığını düşünebilir.</p>

<p>Oysa gerçek çok daha karmaşıktır.</p>

<p>Bu geniş tutarın içinde birbirinden tamamen farklı destek mekanizmaları yer alıyor:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>İşveren sosyal güvenlik primlerinde yapılan indirimler;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Mesleki stopajın devlete aktarılmasından sağlanan muafiyetler;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İstihdam teşvikleri;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Bölgesel sübvansiyonlar;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Araştırma ve geliştirme destekleri;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kamu şirketlerine ödenen hizmet bedelleri ve mali telafiler;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Sosyal ekonomi kuruluşlarına ayrılan kaynaklar;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Yatırım ve enerji dönüşümü yardımları;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Belirli sektörlere yönelik destek programları.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Böylece bpost, Belçika Demiryolları SNCB, engelli bireylere istihdam sağlayan bir işletme ile yeni bir makine almak için destek alan küçük bir KOBİ aynı genel kategori altında toplanabiliyor.</p>

<p>“Üretim yapan şirketlere 7 milyar avrodan daha az yardım gidiyor” ifadesi, büyük ölçüde “üretkenlik” kavramının nasıl tanımlandığına bağlıdır.</p>

<p>Zarar eden bir demiryolu hattı, yalnızca muhasebe açısından bakıldığında verimsiz sayılabilir. Ancak aynı hat çalışanların, öğrencilerin ve müşterilerin ulaşımını sağlıyor; bölgedeki işletmeleri ve ekonomik hareketliliği destekliyor olabilir.</p>

<p>Benzer şekilde sosyal ekonomi kuruluşları her zaman kısa vadeli mali kâr üretmez. Buna karşılık özel sektörün üstlenmek istemediği önemli toplumsal görevleri yerine getirebilir.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle milyarlarca avroluk tasarruftan söz edilmeden önce şeffaf bir envanter yayımlanmalıdır:</p>

<p>Hangi yardımlar kaldırılacak? Hangi işletmeler ve kurumlar bundan etkilenecek? Beklenen ekonomik ve toplumsal sonuçlar nelerdir?</p>

<p>Bu şeffaflık sağlanmadığı sürece “kötü yardımları kaldıracağız” vaadi, içeriği kolaylıkla değiştirilebilen kullanışlı bir siyasi söylem olarak kalacaktır.</p>

<h2>Bütün KOBİ’ler korunmayacak</h2>

<p>MR’ın söylemi, küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin alınacak bütün tasarruf kararlarından doğal olarak korunacağı izlenimini veriyor.</p>

<p>Ancak Arizona anlaşmasındaki bazı önlemler KOBİ’leri de doğrudan ilgilendiriyor.</p>

<p>Koalisyonun kabul ettiği veya değerlendirdiği düzenlemeler arasında şunlar bulunuyor:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>İlk kez personel istihdam eden işverenlere tanınan sosyal güvenlik primi indirimlerinin yeniden düzenlenmesi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Düşük ücretli ek personel çalıştıran işletmelere sağlanan vergi muafiyetinin kaldırılması;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Sosyal yükümlülükler için uygulanan bazı vergi muafiyetlerinin sona erdirilmesi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Esnek ücretlendirme sistemlerinin sınırlandırılması;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İndirimli kurumlar vergisi oranından yararlanabilmek için şirket yöneticisine ödenmesi gereken asgari ücretin yükseltilmesi.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>İndirimli kurumlar vergisi oranından yararlanmak için gerekli yönetici ücreti, uygulamada yaklaşık 45 bin avrodan 50 bin avroya çıkıyor. Bu nedenle bazı küçük şirketler yöneticilerinin ücretini artırmak zorunda kalabilecek veya indirimli vergi oranını kaybedebilecektir. <a href="https://www.securex.be/fr/lex4you/employeur/actualites/la-loi-reformant-l-impot-des-personnes-physiques-modifie-le-paysage-fiscal">Securex – gelir vergisi reformu</a></p>

<p>Bununla birlikte bütün KOBİ’lerin kaybeden taraf olacağını söylemek de doğru değildir.</p>

<p>Arizona reformunda bağımsız çalışanlara ve işletmelere yönelik bazı olumlu önlemler de bulunuyor:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Girişimciler için yeni bir vergi indirimi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Fazla mesai kurallarının esnetilmesi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Bazı yazılım geliştiricileri için telif gelirlerine uygulanan avantajlı vergi rejiminin yeniden devreye alınması;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Çalışma düzeninin daha esnek hâle getirilmesi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Belirli yatırımlar ve faaliyetler için daha avantajlı mali uygulamalar.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Dolayısıyla reformların bilançosu; şirketin faaliyet gösterdiği sektöre, büyüklüğüne, ücret yapısına, yatırımlarına ve daha önce yararlandığı desteklere göre değişecektir.</p>

<p>Hükümetin politikası bütün KOBİ’lere yönelik genel bir koruma sağlamıyor. Seçici bir yaklaşım izleniyor: Bazı işletme modelleri teşvik edilirken diğerlerinin kullandığı avantajlar azaltılıyor.</p>

<h2>“Yeni vergi yok” söylemini savunmak zorlaşıyor</h2>

<p>Bouchez’nin söylemi ile Arizona hükümetinin icraatları arasındaki en görünür çelişki, finansal sermaye kazançlarına getirilen vergi konusunda ortaya çıkıyor.</p>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez, Belçikalıların artık yeni vergileri kaldıramayacağını sık sık dile getiriyor. Belçika’nın özellikle emek gelirlerini en ağır vergilendiren ülkeler arasında yer aldığını hatırlatıyor.</p>

<p>Buna rağmen 2026’dan itibaren gerçek kişilerin belirli finansal varlıklardan elde ettiği sermaye kazançları yüzde 10 oranında vergilendirilmeye başlandı. Yıllık 10 bin avroluk temel bir istisna uygulanıyor.</p>

<p>Belçika Federal Maliye İdaresi, bu verginin varlığını, beyan yükümlülüklerini ve bankalar tarafından uygulanacak kesinti yöntemlerini açıkça doğruluyor. <a href="https://fin.belgium.be/fr/particuliers/declaration-impot/revenus/taxe-plus-values">Belçika Federal Maliye İdaresi – sermaye kazançları vergisi</a></p>

<p>Dolayısıyla burada teknik bir düzenlemeden değil, açıkça yeni bir vergiden söz ediyoruz.</p>

<p>MR, bu verginin koalisyondaki diğer partilerle, özellikle de Vooruit ile yapılan bir uzlaşmanın sonucu olduğunu ve 10 bin avroluk istisna sayesinde küçük yatırımcıların büyük bölümünün korunduğunu savunabilir.</p>

<p>Bu açıklama siyaseten anlaşılabilir. Bir koalisyon hükümetinde hiçbir parti kendi programını tek başına ve eksiksiz biçimde hayata geçiremez.</p>

<p>Ancak bu durum Georges-Louis Bouchez’nin iletişim stratejisindeki temel sınırı da ortaya koyuyor. Bouchez çoğu zaman MR hükümeti tek başına yönetiyormuş gibi konuşuyor. Oysa partisi, sermaye kazançlarının vergilendirilmesini içeren koalisyon anlaşmasını kabul etti ve onayladı.</p>

<p>Bu verginin KOBİ’lerin ticari kazançlarını doğrudan hedeflemediğini de belirtmek gerekir. Vergi esas olarak yatırımlarından sermaye kazancı elde eden gerçek kişileri ilgilendiriyor.</p>

<p>Bununla birlikte şirket hisselerini satan veya kişisel servet yapısını yeniden düzenleyen girişimciler de bu uygulamadan etkilenebilir.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle bir yandan “yeni vergiye hayır” denilirken diğer yandan sermaye kazançları vergisi basit bir teknik ayrıntı gibi gösterilemez. Siyasi uzlaşma sonucunda kabul edilmiş olsa bile yürürlüğe giren yeni bir vergi, sonuçta vergidir.</p>

<h2>Uzun süreli işsizler ortadan kaybolmuyor</h2>

<p>Arizona reformunun toplumsal açıdan en ağır sonuçlar doğurabilecek bölümü işsizlik sigortasıyla ilgilidir.</p>

<p>Tam işsizlik ödeneği artık en fazla 24 ay süreyle ödenecek. Bu süre, 12 aylık temel dönem ile kişinin çalışma geçmişine bağlı olarak verilebilecek en fazla 12 aylık ek dönemden oluşuyor.</p>

<p>İşe giriş ödeneği ise bir yılla sınırlandırıldı.</p>

<p>Reform, Temmuz 2025’te Federal Parlamento tarafından kabul edildi, Belçika Resmî Gazetesi’nde yayımlandı ve kademeli olarak uygulanmaya başlandı. Yeni kurallar Mart 2026’dan itibaren tamamen yürürlüktedir. <a href="https://www.onem.be/reforme-de-la-reglementation-du-chomage">ONEM – işsizlik sigortası reformu</a></p>

<p>Hükümetin “uzun süreli işsizleri ortadan kaldırdığını” söylemek hukuki açıdan elbette doğru değildir. Ortadan kaldırılan insanlar veya onların yaşadığı sorunlar değil, belirli bir sürenin ardından kesilen federal işsizlik ödeneğidir.</p>

<p>İş arayanların bir bölümü yeniden istihdama katılabilir. Ancak iş bulamayanlar ailelerinin desteğiyle yaşamak, belediyelerin Sosyal Yardım Merkezlerine başvurmak veya yeterli gelirden tamamen yoksun kalmak zorunda olabilir.</p>

<p>Federal hükümet böylece ONEM bütçesinde tasarruf ederken mali ve toplumsal yükün bir bölümünün şu kurumlara aktarılması beklenebilir:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Belediyeler;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kamu Sosyal Yardım Merkezleri;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Sosyal konut sistemi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Sağlık hizmetleri;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Yardım dernekleri;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İşsizlerin aileleri.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Bir yönetim düzeyinde yapılan tasarruf, başka bir yönetim düzeyinde yeni bir harcamaya dönüşebilir.</p>

<h2>Herkesi yeniden işe döndürmek mümkün mü?</h2>

<p>Hükümetin yaklaşımı şu düşünceye dayanıyor: İşsizlik ödeneği daha az cazip hâle gelir ve süreyle sınırlandırılırsa daha fazla insan aktif biçimde iş arayacaktır.</p>

<p>Bu yaklaşım, hemen çalışabilecek durumda olan kişiler ve yeterli iş imkânı bulunan bölgeler açısından sonuç verebilir.</p>

<p>Ancak uzun süreli işsizlerin tamamı aynı koşullarda yaşamıyor.</p>

<p>Bazıları yeterli mesleki eğitime sahip değil. Bazıları ileri yaşta, hasta, yalnız veya ulaşım imkânlarından yoksun. Bazıları ise çocuk bakımı konusunda çözemedikleri sorunlarla karşı karşıya.</p>

<p>İş arayanların yaşları, kökenleri, ikamet ettikleri mahalleler veya mesleki geçmişleri nedeniyle ayrımcılığa uğradıkları da bilinen bir gerçektir.</p>

<p>Ayrıca bölgeler arasında ciddi istihdam farklılıkları bulunuyor. Brüksel, Valonya ve Flaman Bölgesi aynı ekonomik yapıya ve aynı iş olanaklarına sahip değildir.</p>

<p>İşsizlik ödeneğinin kesilmesi kendiliğinden yeni istihdam yaratmaz. İnsanlara meslek kazandırmaz, kreş açmaz, hastaları iyileştirmez ve işe alımlardaki ayrımcılığı ortadan kaldırmaz.</p>

<p>Etkili bir rehberlik ve gerçekten erişilebilir iş imkânları sunulmadığı takdirde reform, bazı insanları işsizlikten çalışma hayatına değil, işsizlik sisteminden belediyelerin sosyal yardım kurumlarına taşıyacaktır.</p>

<h2>Düşük gelirli çalışanlar kaybeden tarafta mı?</h2>

<p>Bütün düşük gelirlilerin reformlardan mutlaka zarar göreceğini söylemek de doğru olmaz.</p>

<p>Düşük ücretle çalışanlar şu uygulamalardan yararlanabilir:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Çalışma ikramiyesi olarak bilinen prim ve vergi avantajlarının artırılması;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Vergiden muaf gelir diliminin kademeli olarak yükseltilmesi;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Bazı sosyal kesintilerin azaltılması;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Net ücretlerde sınırlı bir artış;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Fazla mesaiye ilişkin bazı mali avantajlar.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Vergiden muaf gelir diliminin yükseltilmesiyle mesleki gelirin daha büyük bir bölümü vergi dışında bırakılacaktır. Düşük ücretli çalışanlara yönelik vergi bonusu da güçlendiriliyor.</p>

<p>Bu açıdan Arizona reformu, bazı düşük ücretli çalışanların net gelirini gerçekten artırabilir.</p>

<p>Ancak başka gruplar doğrudan zayıflatılıyor:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>İşsizlik ödeneği sona erenler;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İkame gelirlere bağımlı olanlar;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Tek gelirli bazı aileler;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Eşler arası gelir aktarımına dayanan “evlilik katsayısı” avantajından yararlananlar;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Bazı yalnız ebeveynler ve fiilî birlikte yaşayanlar;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>İşsizlikten sosyal entegrasyon gelirine geçmek zorunda kalanlar;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Uzun işsizlik dönemleri yaşamış bazı gelecekteki emekliler.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Reform, mesleki gelir elde edenler için vergiden muaf tutarı artırıyor. Ancak ikame gelir alan bazı kişiler açısından bu kazanç, vergi indirimlerinin azaltılmasıyla sınırlandırılıyor veya tamamen ortadan kaldırılıyor.</p>

<p>Sosyal entegrasyon geliri de ikame gelir olarak vergilendirilebilir hâle gelirken, işsizlik ödeneğine uygulanan vergi indirimi tamamen kaldırılmak üzere kademeli olarak azaltılıyor. <a href="https://www.securex.be/fr/lex4you/employeur/actualites/la-loi-reformant-l-impot-des-personnes-physiques-modifie-le-paysage-fiscal">Securex – mali düzenlemeler ve ikame gelirler</a></p>

<p>Hükümetin siyasi mesajı açıktır: Çalışan kişinin elinde, sosyal yardımla geçinen kişiden daha fazla para kalmalıdır.</p>

<p>Ancak bu yaklaşım öncelikle hâlihazırda işi bulunanları avantajlı duruma getiriyor. Bütün çabalarına rağmen veya kişisel sorunları nedeniyle yeniden iş bulamayanlar açısından ise çok daha sert toplumsal sonuçlar doğuruyor.</p>

<h2>Toplumun dar gelirli kesimleri kendi içinde bölünüyor</h2>

<p>Arizona reformu yalnızca zenginlerle yoksulları veya şirketlerle çalışanları karşı karşıya getirmiyor. Aynı zamanda toplumun dar gelirli kesimleri içinde yeni bir ayrışma yaratıyor.</p>

<p>Bir tarafta düşük ücretle çalışan ve net gelirinde sınırlı bir artış elde edebilecek işçi bulunuyor.</p>

<p>Diğer tarafta ise uzun süredir işsiz olan, tek gelirle geçinen veya ikame gelirlerle yaşamını sürdüren ve mevcut korumasının önemli bir bölümünü kaybetme riski taşıyan vatandaş bulunuyor.</p>

<p>Hükümet böylece düşük gelirli kesimlerin bütün avantajlarını ortadan kaldırmıyor. Ancak “aktif” kabul edilenlerle “pasif” olarak değerlendirilenler arasındaki ayrımı giderek daha belirgin hâle getiriyor.</p>

<p>Bu ayrışma tehlikeli sonuçlara yol açabilir.</p>

<p>Bugün çalışan bir kişi yarın işini kaybedebilir. Bir bağımsız girişimci iflas edebilir. Bir işçi hastalanabilir veya mesleğini sürdüremeyecek duruma gelebilir.</p>

<p>“Üretken vergi mükellefi” ile kamuya yük gibi gösterilen sosyal yardım alıcısı arasındaki sınır, siyasi söylemin ileri sürdüğünden çok daha kırılgandır.</p>

<p>Sosyal devlet yalnızca çalışmayan insanlara yardım etmek amacıyla kurulmamıştır. Aynı zamanda bugün çalışan insanları, yarın işsizlik, hastalık veya yoksullukla karşılaşmaları hâlinde korumak için vardır.</p>

<h2>MR, sosyal devletin dönüşümünü üstleniyor</h2>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez siyasi hedefini gizlemiyor: Devlet daha az müdahale etmeli, daha az harcamalı ve bireyler kendi durumlarından daha fazla sorumlu tutulmalıdır.</p>

<p>Dolayısıyla amacı yalnızca KOBİ’leri savunmak değildir. Bouchez, Belçika’nın sosyal modelini dönüştürmek istiyor.</p>

<p>Mevcut sistem sigorta ve dayanışma anlayışına dayanıyor. Bir kişi işini kaybettiğinde ortaya çıkan riskin bir bölümü toplum tarafından ortaklaşa üstleniliyor.</p>

<p>Yeni model ise bu ortak korumayı zaman bakımından sınırlandırıyor. Ekonomik ve sosyal riskin daha büyük bir bölümü bireye, ailesine ve yerel yönetimlere aktarılıyor.</p>

<p>Bu yaklaşım bazı kişileri daha hızlı biçimde iş aramaya ve işe dönmeye teşvik edebilir. Ancak aile desteği bulunmayan, sağlık sorunları yaşayan veya piyasanın aradığı mesleki niteliklere sahip olmayan kişilerin yoksulluğunu da derinleştirebilir.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle tartışma, “çalışkan insanlar” ile “sistemden yararlananlar” arasındaki basit bir karşıtlığa indirgenemez.</p>

<p>Toplumsal gerçeklik bundan çok daha karmaşıktır.</p>

<h2>Asıl çelişki nerede?</h2>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez’nin bazı şirketleri desteklerken bazı kamu yardımlarının kaldırılmasını istemesi kendi başına bir çelişki değildir. Bu seçici yaklaşım, savunduğu liberal anlayışın doğal sonucudur.</p>

<p>Asıl çelişki, kullandığı kesin ifadelerle MR’ın hükümet içinde kabul ettiği kararlar arasında bulunuyor:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>“Yeni vergiye hayır” diyor, ancak koalisyonu sermaye kazançları vergisi getiriyor;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kendisini girişimcilerin savunucusu olarak tanıtıyor, ancak bazı KOBİ’ler mevcut avantajlarını kaybediyor veya kaybetme riski taşıyor;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Bütün vatandaşları korumayı vadederken işsizlik ödeneğini süreyle sınırlandırıyor;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Düşük gelirlileri desteklediğini söylerken işsizleri ve ikame gelirlere bağımlı kişileri daha kırılgan hâle getiriyor;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Federal harcamaları azaltmak istiyor, ancak maliyetin bir bölümünü belediyelere ve sosyal yardım kurumlarına aktarıyor;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Çalışmayı daha kazançlı hâle getirmeyi vadederken gerekli işlerin mevcut ve herkes için erişilebilir olacağını garanti edemiyor.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez ideolojisiyle tutarlı olabilir. Ancak kullandığı siyasi dil, izlenen politikaların insanlar üzerindeki sonuçlarını fazlasıyla basitleştiriyor.</p>

<h2>Tasarrufların arkasındaki toplumsal tercih</h2>

<p>Arizona politikası hukuken bir toplumsal sınıfı “yok etmiyor”. Ancak Belçika’nın ekonomik ve sosyal riskleri paylaşma biçimini derinden değiştiriyor.</p>

<p>Bazı düşük ücretli çalışanlar vergi düzenlemeleri sayesinde ayda birkaç on avro daha fazla gelir elde edebilir. Bazı KOBİ’ler daha esnek çalışma kurallarından veya yeni mali avantajlardan yararlanabilir.</p>

<p>Buna karşılık bazı işsizler ödeneklerini kaybedecek, bazı aileler mevcut vergi mekanizmalarından artık yararlanamayacak ve belediyeler federal sistemin dışında kalan insanların bir bölümünü üstlenmek zorunda kalacaktır.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle tartışma yalnızca ne kadar tasarruf yapılacağıyla ilgili değildir.</p>

<p>Ortada gerçek bir toplum modeli tercihi vardır.</p>

<p>Zorluk yaşayan bireyleri uzun süre koruyan bir devlet mi istiyoruz, yoksa insanları daha hızlı biçimde iş gücü piyasasına yönlendirmek amacıyla bu korumayı süreyle sınırlandıran bir devlet mi?</p>

<p>Kamu yardımlarını yalnızca kısa vadeli mali getirilerine göre mi değerlendireceğiz, yoksa kamu hizmetlerinin, toplu taşımanın ve sosyal ekonominin de toplumsal bir değer ürettiğini kabul mü edeceğiz?</p>

<p>Georges-Louis Bouchez; çalışmayı, işletmeyi ve yatırımı daha fazla ödüllendiren bir Belçika öneriyor. Ancak bu ödül, en azından kısmen, iş gücü piyasasının dışında kalan insanlara sağlanan korumanın azaltılmasıyla finanse ediliyor.</p>

<p>Bouchez’nin sosyal medya paylaşımlarında açıkça dile getirilmeyen gerçek budur.</p>

<p>“Verimlilik”, “liyakat”, “büyüme” ve “sorumluluk” gibi kavramların arkasında sosyal güvenliğin yeniden dağıtılması yatıyor: Ekonomik sistemin içinde yer alanlara daha fazla teşvik, sistemin dışında veya kıyısında kalanlara ise daha az koruma.</p>

<p>Dolayısıyla asıl mesele Georges-Louis Bouchez’nin KOBİ’leri savunup savunmadığı değildir.</p>

<p>Bouchez belirli bir KOBİ modelini savunuyor: rekabetçi, esnek, yatırım yapan ve büyümeye odaklanan işletme modelini.</p>

<p>Asıl sorulması gereken soru şudur:</p>

<p>Bu dönüşümün toplumsal bedelini kim ödeyecek?</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 14:06:40 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>Eurasia-Africa Axes: Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Details Astana-Cairo  Diplomatic Synergy</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/eurasia-africa-axes-kazakh-deputy-foreign-minister-details-astana-cairo-diplomatic-synergy-1302</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/eurasia-africa-axes-kazakh-deputy-foreign-minister-details-astana-cairo-diplomatic-synergy-1302</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Eurasia-Africa Axes: Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Details Astana-Cairo  Diplomatic Synergy]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Eurasia-Africa Axes: Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Details Astana-Cairo &nbsp;Diplomatic Synergy</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Amr Yehia, from Astana</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Astana and Cairo have systematically translated mutual political trust into high-level multilateral coordination within the UN, OIC, CICA, and Non-Aligned Movement. As Kazakhstan advances its domestic political architecture and solidifies its position as Eurasia's primary transit hub, its diplomatic engagement with Egypt offers a vital bridge connecting East Asian manufacturing networks to African and Mediterranean markets.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In an exclusive interview in Astana, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, Arman Kairatovich Isagaliyev—a veteran diplomat who previously served as Ambassador to Cairo—outlines Astana's vision for economic and technological synergy across transcontinental trade corridors.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-02%20at%2017_14_04.jpeg" style="height:720px; width:619px" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How do you evaluate political coordination between Egypt and Kazakhstan across platforms like the UN, OIC, and CICA?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">For over 34 years, Kazakhstan and Egypt have enjoyed fraternal relations based on mutual trust and respect. The nine rounds of political consultations between our Ministries have become an effective mechanism for strengthening bilateral cooperation. As two important anchors of regional stability in the Middle East and Central Asia, our countries maintain regular high-level contacts and coordinate positions on key global issues.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">We highly value our constructive interaction within the United Nations, OIC, CICA, and the Non-Aligned Movement. These platforms allow us to promote common principles, including respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference, and international law. Looking ahead, closer political coordination will further strengthen relations, enabling both nations to make meaningful contributions to global peace, security, and sustainable development.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How does your personal background in Cairo shape your vision for advancing bilateral relations in your new role?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">It is a distinct honor to engage with the public through Al-Ahram. The years I spent in Egypt—first during my studies at the Diplomatic Institute and later as Ambassador—have left an unforgettable mark on my professional career and personal life.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Understanding Egypt’s politics, economy, and regional influence helps me guide our partnership today. In my new role, I am dedicated to turning deep mutual trust into practical, advanced projects. We want to expand trade, improve transport connections, and build stronger partnerships in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and tourism. Furthermore, amidst current global turbulence, close coordination within multilateral frameworks is more vital than ever to promote peace. My mission is to ensure this strategic partnership continues on an upward trajectory.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How does Kazakhstan view Egypt's leadership in advocating for a Gaza ceasefire, relief efforts, and a two-state solution?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kazakhstan highly values Egypt’s strategic leadership and consistent efforts regarding the crisis in Gaza. Cairo has played a crucial role advocating for an immediate, sustainable ceasefire, ensuring uninterrupted humanitarian access, facilitating dialogue, and promoting the two-state solution as the only viable foundation for lasting peace.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Astana supports Egypt’s efforts to prevent further escalation and believes that international law and UN resolutions must remain the basis for resolving the conflict. Kazakhstan has consistently called for the protection of civilians, delivery of humanitarian aid, and creation of conditions for a comprehensive settlement. As a nation with a strong tradition of mediation, Kazakhstan believes cooperation between Astana and Cairo can further strengthen international peace efforts.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How does the Foreign Ministry evaluate Kazakhstan’s constitutional reforms and the transition to a unicameral legislature (Kurultai)?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Ministry of Foreign Affairs views the comprehensive constitutional reforms initiated by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev as a historic milestone in the evolution of our statehood. The transformation of the political architecture, including the enhanced role of Kurultai as a key institution for nationwide dialogue, reflects the consistent implementation of the "Listening State" concept.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The transition to this model significantly increases the efficiency of the state apparatus, strengthens checks and balances, and ensures broader citizen participation in decision-making. Internal transformations serve as a solid foundation, reaffirming Kazakhstan's commitment to high international standards of democratic governance. The successful modernization of our institutions enhances internal stability while reinforcing Kazakhstan's authority as a reliable international partner.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How do initiatives like the Middle Corridor and Belt and Road alignment transform global trade routes between Asia, Europe, and Africa?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kazakhstan has systematically redefined its transit geography, moving from a landlocked state to Eurasia’s central "land-linked" trade bridge. In an era of supply chain vulnerabilities, route diversification and predictable logistics are imperative. President Tokayev’s strategy focuses on building an integrated transport architecture connecting East Asian manufacturing centers with markets in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), or Middle Corridor, is the centerpiece of this strategy, operating in synergy with the Belt and Road Initiative. Transit along the TITR has demonstrated solid performance: in 2025, containerized transit surged by 15% to 42,000 TEUs, while overall transit volumes grew by 12%. When maritime straits face persistent risks of closure, supply chain predictability becomes vital currency in global trade. To guarantee this, Kazakhstan is executing sweeping infrastructure upgrades—launching major railway expansion projects, establishing a dedicated container hub on the Caspian coast, and developing a 17-unit commercial trade fleet by 2030 through private investment.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How does Astana define its role as a "middle power" maintaining strategic autonomy amidst global polarization?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">As a leading "middle power", Kazakhstan defines its responsibility through strengthening multilateralism, upholding international law, and reinforcing the central role of the United Nations. We firmly believe that small and medium-sized states should not become hostages to bloc-based mentalities or passive observers of geopolitical rivalries. On the contrary, our mission is to act as a constructive bridge-builder, a platform for dialogue, and a reliable mediator in conflict resolution.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Guided strictly by our national interests, we actively expand strategic partnerships with key players across the East, West, North, and South. For Astana, safeguarding strategic autonomy does not mean isolationism; rather, it means strategic diversification of our foreign policy, transport-logistics, and economic ties. By spearheading critical initiatives like the Middle Corridor, Kazakhstan demonstrates that a nation's sovereign autonomy is reinforced when its domestic stability serves the collective interest of the international community.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">What mechanisms are boosting trade, and how can the Suez Canal Economic Zone act as a hub for Kazakh products?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Egypt holds a distinct place in the Middle East and North Africa as a long-standing economic partner for Kazakhstan. Our bilateral trade demonstrates solid momentum: trade turnover reached $351.9 million in 2025 (a 28.5% year-on-year increase) and accelerated to $329.9 million in just the first five months of 2026 alone. Our Embassy in Cairo plays a central role establishing direct ties with major Egyptian private sector conglomerates to turn political understanding into concrete joint ventures.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Food security remains a key area where Kazakhstan offers quality and reliability. Last year, Kazakhstan expanded grain exports to North Africa, delivering nearly 390,000 tonnes of wheat to Algeria for the first time and resuming supplies to Morocco. We stand ready to apply these proven supply mechanisms to Egypt, while boosting deliveries from our metallurgical, chemical, and food industries.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Utilizing specialized industrial platforms within the Suez Canal Economic Zone will allow Kazakh companies to establish manufacturing bases in Egypt. Processing raw materials within Egyptian economic zones enables goods to attain local origin status, unlocking tariff-free access across the 1.5-billion-consumer African market under the AfCFTA. Furthermore, as Eurasia’s digital leader ranked 24th globally in the UN e-Government index, Kazakhstan actively exports GovTech platforms. A clear example of our technological presence in Egypt is the Kazakhstani IT platform inDrive, which has expanded across more than 25 Egyptian cities.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">How do you evaluate the partnership between Nur-Mubarak University in Almaty and Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in countering extremism?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Egyptian University of Islamic Culture "Nur-Mubarak" in Almaty occupies a special place in Kazakhstan’s educational and spiritual landscape. Since its establishment, the University has served as an important bridge between Kazakhstan and Egypt, making a significant contribution to training qualified religious scholars and promoting moderate Islamic values.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">We highly value the University’s close cooperation with Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, one of the world’s most respected centers of Islamic learning. Through academic exchanges and educational programs, Nur-Mubarak benefits from Al-Azhar’s rich intellectual traditions while adapting them to the cultural context of Kazakhstan. In the face of growing challenges related to radicalization, quality religious education based on authentic Islamic knowledge is one of the most effective tools for preventing extremist narratives.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Over the years, Nur-Mubarak has trained approximately 2,500 qualified religious scholars. Kazakhstan supports further strengthening Nur-Mubarak and its cooperation with Al-Azhar Al-Sharif, with the vision of transforming the University into a prestigious international institution of higher Islamic education in Central Asia to promote religious tolerance, social harmony, and regional stability.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h3>Résumé en français</h3>

<p>Le Kazakhstan et l’Égypte cherchent à transformer une relation diplomatique ancienne en <strong>partenariat stratégique reliant l’Eurasie, le Moyen-Orient et l’Afrique</strong>. Dans un entretien accordé à Astana, le vice-ministre kazakh des Affaires étrangères, <strong>Arman Isagaliyev</strong>, ancien ambassadeur au Caire, insiste sur la complémentarité politique, économique et logistique entre les deux pays.</p>

<p>Sur le plan diplomatique, Astana et Le Caire coopèrent depuis plus de 34 ans et coordonnent leurs positions au sein de l’ONU, de l’Organisation de la coopération islamique, de la CICA et du Mouvement des non-alignés. Ils défendent notamment la souveraineté des États, le règlement pacifique des différends et le respect du droit international.</p>

<p>Le Kazakhstan soutient également le rôle de l’Égypte dans les efforts visant à obtenir un cessez-le-feu à Gaza, faciliter l’aide humanitaire et promouvoir une solution à deux États. Astana considère Le Caire comme un acteur important de la stabilité régionale et estime qu’une coopération accrue pourrait renforcer les initiatives internationales de médiation.</p>

<h3>Un axe économique Astana–Le Caire en pleine expansion</h3>

<p>Le commerce bilatéral progresse rapidement. Les échanges ont atteint <strong>351,9 millions de dollars en 2025</strong>, soit une hausse de 28,5 %, avant d’atteindre déjà <strong>329,9 millions de dollars au cours des cinq premiers mois de 2026</strong>. Les secteurs prioritaires sont l’agriculture, les céréales, la métallurgie, la chimie, les produits alimentaires, les médicaments et les technologies numériques.</p>

<p>L’un des projets les plus stratégiques concerne la <strong>zone économique du canal de Suez</strong>. Des entreprises kazakhes pourraient y transformer ou produire leurs marchandises afin de bénéficier d’un meilleur accès aux marchés africains. Le texte présente ainsi l’Égypte comme une future plateforme industrielle et commerciale pour les produits kazakhs vers l’Afrique.</p>

<h3>Le Kazakhstan veut devenir le pont terrestre de l’Eurasie</h3>

<p>Astana développe parallèlement le <strong>Middle Corridor</strong>, ou corridor transcaspien, afin de relier les centres industriels d’Asie orientale à l’Europe, au Moyen-Orient et à l’Afrique du Nord. En 2025, le transit conteneurisé par cette route aurait progressé de <strong>15 % pour atteindre 42.000 EVP</strong>, tandis que le volume global de transit augmentait de 12 %.</p>

<p>La stratégie kazakhe consiste donc à ne plus se considérer comme un pays simplement enclavé, mais comme un État <strong>« land-linked »</strong>, situé au centre des nouvelles routes commerciales eurasiatiques.</p>

<h3>Une diplomatie de « puissance moyenne »</h3>

<p>Le Kazakhstan se définit également comme une <strong>middle power</strong>, cherchant à préserver son autonomie stratégique entre la Chine, la Russie, l’Europe, les États-Unis, le Moyen-Orient et l’Afrique. Astana rejette une logique de blocs rigides et privilégie la diversification de ses partenariats, la médiation et le multilatéralisme.</p>

<p>Enfin, la coopération entre l’université <strong>Nur-Mubarak d’Almaty</strong> et <strong>Al-Azhar</strong> au Caire constitue un autre pilier de la relation. L’objectif est de promouvoir un enseignement religieux modéré et de lutter contre les discours extrémistes. Nur-Mubarak aurait déjà formé environ <strong>2.500 spécialistes religieux</strong>.</p>

<h3>En une phrase</h3>

<p><strong>Astana veut utiliser son partenariat avec Le Caire pour prolonger les corridors économiques eurasiatiques jusqu’à l’Afrique : le Kazakhstan fournirait les marchandises, les infrastructures et les technologies, tandis que l’Égypte offrirait l’accès au canal de Suez, au monde arabe, à la Méditerranée et au marché africain.</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 00:37:28 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>From ‘Made in China’ to ‘Made in Asia’: How AI and Supply Chains Are Redrawing the Global Economy</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/from-made-in-china-to-made-in-asia-how-ai-and-supply-chains-are-redrawing-the-global-economy-1301</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/from-made-in-china-to-made-in-asia-how-ai-and-supply-chains-are-redrawing-the-global-economy-1301</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[From ‘Made in China’ to ‘Made in Asia’: How AI and Supply Chains Are Redrawing the Global Economy]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Eastern Economic Forum: </strong></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h1>The Eastern Economic Forum: Asia’s AI Boom, Industrial Relocation and the New Geography of Global Power</h1>

<h2>Roscongress Foundation experts highlight the economic forces reshaping Asia as artificial intelligence, supply-chain integration and geopolitical fragmentation accelerate the region’s rise</h2>

<p><strong>By Amr Yehia – Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/df8f37d9-45f0-41de-a548-0ad6004627a3.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p>Asia is no longer simply the world’s manufacturing centre. It is increasingly becoming one of the principal arenas in which the technological, industrial and geopolitical balance of the twenty-first century is being determined.</p>

<p>At the Eastern Economic Forum, taking place in Vladivostok from 1 to 4 September 2026, experts from the Roscongress Foundation have highlighted several structural trends transforming the Asian economy: the artificial-intelligence investment boom, the relocation of industrial production from China towards South-East Asia, the emergence of increasingly integrated regional supply chains and the growing strategic importance of Eurasian transport corridors.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-02%20at%2018_25_40%20(1).jpeg" style="height:534px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>These developments are examined in the analytical review <strong>“Asia Trends 2026: The AI Boom, Industrial Relocation, and Geopolitical Fragmentation.”</strong></p>

<p>The Eastern Economic Forum is being held on the campus of Far Eastern Federal University and is organized by the Roscongress Foundation with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation.</p>

<h2>Asia is becoming one of the main engines of the world economy</h2>

<p>The central argument of the Roscongress analysis is that Asia has become indispensable to global economic expansion.</p>

<p>The region accounts for a substantial share of global GDP growth and increasingly concentrates industrial production, trade, technology investment, financial flows and strategic resources.</p>

<p>Yet Asia should not be viewed as a single homogeneous economic bloc.</p>

<p>The gap between its economies remains considerable.</p>

<p>Advanced industrial economies such as Japan and South Korea face slower demographic and economic growth, while emerging economies including Vietnam, India, Indonesia and several ASEAN states continue to expand more rapidly.</p>

<p>IMF data illustrate this divergence. Emerging and developing Asian economies grew substantially faster than most advanced economies in 2025, while Vietnam was among the strongest performers and Myanmar remained among the weakest.</p>

<p>This creates what may become one of Asia’s defining economic characteristics: <strong>the continent is rising collectively, but not uniformly.</strong></p>

<h2>$644 billion in foreign investment</h2>

<p>Foreign direct investment provides another indication of Asia’s changing position.</p>

<p>According to UN Trade and Development, developing Asia attracted approximately <strong>$644 billion in foreign direct investment in 2025</strong>.</p>

<p>That represented around <strong>40% of global FDI flows</strong> and more than <strong>70% of investment flowing towards developing economies</strong>.</p>

<p>But the headline figure hides an important structural weakness.</p>

<p>Capital is increasingly concentrated in a relatively small number of countries and sectors.</p>

<p>Eight of the ten largest FDI recipients among developing economies are located in Asia.</p>

<p>Investment is also increasingly directed towards strategically important industries such as artificial intelligence, semiconductors, data infrastructure, clean energy and critical minerals.</p>

<p>The result could be a widening economic divide within Asia itself.</p>

<p>Countries already integrated into advanced technological and industrial ecosystems may attract a growing proportion of capital, skills and infrastructure, while economies outside these networks risk falling further behind.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-02%20at%2018_25_40.jpeg" style="height:534px; width:800px" /></p>

<h2>Asia at the centre of the global AI boom</h2>

<p>Artificial intelligence is accelerating this transformation.</p>

<p>The AI revolution is often described primarily through software companies and large language models. But behind those technologies lies an enormous physical industrial infrastructure.</p>

<p>AI requires semiconductors.</p>

<p>It requires memory chips.</p>

<p>It requires servers, data centres, networking equipment, cooling systems, electricity generation and increasingly sophisticated supply chains.</p>

<p>A large share of that industrial ecosystem is located in Asia.</p>

<p>Taiwan, South Korea, China, Japan and parts of South-East Asia occupy crucial positions in semiconductor manufacturing, memory production, electronics, component manufacturing and equipment supply.</p>

<p>Consequently, the global AI investment cycle is simultaneously becoming an <strong>Asian industrial cycle</strong>.</p>

<p>Demand for computing capacity is supporting exports of advanced electronics and industrial components, providing another powerful growth engine for economies positioned inside these value chains.</p>

<p>The economic benefits, however, will depend heavily on where individual countries sit within the production hierarchy.</p>

<p>Designing advanced chips, manufacturing semiconductors, producing memory, assembling servers and packaging electronic components generate very different levels of technological sovereignty and economic value.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-02%20at%2018_25_40%20(2).jpeg" style="height:534px; width:800px" /></p>

<h2>China is changing its role rather than disappearing from manufacturing</h2>

<p>One of the most important developments identified by Roscongress concerns China.</p>

<p>For several decades, China’s economic rise was associated with its role as the world’s low-cost manufacturing platform.</p>

<p>That model is changing.</p>

<p>Higher wages, technological upgrading, industrial policy and trade tensions with the United States are gradually pushing parts of labour-intensive manufacturing towards lower-cost economies.</p>

<p>Vietnam and Indonesia are among the principal beneficiaries.</p>

<p>Chinese companies themselves are increasingly investing or relocating production elsewhere in Asia, particularly within ASEAN.</p>

<p>US tariffs and trade restrictions have accelerated that process.</p>

<p>But this should not necessarily be interpreted as a straightforward industrial retreat by China.</p>

<p>China is increasingly moving <strong>upstream in the value chain</strong>.</p>

<p>Instead of producing every finished product domestically, Chinese companies can supply machinery, components, electronics and industrial inputs to factories located elsewhere in Asia.</p>

<p>Production moves.</p>

<p>The supply chain remains Chinese-linked.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-02%20at%2018_25_40%20(4).jpeg" style="height:534px; width:800px" /></p>

<h2>From “Made in China” to “Made in Asia”</h2>

<p>This shift is helping create a much more integrated Asian manufacturing system.</p>

<p>A product may now involve research and development in China, semiconductor manufacturing in Taiwan or South Korea, components produced in China, assembly in Vietnam or Malaysia and final export to Europe or the United States.</p>

<p>The traditional concept of a product having a single national industrial identity is therefore becoming less meaningful.</p>

<p>The emerging model is increasingly:</p>

<p><strong>Designed in one country.<br />
Components produced in another.<br />
Assembled in a third.<br />
Sold globally.</strong></p>

<p>This could gradually transform “Made in China” into something closer to <strong>“Made in Asia.”</strong></p>

<p>The Roscongress report notes that Chinese exports of intermediate goods — including memory chips, semiconductors and industrial components — increased strongly in 2025.</p>

<p>In some cases, these exports appear to compensate indirectly for reduced Chinese shipments of finished goods to the United States.</p>

<p>A smartphone previously exported directly from China, for example, may instead be assembled in India or another Asian economy using components originating partly from China.</p>

<p>Trade flows change.</p>

<p>Industrial interdependence remains.</p>

<h2>ASEAN gains — but also becomes a geopolitical battlefield</h2>

<p>South-East Asia is one of the principal beneficiaries of this industrial redistribution.</p>

<p>Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and other ASEAN economies are attracting manufacturing investment as companies diversify production outside China.</p>

<p>But this opportunity carries geopolitical risks.</p>

<p>ASEAN states increasingly operate between the economic gravitational pull of China and the strategic pressure of the United States.</p>

<p>China is simultaneously a competitor, an investor, a supplier and one of their largest trading partners.</p>

<p>Washington, meanwhile, is encouraging diversification away from Chinese-controlled supply chains and strengthening partnerships with strategically important Asian economies.</p>

<p>For ASEAN governments, the challenge is therefore increasingly delicate:</p>

<p><strong>benefit from Chinese industrial integration without becoming excessively dependent on Beijing, while cooperating with Washington without being forced into a rigid geopolitical bloc.</strong></p>

<p>This balancing act may become one of the defining diplomatic challenges of South-East Asia.</p>

<h2>Geopolitical fragmentation is reorganizing globalization</h2>

<p>The larger phenomenon behind these developments is not necessarily deglobalization.</p>

<p>It is the <strong>reorganization of globalization</strong>.</p>

<p>Supply chains are becoming more regional.</p>

<p>Governments increasingly treat semiconductors, energy, critical minerals, artificial intelligence and transport infrastructure as national-security issues.</p>

<p>Companies are diversifying suppliers not only according to cost but also according to geopolitical risk.</p>

<p>Concepts such as “friend-shoring”, “near-shoring” and “China+1” strategies have entered corporate planning.</p>

<p>The global economy is therefore becoming more fragmented politically while remaining deeply interconnected economically.</p>

<p>Asia sits at the centre of this contradiction.</p>

<h2>Russia sees an opportunity in Eurasian connectivity</h2>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-09-02%20at%2018_25_40%20(3).jpeg" style="height:534px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>The Roscongress analysis naturally also emphasizes Russia’s potential role in this emerging economic geography.</p>

<p>As global economic activity increasingly shifts towards Asia, Moscow is seeking to strengthen the connection between the Russian economy and Asian markets through its Far Eastern regions.</p>

<p>Russia’s Far Eastern Federal District occupies a potentially strategic position between the Russian interior and the Asia-Pacific.</p>

<p>Its ports, railways and natural resources could allow the region to function as both a logistics corridor and resource gateway.</p>

<p>Historically, however, infrastructure capacity has limited that potential.</p>

<p>Russia has therefore invested heavily in modernizing what it calls the <strong>Eastern Operating Domain</strong>, centred around two major railway systems:</p>

<p>the <strong>Trans-Siberian Railway</strong> and the <strong>Baikal–Amur Mainline</strong>.</p>

<p>According to figures cited by Roscongress, modernization programmes implemented since 2013 have increased the network’s carrying capacity substantially, reaching approximately 180 million tonnes in 2025.</p>

<p>Further expansion is planned towards 2030 and 2032.</p>

<p>Whether these projects can fully reposition Russia within Asian supply chains will depend not only on railway capacity but also on sanctions, investment availability, port infrastructure, trade demand and the broader geopolitical relationship between Russia and Asian economies.</p>

<h2>The real shift is structural</h2>

<p>The most important conclusion from the Eastern Economic Forum is therefore broader than any single investment statistic.</p>

<p>Asia’s rise is no longer based exclusively on cheap labour and export manufacturing.</p>

<p>A much more complex economic architecture is emerging.</p>

<p>Artificial intelligence is reinforcing demand for Asian technology.</p>

<p>Industrial production is spreading from China towards South-East Asia.</p>

<p>China itself is moving towards higher-value components, industrial equipment and technological sectors.</p>

<p>ASEAN is becoming an increasingly important manufacturing platform.</p>

<p>India is expanding its role within electronics and industrial supply chains.</p>

<p>And Eurasian powers are competing to construct the railways, ports, energy systems and trade corridors capable of connecting these new centres of production.</p>

<p>The world economy is not simply moving from West to East.</p>

<p>It is becoming <strong>multi-centred</strong>.</p>

<p>And across that new economic map, Asia is rapidly becoming one of the principal places where technology, industry, capital and geopolitical power converge.</p>

<p><strong>Bruxelles Korner | International Economy &amp; Geopolitics</strong></p>

<h2>Résumé en français</h2>

<p>Le <strong>Forum économique oriental</strong>, organisé à Vladivostok du <strong>1er au 4 septembre 2026</strong>, met en évidence une transformation profonde de l’économie asiatique. Selon l’analyse de la Fondation Roscongress, l’Asie devient progressivement l’un des principaux centres mondiaux de <strong>technologie, d’industrie, de commerce, de capitaux et de puissance géopolitique</strong>.</p>

<p>L’un des moteurs majeurs de cette évolution est le <strong>boom de l’intelligence artificielle</strong>. Derrière l’IA se trouvent des besoins massifs en semi-conducteurs, puces mémoire, serveurs, centres de données et équipements de réseau. Or une grande partie de cette chaîne industrielle est concentrée en Asie, notamment en Chine, en Corée du Sud, au Japon, à Taïwan et en Asie du Sud-Est.</p>

<p>Parallèlement, le modèle industriel chinois évolue. La Chine n’est plus seulement une plateforme de production à bas coût. Une partie de la fabrication est déplacée vers des pays comme <strong>le Vietnam, l’Indonésie ou la Malaisie</strong>, notamment pour réduire les coûts et contourner certaines barrières commerciales américaines. Mais cela ne signifie pas un recul de la Chine : Pékin conserve un rôle central en fournissant machines, composants, électronique et équipements industriels.</p>

<p>On assiste ainsi à un passage progressif du <strong>« Made in China » au « Made in Asia »</strong>. Un même produit peut être conçu dans un pays, utiliser des composants fabriqués dans un autre, être assemblé dans un troisième, puis exporté mondialement. Les chaînes de valeur deviennent donc beaucoup plus régionales et interconnectées.</p>

<p>Les pays de l’ASEAN bénéficient de cette redistribution industrielle, mais ils se retrouvent aussi au cœur de la rivalité entre <strong>la Chine et les États-Unis</strong>. Leur défi consiste à profiter des investissements chinois tout en évitant une dépendance excessive, et à coopérer avec Washington sans être enfermés dans une logique de blocs.</p>

<p>Les investissements étrangers illustrent également ce basculement : l’Asie en développement a attiré environ <strong>644 milliards de dollars d’investissements directs étrangers en 2025</strong>, soit près de <strong>40 % des flux mondiaux</strong>. Mais ces capitaux restent très concentrés dans quelques pays et secteurs, notamment l’IA, les semi-conducteurs, l’énergie propre et les minerais critiques.</p>

<p>Enfin, la Russie cherche à profiter de cette nouvelle géographie économique à travers son Extrême-Orient et ses grands corridors ferroviaires, notamment le <strong>Transsibérien</strong> et la <strong>Baïkal-Amour</strong>, afin de renforcer ses connexions avec l’Asie.</p>

<h3>En une phrase</h3>

<p><strong>Le monde ne passe pas simplement de l’Ouest à l’Est : il devient multipolaire, avec une Asie qui s’impose comme l’un des centres majeurs de la technologie, de l’industrie, des capitaux et des nouvelles chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales.</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

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                <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 00:26:08 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Norway Wants Domestic Ownership. Its Wealth Tax Rewards the Opposite.</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/norway-wants-domestic-ownership-its-wealth-tax-rewards-the-opposite-1300</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/norway-wants-domestic-ownership-its-wealth-tax-rewards-the-opposite-1300</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Norway Wants Domestic Ownership. Its Wealth Tax Rewards the Opposite.]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Norway Wants Domestic Ownership. Its Wealth Tax Rewards the Opposite</span></span></span></h1>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>By Glenn Agung Hole</strong><br />
<em>Institutional Economist and Associate Professor</em></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In the Norwegian furniture town of Sykkylven, two companies expose one of the most uncomfortable contradictions in Norway’s economic model.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">One is Ekornes, one of Norway’s best-known industrial companies and the producer behind brands such as Stressless. Since 2018, the company has been controlled through a structure ultimately dominated by China’s Qumei Home Furnishings Group. Ekornes itself reports that Qumei owns 94.12 per cent of Qumei Runto, which in turn owns the Norwegian holding company controlling Ekornes.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ad8585b7-fa6f-456e-b750-173a61b083d7.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is nothing inherently problematic about this. Norway needs foreign capital. Open economies depend on international investment, and foreign ownership can contribute technology, market access, capital and competence.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The problem emerges when Ekornes is compared with another furniture manufacturer in the same small Norwegian industrial community.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Brunstad Møbelfabrikk remains locally owned. Its principal owner, Olaug Strand Brunstad, has continued to support the family business through an exceptionally difficult period. The company accumulated losses of approximately <strong>NOK 23 million between 2022 and 2024</strong>. Yet those losses did not eliminate Brunstad’s personal wealth-tax liability. In August 2026, she told <em>Aftenposten</em> that, among the resources she had been forced to use to pay the tax, was <strong>the inheritance from her deceased son</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Consider what this means.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In one Norwegian municipality, a foreign-controlled owner can hold productive Norwegian industrial assets without the foreign shareholder, merely by virtue of that shareholding, generally becoming liable for Norwegian personal wealth tax. Meanwhile, a Norwegian resident owner of another local industrial company can face annual wealth taxation even when the underlying business has accumulated millions of kroner in losses.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The factories are in Norway. The workers are in Norway. The machinery is in Norway. The companies rely on the same roads, energy system, legal institutions, educational system and social infrastructure.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Yet the tax treatment of ownership can be fundamentally different.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is not an argument that foreign investors should be taxed more heavily. Nor should the issue be carelessly described as straightforward nationality discrimination. Tax residence, legal ownership structures and nationality are different concepts, and international tax law is considerably more complex than political slogans suggest.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The institutional problem is nevertheless real.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norway has created a system in which <strong>being a Norwegian tax resident can make private ownership of Norwegian productive capital more expensive than owning comparable Norwegian assets from abroad</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is the Norwegian ownership paradox.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norwegian residents are generally subject to taxation on their worldwide income and wealth. Persons who are not Norwegian tax residents normally have only limited Norwegian tax liability, covering specified Norwegian-source income and assets rather than a general liability for share wealth.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A foreign owner may, of course, face taxes in another jurisdiction. Any intellectually serious comparison must acknowledge this. Different countries tax capital, dividends, gains, inheritance and wealth in different ways.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But that does not remove the Norwegian policy question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Why should Norway itself impose a recurrent ownership cost on its resident private owners that it does not generally impose on the foreign owner of the same category of Norwegian shares?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This matters because taxation does not merely collect revenue. It alters incentives, valuations and behaviour.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The Norwegian debate has too often reduced the wealth tax to an argument about whether “the rich” should contribute more. That framing may be politically effective, but institutionally it is shallow. A sophisticated tax system cannot be evaluated solely by asking how much revenue it raises from those who currently possess capital. It must also be judged by how it affects the processes through which capital is created, retained, reinvested and transferred across generations.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The central weakness of the Norwegian wealth tax is that the liability is not necessarily connected to realised income or available liquidity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A privately owned industrial company may have substantial taxable value while its economic resources are tied up in machinery, buildings, inventory, employees, working capital and technology. The business can experience falling margins or outright losses without the taxable value of the owner’s shares disappearing accordingly.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The state sees taxable wealth.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The entrepreneur may see machines, payroll obligations, unsold inventory and a factory struggling through a downturn.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That difference is not semantic. It goes to the heart of ability to pay.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">When a profitable company distributes sufficient dividends, an owner may finance wealth tax from current cash flow. When the company is losing money, the calculation changes. Tax must then be financed from somewhere else: personal savings, borrowing, the disposal of private assets, salary, dividends extracted from capital the company might otherwise retain—or, in an extreme case such as the one Brunstad describes, inherited family wealth.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">At that point, the debate is no longer simply about whether a rate should be 0.8, 1.0 or 1.1 per cent.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A more fundamental question arises:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>What exactly is being taxed when the tax itself must be financed by consuming capital outside the income generated by the asset being taxed?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That question explains why the Brunstad case has moved beyond ordinary tax politics and into the realm of property rights.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Brunstad and other business owners have argued in Norwegian legal proceedings that the <strong>cumulative</strong>, rather than merely annual, effect of wealth taxation can become confiscatory in their individual circumstances. Their pleadings explicitly state that they are not claiming that wealth taxation as such is universally incompatible with the Norwegian Constitution or the European Convention on Human Rights. Their argument is narrower and therefore considerably more serious: that, over time and in particular circumstances, its cumulative effects may amount to unlawful confiscation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">After their attempt to obtain substantive adjudication through the Norwegian system, Olaug Strand Brunstad and Lars Oscar Fossen Øvstegård brought the issue to the <strong>European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg in June 2026</strong>. Their complaint concerns whether the accumulated burden of wealth taxation on productive capital can constitute a disproportionate interference with the protection of property under the European Convention.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The word <em>confiscation</em> needs to be treated with considerable care.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A tax is not confiscatory simply because taxpayers dislike it. Nor does a high tax automatically constitute an unlawful deprivation of property. Democratic states enjoy broad discretion to design fiscal systems, and the European human-rights framework recognises a wide governmental margin in taxation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The relevant question is therefore not whether Norwegian wealth taxation is inherently confiscatory.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is whether <strong>a recurrent tax that becomes persistently disconnected from income, liquidity and economic capacity to pay can, in an individual case, create a cumulative burden that approaches confiscation</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is a legitimate legal question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is also an important institutional one.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The distinction matters because the rule of law is not concerned only with whether the state possesses formal authority to act. It is also concerned with proportionality, predictability and the relationship between public objectives and burdens imposed on individuals.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A mature state should therefore not formulate economic policy merely by asking where courts will eventually draw the outer legal boundary.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Good institutions should perform better than the minimum required to avoid losing in Strasbourg.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The Brunstad case is powerful precisely because it makes an abstract problem tangible. A company lost NOK 23 million across three years. Its owner nevertheless faced wealth-tax obligations and says she ultimately had to use inheritance from her deceased son to meet the burden.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Whether one supports or opposes wealth taxation, that should make us ask whether accounting wealth and economic capacity to pay have drifted too far apart.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It also raises a deeper question about domestic ownership.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norway is rightly constrained in how it treats foreign investors. As part of the European Economic Area and an open international economy, it operates within rules governing capital movement, market access and non-discrimination.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Yet the resulting domestic structure contains a remarkable irony.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norway cannot simply disadvantage foreign capital because it is foreign.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But through its own residence-based wealth tax, Norway can create conditions under which <strong>its own resident owners bear a tax cost that foreign ownership does not ordinarily incur in Norway</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is not protection of domestic ownership.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is almost the reverse.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The consequences may already be visible in migration patterns.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A 2026 NRK investigation identified <strong>163 Norwegian business owners who had relocated to Switzerland since 2020</strong>. Before leaving, they had collectively paid approximately NOK 343 million in wealth tax based on the comparison used in the investigation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Critics of the capital-flight argument have made a legitimate counterpoint: NOK 343 million represented only about two per cent of total Norwegian wealth-tax receipts in the comparison year, and the large majority of wealthy Norwegians have not left. Moreover, many of those who relocated still own Norwegian businesses, and only a small number had sold out completely.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These facts matter.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But they do not settle the question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They reveal why a static fiscal perspective is insufficient.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The institutional significance of an owner cannot be measured solely by last year’s wealth-tax payment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Capital is not just money. It is also knowledge, judgement, networks, investment capacity, relationships, entrepreneurial experience and control over future decisions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">When an owner moves abroad, a factory may remain in Norway.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The workers may remain.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The machines may remain.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For years, almost nothing visible may change.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But where will the next investment be made?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Where will the next holding company be located?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Where will the owner’s children establish their economic lives?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Where will the next generation of accumulated capital reside?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Where will the entrepreneur deploy new risk capital?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Where will the next company be founded?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These effects develop slowly, and this makes them difficult to capture in fiscal statistics.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A government can count people who leave.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It cannot count companies that were never established.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It can calculate foregone tax from an identifiable emigrant.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It cannot easily calculate the value of an investment that a mobile entrepreneur decides to make in Zurich, London, Dubai or Singapore rather than Norway ten years from now.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This distinction is familiar from institutional economics.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Albert O. Hirschman’s framework of <em>exit, voice and loyalty</em> reminds us that departure is not merely a private act. It is also information about the institution from which someone departs.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">When internationally mobile owners leave, the appropriate response is therefore not automatically to celebrate them, condemn them or treat every departure as proof that taxation has failed.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is to ask what the behaviour tells us.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Institutions create incentives.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">People respond to incentives.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Strong institutions learn from those responses.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norway has instead increasingly attempted to constrain the economics of departure through a tougher exit-tax regime. There may be legitimate fiscal reasons for doing so, particularly where large unrealised gains were accumulated while taxpayers benefited from Norwegian institutions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But exit taxation cannot resolve the underlying institutional question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is an enormous difference between <strong>making it expensive to leave</strong> and <strong>making it attractive to stay</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The first is a barrier.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The second is institutional competitiveness.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The greatest long-term threat is therefore probably not the wealthy individual who has already created a fortune and moves to Switzerland.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is the entrepreneur who has not yet created one.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A young founder can decide where to establish a company, raise capital, locate intellectual property, build a holding structure and ultimately reside long before a large taxable fortune exists.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If future entrepreneurs increasingly conclude that Norway is a good place in which to operate businesses but a comparatively poor place in which to accumulate long-term private ownership, the country may face a much deeper problem than billionaire migration.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There will be no dramatic exit.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The capital will simply never be built in Norway in the first place.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is where the wealth-tax debate becomes a question of <strong>institutional capital</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norway’s prosperity is not merely the product of natural resources or accumulated financial wealth. It is founded on institutions: trust, rule of law, predictable administration, skilled labour, functioning infrastructure, entrepreneurial competence and the long-term ability to coordinate capital and knowledge.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These assets have been accumulated over generations.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But institutional capital must be maintained and reproduced.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Prosperity is not inherited. It is reproduced.</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The same is true of domestic industrial ownership.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A multigenerational family business represents more than the market or tax value of its shares. It contains tacit knowledge, supplier relationships, local legitimacy, organisational memory, patient capital and a willingness to continue through periods when a purely financial investor might rationally exit.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That does not make domestic family ownership inherently superior to foreign ownership.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It does mean it has institutional characteristics that public policy should understand before systematically increasing its relative cost.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This brings us back to Sykkylven.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The lesson is not that Chinese-controlled Ekornes should pay a Norwegian personal wealth tax equivalent to that of a local individual owner. That would miss the point entirely.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The question is why Norway has chosen to impose a recurrent ownership burden on its <strong>own tax-resident private owners</strong> that it does not generally impose on foreign holders of the same category of Norwegian productive assets.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">One company can be foreign controlled and operate normally within Norwegian industry.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Another can remain locally owned, suffer NOK 23 million in accumulated losses and still leave its owner personally searching for liquidity to meet wealth taxation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That comparison should trouble anyone concerned with the future structure of Norwegian ownership.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And when the owner says that paying the tax required her to draw on the inheritance of her deceased son, the debate should no longer be dismissed with the phrase “the rich must contribute”.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They should contribute.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The issue is not contribution.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The issue is <strong>institutional design</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A sustainable tax system must be capable of raising legitimate revenue without progressively undermining the productive capital, ownership incentives and long-term tax base on which the welfare state itself depends.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The ultimate question is therefore not how much wealth Norway can extract from existing owners today.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is whether Norway’s institutions are capable of reproducing owners, entrepreneurs, investments and productive capital tomorrow.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Norway should welcome foreign capital.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But a country that wants strong domestic ownership should not design its institutions so that owning Norway from abroad can become more attractive than remaining an owner in Norway.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And a state should compete by giving productive owners reasons to stay—not by relying increasingly on the cost of leaving.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is the difference between taxing prosperity and consuming the institutional foundations that create it.</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 23:56:53 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2026/08/drprof-glenn-agung-hole-from-norway-1787756570.jpg"/>
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                                <item>
                <title>L’échiquier mondial se déplace-t-il vers l’Est ?</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/lechiquier-mondial-se-deplace-t-il-vers-lest-1299</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/lechiquier-mondial-se-deplace-t-il-vers-lest-1299</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[L’échiquier mondial se déplace-t-il vers l’Est ?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>L’échiquier mondial se déplace-t-il vers l’Est ?</h1>

<h2>Le sommet de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai à Bichkek confirme l’émergence d’un ordre multipolaire. L’Occident ne disparaît pas, mais il ne détient plus seul les ressources, l’énergie, les technologies et les marchés qui structureront le XXIᵉ siècle.</h2>

<p><strong>Par Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner | Bruxelles</strong></p>

<p><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e183fdcb-82ae-4b6e-be5a-2a407fdcadaa.png" /></strong></p>

<p>La photographie est hautement symbolique. À Bichkek, capitale du Kirghizstan, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan échange avec Vladimir Poutine et le président biélorusse Alexandre Loukachenko, en marge du sommet des chefs d’État de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai.</p>

<p>Cette rencontre ne signifie pas que la Turquie tourne définitivement le dos à l’OTAN ou à l’Europe. Ankara demeure membre de l’Alliance atlantique, partenaire économique majeur de l’Union européenne et candidat, au moins officiellement, à l’adhésion. Mais la Turquie ne veut plus enfermer sa politique étrangère dans un seul camp.</p>

<p>Recep Tayyip Erdoğan a d’ailleurs déclaré que son pays pourrait envisager une adhésion complète à l’OCS, tout en précisant que ce rapprochement ne devait pas être interprété comme un abandon de ses alliances occidentales. Cette position traduit moins un changement de camp qu’une stratégie d’équilibre entre plusieurs centres de puissance. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/erdogan-says-turkey-would-consider-full-membership-china-russia-led-security-2026-09-02/">Reuters</a></p>

<p>La question dépasse cependant la Turquie : assistons-nous au déplacement du centre de gravité mondial vers l’Asie ?</p>

<h2>L’Occident n’est plus l’unique horizon</h2>

<p>Pendant plusieurs siècles, la puissance économique, financière, militaire et technologique s’est concentrée autour de l’Europe occidentale, puis des États-Unis. Les institutions internationales, le dollar, les marchés financiers occidentaux et la supériorité technologique américaine ont organisé l’essentiel des rapports de force mondiaux.</p>

<p>Cet ordre n’a pas encore disparu. Mais il est désormais contesté.</p>

<p>La Chine, l’Inde, la Russie, la Turquie, les États du Golfe et plusieurs puissances intermédiaires refusent de dépendre exclusivement de Washington ou de Bruxelles. Ils multiplient les partenariats croisés, utilisent davantage leurs monnaies nationales, construisent de nouveaux corridors commerciaux et cherchent des alternatives aux institutions dominées par l’Occident.</p>

<p>L’OCS, les BRICS et les organisations eurasiatiques ne forment pas encore un bloc aussi intégré que l’Union européenne ou l’OTAN. Leurs membres ont des intérêts parfois contradictoires. L’Inde et la Chine restent concurrentes, la Turquie et la Russie coopèrent tout en s’opposant sur plusieurs théâtres, et les États d’Asie centrale veulent préserver leur autonomie.</p>

<p>Mais tous partagent une même ambition : ne plus subir un ordre international décidé ailleurs.</p>

<h2>L’Asie centrale retrouve sa place stratégique</h2>

<p>Longtemps considérée comme une périphérie isolée entre la Russie et la Chine, l’Asie centrale devient progressivement un centre de connexion.</p>

<p>Le Kazakhstan, l’Ouzbékistan, le Kirghizstan, le Turkménistan et le Tadjikistan se trouvent au croisement des routes reliant la Chine, la Russie, la mer Caspienne, le Caucase, la Turquie, l’Iran et l’Europe. Le développement du Corridor médian et du futur chemin de fer Chine–Kirghizstan–Ouzbékistan renforce cette centralité.</p>

<p>La région dispose également d’importantes réserves d’uranium, de cuivre, de chrome, de zinc et d’autres matières premières critiques. L’Afrique possède, quant à elle, une part considérable du cobalt, du manganèse, du platine et des minerais nécessaires aux batteries, aux réseaux électriques, aux systèmes militaires et à la transition énergétique.</p>

<p>Posséder les réserves ne suffit toutefois pas. Le véritable pouvoir réside également dans le raffinage, la transformation industrielle, la logistique et la maîtrise des chaînes de valeur. Sur ce terrain, la Chine a pris une avance considérable, notamment dans le traitement des terres rares, les batteries, le solaire et plusieurs technologies propres.</p>

<p>L’Union européenne reconnaît elle-même la vulnérabilité créée par sa dépendance extérieure. Son règlement sur les matières premières critiques vise précisément à développer l’extraction, la transformation et le recyclage européens, tout en diversifiant les importations. <a href="https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials/critical-raw-materials-act_en">Commission européenne</a></p>

<h2>La bataille technologique devient aussi une bataille énergétique</h2>

<p>L’intelligence artificielle, les centres de données, les semi-conducteurs et les systèmes de calcul intensif consomment des quantités croissantes d’électricité. La puissance numérique ne dépend donc plus seulement des ingénieurs et des logiciels : elle exige des centrales, des réseaux électriques, des matières premières, de l’eau, des capacités de refroidissement et des investissements gigantesques.</p>

<p>C’est précisément là que se trouve l’une des fragilités européennes.</p>

<p>L’Europe ne manque ni de compétences scientifiques ni d’entreprises performantes. Elle reste puissante dans l’aéronautique, l’industrie pharmaceutique, les équipements de production de semi-conducteurs, les technologies environnementales, l’automobile haut de gamme et certaines branches de l’ingénierie.</p>

<p>Mais elle souffre d’une énergie coûteuse, d’investissements fragmentés, d’un marché des capitaux moins profond que celui des États-Unis et de procédures souvent trop lentes. Le rapport Draghi sur la compétitivité européenne a précisément identifié l’écart d’innovation, les prix de l’énergie et les dépendances stratégiques comme des problèmes majeurs pour l’avenir du continent. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/draghi-report_en">Commission européenne</a></p>

<h2>La technologie occidentale a-t-elle été dépassée ?</h2>

<p>La réponse doit être nuancée.</p>

<p>Les États-Unis conservent une position dominante dans l’intelligence artificielle de pointe, les processeurs avancés, les logiciels, le cloud, l’aérospatial et le financement de l’innovation. Les principales plateformes numériques mondiales et une grande partie des infrastructures de calcul restent américaines.</p>

<p>L’Europe demeure incontournable dans certains secteurs industriels et scientifiques, mais elle peine à transformer ses inventions en entreprises technologiques mondiales.</p>

<p>La Chine, de son côté, a déjà pris l’avantage dans plusieurs domaines :</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>les panneaux solaires ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les batteries ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les véhicules électriques ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les drones civils ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>certains équipements de télécommunication ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>le raffinage de nombreux minerais critiques ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>la fabrication industrielle à grande échelle.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Il serait donc excessif d’affirmer que « la technologie asiatique a dépassé toute la technologie européenne et américaine ». En revanche, il est devenu impossible de soutenir que l’Occident conserve une supériorité générale et incontestée.</p>

<p>La compétition se joue désormais secteur par secteur.</p>

<h2>L’Europe est-elle proche de l’impasse ?</h2>

<p>L’impasse n’est pas imminente, mais le risque de déclassement est réel.</p>

<p>L’Union européenne représente encore un immense marché, une puissance commerciale, un espace de droit relativement stable et l’un des principaux centres de recherche du monde. Elle possède aussi une influence normative considérable.</p>

<p>Son problème n’est pas l’absence totale de ressources ou de technologies. Son problème est la difficulté à convertir ses atouts en puissance politique et industrielle.</p>

<p>L’Europe réglemente souvent ce que les autres inventent, finance parfois ce que les autres produisent et importe une partie de l’énergie nécessaire à son industrie. Elle veut simultanément réussir la transition écologique, financer sa défense, maintenir son modèle social, développer l’intelligence artificielle et réduire ses dépendances. Sans énergie abondante et compétitive, cette équation sera difficile à résoudre.</p>

<p>Le danger n’est donc pas un effondrement soudain. Il s’agit plutôt d’une marginalisation progressive : moins d’usines, moins d’investissements, moins de champions technologiques et une dépendance accrue envers les États-Unis pour la sécurité, envers la Chine pour l’industrie et envers d’autres régions pour l’énergie et les minerais.</p>

<h2>Bichkek, vitrine d’un monde multipolaire</h2>

<p>La rencontre entre Erdoğan, Poutine et Loukachenko ne constitue pas à elle seule une nouvelle alliance. Mais elle illustre une évolution plus profonde.</p>

<p>Les pays qui se réunissent à Bichkek ne souhaitent plus choisir exclusivement entre l’Est et l’Ouest. Ils veulent dialoguer avec Washington, commercer avec Bruxelles, investir avec Pékin, négocier avec Moscou et développer leurs propres corridors.</p>

<p>La Turquie incarne parfaitement cette diplomatie multidirectionnelle. Elle reste dans l’OTAN, conserve des liens essentiels avec l’Europe, coopère énergétiquement avec la Russie et approfondit ses relations avec l’Asie centrale et la Chine. La coopération nucléaire autour d’Akkuyu, qui pourrait fournir environ 10 % de l’électricité turque, montre combien énergie et géopolitique sont désormais indissociables. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/ee4b84498c0fcc410236e17892a61789">Associated Press</a></p>

<p>Le monde qui émerge ne sera probablement ni totalement occidental, ni entièrement chinois, ni organisé autour d’une alliance unique. Il sera transactionnel, concurrentiel et multipolaire.</p>

<h2>À Bichkek, près de la moitié de l’humanité représentée sans l’Occident</h2>

<p>À Bichkek, ce n’est pas seulement une réunion diplomatique qui s’est tenue : une large partie de l’humanité s’est retrouvée autour de la même table. Par le poids démographique cumulé de la Chine, de l’Inde, du Pakistan, de la Russie, de l’Iran, de la Turquie et des pays d’Asie centrale, le sommet a donné l’image d’un monde capable de se réunir et de négocier sans la présence des États-Unis ni de l’Union européenne.</p>

<p>Il faut toutefois apporter une précision : Washington et Bruxelles n’ont pas été « exclus » d’une conférence universelle. Ils ne sont simplement ni membres ni partenaires de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai. Mais leur absence demeure politiquement révélatrice. Elle montre que l’Occident ne constitue plus le passage obligé de toutes les grandes discussions internationales.</p>

<p>Pendant ce temps, plusieurs anciennes républiques soviétiques ont eu plus de trois décennies pour reconstruire leurs institutions, reprendre le contrôle de leurs ressources et conduire leurs propres politiques économiques. Le Kazakhstan, l’Ouzbékistan, le Kirghizstan et les autres États de la région ne veulent plus être considérés comme de simples prolongements de Moscou.</p>

<p>Cette souveraineté retrouvée ne signifie cependant pas une rupture avec la Russie. Les économies de la région restent liées par des infrastructures héritées de l’époque soviétique, des réseaux énergétiques, des chaînes logistiques, des échanges commerciaux, des migrations professionnelles et une langue de communication encore largement partagée.</p>

<p>Ces pays cherchent désormais moins à choisir entre la Russie, la Chine, l’Europe ou la Turquie qu’à travailler simultanément avec plusieurs partenaires. Ils coopèrent avec Moscou lorsqu’ils y trouvent un intérêt, accueillent les investissements chinois, développent les corridors vers l’Europe et renforcent leurs relations avec le monde turcique.</p>

<p>C’est précisément cette autonomie stratégique qui transforme l’Asie centrale : elle n’est plus seulement un espace disputé par les grandes puissances, mais devient progressivement un acteur capable de négocier ses propres intérêts.</p>

<h2>Conclusion : le monde ne quitte pas l’Occident, mais il cesse de tourner uniquement autour de lui</h2>

<p>Le centre de gravité mondial ne s’est pas encore entièrement déplacé. Il s’est fragmenté.</p>

<p>Les États-Unis restent la première puissance technologique et militaire. L’Europe conserve des compétences, des capitaux et un marché considérables. Mais l’Asie détient une part croissante de la production industrielle, des infrastructures, de la demande énergétique et des capacités technologiques. L’Asie centrale et l’Afrique possèdent une partie des ressources indispensables à cette transformation.</p>

<p>L’Occident reste puissant, mais il n’est plus incontournable dans tous les domaines.</p>

<p>Pour l’Europe, le véritable danger ne vient pas seulement de la montée de la Chine, de la Russie ou de l’OCS. Il vient de son éventuelle incapacité à produire suffisamment d’énergie, à sécuriser ses matières premières, à investir rapidement et à définir une stratégie commune.</p>

<p>L’échiquier mondial change effectivement de forme. Les pièces ne se déplacent plus seulement entre Washington, Bruxelles et Moscou. Elles passent désormais par Pékin, Ankara, New Delhi, Riyad, Astana, Tachkent et Bichkek.</p>

<p>Et l’Europe doit rapidement décider si elle veut rester une joueuse stratégique ou devenir seulement le terrain sur lequel les autres puissances négocient leurs intérêts.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 23:53:08 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>De l’IA au nucléaire : la pensée systémique que j’ai rencontrée à Astana</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/de-lia-au-nucleaire-la-pensee-systemique-que-jai-rencontree-a-astana-1298</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/de-lia-au-nucleaire-la-pensee-systemique-que-jai-rencontree-a-astana-1298</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[De l’IA au nucléaire : la pensée systémique que j’ai rencontrée à Astana]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>De l’IA au nucléaire : la pensée systémique que j’ai rencontrée à Astana</h1>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Par <strong>Glenn Agung Hole</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Astana_Esil_view.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em>Astana, 2026. Photo : Dauren Nabijan / Wikipedia.</em></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p>En Europe, nous discutons souvent de l’intelligence artificielle sans parler de l’énergie, des centres de données sans parler des réseaux électriques, et de l’éducation sans la relier à la politique industrielle. Lors du <strong>National Think Tank Forum à Astana</strong>, j’ai découvert une autre approche : technologie, énergie, compétences, infrastructures et marge de manœuvre géopolitique y étaient considérées comme les différentes composantes d’un même système.</p>

<h2>En bref</h2>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Le Kazakhstan considère la technologie, l’énergie, les compétences et les infrastructures comme un système intégré destiné à renforcer sa marge de manœuvre géopolitique.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Ce qui m’a le plus intéressé lors du <strong>National Think Tank Forum à Astana</strong>, ce n’est ni un projet particulier ni une annonce politique spécifique. C’est la manière dont les participants raisonnaient.</p>

<p>Le forum, intitulé <strong>« Projecting the Future: From Reflecting on Results to a New Agenda »</strong>, a été organisé le <strong>21 août 2026</strong> par le <strong>Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President</strong>, le KazISS.</p>

<p>L’intelligence artificielle n’y était pas abordée comme un projet technologique isolé. Les centres de données n’étaient pas considérés comme de simples implantations économiques. L’éducation n’était pas réduite à une politique universitaire, et l’énergie n’était pas discutée indépendamment de l’industrie, de la sécurité et de la géopolitique.</p>

<p><strong>Tout était relié.</strong></p>

<p>Cette même pensée systémique s’est retrouvée lors d’une table ronde distincte organisée par <strong>CFive et le Hudson Institute</strong>, ainsi que dans mes autres rencontres avec des experts kazakhstanais et internationaux à Astana.</p>

<p>La question n’était pas seulement de savoir ce que le Kazakhstan souhaite construire.</p>

<p>La véritable question était de déterminer <strong>quelles capacités le pays doit développer simultanément afin de pouvoir façonner lui-même son avenir</strong>.</p>

<h2>La stratégie consiste à comprendre les interdépendances</h2>

<p>En Europe, nous sommes devenus particulièrement habiles à formuler des stratégies ambitieuses. Nous avons des stratégies pour l’intelligence artificielle, la transition verte, la numérisation, la défense, les compétences et l’industrie.</p>

<p>Le problème est que ces stratégies sont souvent traitées séparément.</p>

<p>Nous discutons de centres de données avant même que la disponibilité de l’électricité et la capacité des réseaux ne soient garanties. Nous voulons devenir des leaders de l’intelligence artificielle, mais nous continuons à traiter l’énergie, les compétences et les infrastructures physiques comme des domaines politiques distincts.</p>

<p>Nous parlons d’autonomie stratégique tout en augmentant notre dépendance à l’égard des plateformes technologiques étrangères, des minerais critiques, des chaînes d’approvisionnement industrielles et des capacités de production extérieures.</p>

<p>À Astana, j’ai rencontré une compréhension beaucoup plus concrète et physique de la technologie.</p>

<p>L’intelligence artificielle ne commence pas avec un algorithme. Elle commence avec <strong>l’électricité, la puissance de calcul, les connexions par fibre optique, les systèmes de refroidissement, les compétences, les capitaux et des institutions prévisibles</strong>.</p>

<p>Cela peut paraître évident. Pourtant, une grande partie du débat technologique européen continue de reléguer ces conditions matérielles au second plan.</p>

<p>Le Kazakhstan tente, au contraire, de construire une chaîne cohérente :</p>

<p><strong>L’éducation produit les compétences. Les compétences génèrent la recherche et l’innovation. L’intelligence artificielle et les centres de données nécessitent de l’énergie. L’énergie exige des capacités de production et des réseaux électriques. Les investissements nécessitent des institutions prévisibles. Et l’ensemble de ces capacités accroît la marge de manœuvre géopolitique.</strong></p>

<p>C’est le cœur de la pensée systémique que j’ai rencontrée.</p>

<h2>L’intelligence artificielle nécessite de l’énergie</h2>

<p>Le Kazakhstan affiche clairement son ambition de devenir un acteur régional dans les domaines de la numérisation, du stockage de données et de l’intelligence artificielle.</p>

<p>Mais le pays s’interroge également sur ce que cette ambition implique concrètement pour son système énergétique.</p>

<p>Les autorités prévoient notamment la création d’une <strong>« Data Center Valley »</strong>, fondée sur les capacités énergétiques de la région d’<strong>Ekibastuz</strong>.</p>

<p>Le président <strong>Kassym-Jomart Tokaïev</strong> a souligné que les grands centres de données peuvent présenter une consommation électrique comparable à celle d’installations industrielles métallurgiques.</p>

<p>Il s’agit d’un constat essentiel.</p>

<p>Un centre de données n’est pas simplement un service immatériel situé dans le « cloud ».</p>

<p><strong>C’est une infrastructure industrielle fortement consommatrice d’énergie.</strong></p>

<p>Les travaux concernant la première centrale nucléaire du Kazakhstan, dans la région d’Almaty, ont commencé en partenariat avec <strong>Rosatom</strong>.</p>

<p>Le président a parallèlement indiqué que le pays devait déjà commencer à planifier la construction d’une deuxième, puis d’une troisième centrale nucléaire.</p>

<p>Cette orientation n’est pas uniquement liée à la politique climatique.</p>

<p>Elle concerne également <strong>la sécurité énergétique, le développement industriel, la numérisation et la souveraineté nationale</strong>.</p>

<p>Il convient toutefois de rester réaliste.</p>

<p>Le système énergétique kazakhstanais reste fortement dépendant des combustibles fossiles.</p>

<p>Selon les statistiques énergétiques nationales du pays, le charbon représentait <strong>45,4 % de la consommation totale d’énergie primaire en 2025</strong>.</p>

<p>Les sources renouvelables, hors grande hydroélectricité, représentaient pour leur part <strong>7 % de la production d’électricité</strong>.</p>

<p>La transition vers un système énergétique plus diversifié et moderne sera donc complexe, coûteuse et longue.</p>

<p>Le point essentiel n’est pas de prétendre que le Kazakhstan a déjà résolu ce problème.</p>

<p>Il est que le pays traite <strong>la politique technologique, la politique énergétique et la politique industrielle comme les composantes d’une seule et même mission stratégique</strong>.</p>

<p>C’est une leçon que la Norvège et l’Europe devraient examiner attentivement.</p>

<h2>L’éducation comme infrastructure stratégique</h2>

<p>L’éducation occupait également une place centrale dans le forum.</p>

<p>Mais elle n’était pas davantage considérée comme un secteur social isolé.</p>

<p>Les discussions portaient sur les universités, les laboratoires de recherche, les formations doctorales, l’intelligence artificielle, le transfert de technologies et la coopération renforcée entre le monde académique, les entreprises et les centres nationaux de compétences.</p>

<p>Le Kazakhstan cherche parallèlement à devenir un <strong>centre régional d’éducation et d’enseignement supérieur</strong>.</p>

<p>Lors du forum, le ministre des Sciences et de l’Enseignement supérieur, <strong>Sayasat Nurbek</strong>, a indiqué que le pays accueille désormais <strong>33 filiales d’universités étrangères et plus de 37 000 étudiants internationaux originaires de 92 pays</strong>.</p>

<p>L’objectif est à la fois de retenir les talents nationaux, de faire revenir les compétences, et d’attirer des étudiants et des communautés académiques venus de l’étranger.</p>

<p>Il ne s’agit pas uniquement d’une question de prestige international.</p>

<p>Pour un pays qui souhaite passer d’une économie largement fondée sur l’exportation de matières premières à une économie davantage axée sur la connaissance, la capacité académique devient une composante de l’infrastructure nationale.</p>

<p>Les laboratoires, les centres de recherche et les universités acquièrent ainsi une importance stratégique comparable à celle des chemins de fer, des centrales électriques et des réseaux numériques.</p>

<p>Mais l’implantation d’universités étrangères ne constitue pas, en soi, une garantie de développement institutionnel.</p>

<p>Le véritable test sera de savoir si cette politique permet de créer <strong>des environnements de recherche autonomes, une meilleure qualité académique, une pensée critique et des liens durables entre la connaissance et l’activité productive</strong>.</p>

<p>On peut importer l’enseigne d’une université.</p>

<p>Il est beaucoup plus difficile d’importer une culture de la recherche.</p>

<p><strong>Celle-ci doit se construire dans la durée.</strong></p>

<h2>L’infrastructure est aussi une politique étrangère</h2>

<p>La géographie du Kazakhstan rend cette pensée systémique indispensable.</p>

<p>Le pays se situe entre la Russie et la Chine, tout en cherchant à renforcer ses relations avec l’Europe, les États-Unis, la Turquie, le Moyen-Orient et le reste de l’Asie.</p>

<p>Cette position confère au Kazakhstan une importance stratégique considérable, mais elle crée également des vulnérabilités.</p>

<p>Un pays sans accès direct aux océans dépend de corridors de transport passant par d’autres États.</p>

<p>Les chemins de fer, les ports, les systèmes douaniers et les postes-frontières ne constituent donc pas simplement des infrastructures économiques.</p>

<p><strong>Ils deviennent des instruments de liberté d’action en matière de politique étrangère.</strong></p>

<p>Cela vaut particulièrement pour le développement du <strong>Corridor médian</strong>, qui relie la Chine et l’Europe via le Kazakhstan, la mer Caspienne, le Caucase du Sud et la Turquie.</p>

<p>La Banque mondiale estime qu’avec les investissements et les réformes appropriés, ce corridor pourrait <strong>tripler les volumes de transport et réduire de moitié les temps de trajet d’ici 2030</strong>.</p>

<p>Il s’agit d’un scénario possible, et non d’une garantie.</p>

<p>Sa réalisation suppose une meilleure coordination, des passages frontaliers plus efficaces, davantage de numérisation et la suppression des goulets d’étranglement autour de la mer Caspienne et de la mer Noire.</p>

<p>Mais le Corridor médian ne concerne pas uniquement le transport de marchandises.</p>

<p>Davantage d’itinéraires signifie davantage d’options.</p>

<p>Davantage de partenaires commerciaux signifie une dépendance moindre à un seul acteur.</p>

<p>De meilleures connexions vers l’ouest, l’est et le sud rendent plus difficile la domination de l’espace économique kazakhstanais par une seule grande puissance.</p>

<p>Le Kazakhstan souhaite coopérer avec la Chine, sans devenir totalement dépendant de la Chine.</p>

<p>Il a besoin d’une relation fonctionnelle avec la Russie, sans vouloir rester lié exclusivement à la Russie.</p>

<p>Il cherche à approfondir ses relations avec l’Europe et les États-Unis, mais sans devenir un instrument de la géopolitique occidentale.</p>

<p><strong>La stratégie ne consiste donc pas à choisir un camp.</strong></p>

<p>Elle consiste à développer suffisamment de capacités et de connexions pour pouvoir <strong>conserver la liberté de choisir</strong>.</p>

<h2>La capacité institutionnelle crée la capacité stratégique</h2>

<p>Les infrastructures physiques ne suffisent cependant pas.</p>

<p>Les chemins de fer ne créent pas automatiquement des corridors de transport efficaces.</p>

<p>Les centrales électriques ne suffisent pas à créer une économie numérique compétitive.</p>

<p>Les universités ne produisent pas nécessairement de l’innovation.</p>

<p>Et les investissements n’engendrent pas de développement durable lorsque les institutions sont faibles.</p>

<p>Le facteur déterminant est ce que l’on pourrait appeler <strong>la capacité de conversion institutionnelle de l’État</strong> : sa capacité à transformer les objectifs politiques, les capitaux, les compétences et les ressources naturelles en résultats concrets.</p>

<p>Cela exige des administrations publiques compétentes, des règles prévisibles, une coordination à long terme et la capacité de corriger la trajectoire lorsque certains projets ne fonctionnent pas.</p>

<p>Pendant mon séjour à Astana, j’ai également rencontré des entrepreneurs locaux qui m’ont montré jusqu’où la numérisation pratique avait progressé.</p>

<p>L’enregistrement et l’administration des entreprises, ainsi qu’une grande partie des communications avec les autorités, peuvent être gérés numériquement à partir d’un téléphone portable.</p>

<p>Voilà un exemple concret montrant que la numérisation ne doit pas se limiter aux grandes visions nationales.</p>

<p>Elle doit également <strong>réduire les frictions quotidiennes pour les citoyens et les entreprises</strong>.</p>

<p>C’est cela, la capacité institutionnelle en pratique.</p>

<h2>La nécessaire dimension critique</h2>

<p>La pensée systémique ne signifie toutefois pas que toutes les composantes du modèle fonctionnent parfaitement.</p>

<p>Trois jours après le forum, les observateurs électoraux internationaux ont publié leur évaluation préliminaire des élections législatives.</p>

<p>Ils ont estimé que le scrutin avait été techniquement bien préparé, mais qu’il s’était déroulé dans un environnement marqué par <strong>un manque de pluralisme politique et des alternatives réelles limitées</strong>.</p>

<p>L’OSCE/ODIHR a également évoqué un espace restreint pour les candidats indépendants, la société civile et les médias libres.</p>

<p>Les observateurs ont par ailleurs soulevé des questions concernant certains aspects de la publication de la participation électorale et du dépouillement.</p>

<p>Cette critique ne peut être reléguée à une simple note de bas de page.</p>

<p>Une forte coordination centrale peut faciliter l’élaboration de plans de long terme et la mobilisation des ressources.</p>

<p>Mais lorsque le pouvoir devient excessivement concentré, l’État risque également de perdre certains mécanismes essentiels de correction.</p>

<p>Les environnements de recherche indépendants, les médias ouverts, la concurrence politique et une société civile active ne constituent pas des obstacles à la capacité stratégique.</p>

<p><strong>Ils sont des mécanismes permettant de détecter les erreurs avant qu’elles ne deviennent trop coûteuses.</strong></p>

<p>La même logique s’applique aux think tanks.</p>

<p>Leur valeur ne réside pas uniquement dans leur capacité à expliquer ou à légitimer la politique des autorités.</p>

<p>Ils doivent également être capables de remettre en question les hypothèses de départ, de poser des questions difficiles et de présenter des analyses que les détenteurs du pouvoir ne souhaitent pas nécessairement entendre.</p>

<p>Une stratégie systémique dépourvue de contrepoids critiques peut être extrêmement efficace dans l’application de bonnes décisions.</p>

<p>Mais elle peut également être tout aussi efficace dans l’application de mauvaises décisions.</p>

<p><strong>C’est le paradoxe institutionnel que le Kazakhstan doit gérer.</strong></p>

<h2>Ce que la Norvège et l’Europe peuvent apprendre</h2>

<p>L’Europe ne doit pas copier le modèle politique du Kazakhstan.</p>

<p>Mais elle devrait étudier sa capacité à comprendre les liens entre <strong>technologie, énergie, compétences, industrie et géopolitique</strong>.</p>

<p>Nous avons besoin de moins de stratégies conçues indépendamment les unes des autres.</p>

<p>Une stratégie européenne sur l’intelligence artificielle qui ne serait pas accompagnée d’une stratégie énergétique est incomplète.</p>

<p>Une stratégie de défense sans capacité industrielle de production est incomplète.</p>

<p>Une politique de transition écologique sans accès aux minerais, aux réseaux électriques et aux compétences est incomplète.</p>

<p>Une ambition d’autonomie stratégique dépourvue de corridors de transport et de chaînes d’approvisionnement alternatives n’est guère plus qu’un discours.</p>

<p>Le Kazakhstan nous rappelle que <strong>la capacité nationale doit être construite comme un système</strong>.</p>

<p>L’Europe dispose parallèlement de quelque chose qu’elle doit protéger et renforcer : des sociétés ouvertes, des contrepoids institutionnels et une responsabilité démocratique.</p>

<p>Ces éléments ne sont pas incompatibles avec une stratégie à long terme.</p>

<p>Correctement conçus, ils rendent au contraire la stratégie plus robuste.</p>

<h2>La stratégie est l’organisation des dépendances</h2>

<p>Ce que je retiens du <strong>National Think Tank Forum d’Astana</strong>, ce n’est donc pas principalement une liste de projets kazakhstanais.</p>

<p>C’est une manière particulière de penser.</p>

<p>La stratégie ne consiste pas à formuler le plus grand nombre possible d’ambitions.</p>

<p>Elle consiste à comprendre comment <strong>les compétences, la technologie, l’énergie, le capital, les infrastructures et les institutions dépendent les uns des autres</strong>.</p>

<p>La position géographique du Kazakhstan lui confère une importance stratégique.</p>

<p>Mais elle crée simultanément des dépendances que le pays ne peut simplement faire disparaître.</p>

<p>La réponse d’Astana consiste à multiplier les connexions, développer davantage de capacités propres et créer une plus grande liberté de coopération dans plusieurs directions.</p>

<p>C’est à ce niveau que la pensée systémique devient géopolitique.</p>

<p>Car la souveraineté réelle d’un pays ne se mesure pas uniquement aux frontières dessinées sur une carte ou aux mots inscrits dans une Constitution.</p>

<p><strong>Elle dépend du nombre d’alternatives réelles dont dispose un pays lorsque la pression augmente.</strong></p>

<p><strong>La capacité institutionnelle crée la capacité stratégique. Et la capacité stratégique crée la liberté d’agir.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 22:24:58 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Central Asia’s Blueprint for Moderate Islam and Institutional Reform: Interview with the Supreme Mufti of Kazakhstan</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/central-asias-blueprint-for-moderate-islam-and-institutional-reform-interview-with-the-supreme-mufti-of-kazakhstan-1297</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/central-asias-blueprint-for-moderate-islam-and-institutional-reform-interview-with-the-supreme-mufti-of-kazakhstan-1297</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Central Asia’s Blueprint for Moderate Islam and Institutional Reform: Interview with the Supreme Mufti of Kazakhstan]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Central Asia’s Blueprint for Moderate Islam and Institutional Reforms: Supreme Mufti of Kazakhstan</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Astana’s strategic alliance with Cairo and Al-Azhar Al-Sharif reinforces global efforts against radicalization</strong></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Kazakhstan’s state policy of religious moderation stands as a pillar of regional stability and interfaith peaceful coexistence.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-29%20at%2017_02_02.jpeg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:48px">&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>&nbsp;Amr Yehia</strong> <em>Astana, Kazakhstan</em></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In an era where Western Europe actively monitors models of secular governance, social cohesion, and moderate religious reform in Eurasia, Kazakhstan offers a compelling case study. The Central Asian nation has systematically cultivated a policy of Islamic moderation, state neutrality, and robust interfaith dialogue. Central to Astana's strategy is ensuring that religious education and fatwa issuing are grounded in systematic academic scholarship rather than radical fringe narratives—an effort strengthened through strategic cooperation with Egypt's historic Al-Azhar Al-Sharif.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In an interview with <em>Bruxelles Korner</em>, Supreme Mufti Nauryzbay Kazhy Taganuly discusses Kazakhstan's moderate Islamic framework, democratic reforms under the 2026 Constitution, digital innovation in religious affairs, and institutional collaboration with Egyptian religious authorities.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> A rich historical inheritance forms the bedrock of ties between Kazakhstan and Egypt. How does the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Kazakhstan view this shared legacy today?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Nauryzbay Kazhy Taganuly:</strong> Ties between Kazakhstan and Egypt are rooted in centuries of spiritual continuity, most vividly embodied by Sultan Al-Zahir Baibars. As an extraordinary commander and statesman, his birth in the Kipchak steppe and subsequent rule in Egypt created a symbolic bridge between our peoples.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Today, Kazakhstan views Sultan Baibars’ legacy as a shared spiritual value. This bond is demonstrated through the joint restoration of his mosque in Cairo, executed across several phases by both nations. When introducing Baibars to youth, we emphasize his commitment to education, discipline, state-building, and justice. Beyond Baibars, our shared heritage encompasses Islamic jurisprudence, Hadith studies, theology, Arabic language, and philosophy. To transmit this to future generations, the optimal path lies in joint academic conferences, exhibitions, documentaries, and historical research expeditions.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-29%20at%2017_02_02%20(1).jpeg" style="height:742px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> How do you evaluate current cooperation between Al-Azhar Al-Sharif and Kazakh institutions—particularly Nur-Mubarak University in Almaty—in promoting moderation and protecting youth from extremism?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> We evaluate this cooperation as a vital pillar of religious education in Kazakhstan. Al-Azhar Al-Sharif maintains a centuries-old tradition based on the Quran, Sunnah, classical jurisprudence, rigorous scholarly analysis, and social stability. This expertise is crucial for Kazakhstan as we train specialists who combine authentic Islamic sciences with modern educational methodologies.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Nur-Mubarak University serves as a central bridge in this framework. We are currently discussing concrete proposals to elevate the university's international standing and expand its reach to leading scientific centers in Egypt. Extremist ideology arises from superficial readings of religious texts and a lack of systematic scholarship; sound religious education is our most effective preventive measure. Our ultimate goal is to nurture a generation possessing authentic religious awareness, civic responsibility, respect for law, and critical thinking against radical ideologies.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> How do Al-Azhar graduates returning home enrich Kazakhstan’s religious and social fabric?</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-29%20at%2017_02_03.jpeg" style="height:536px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> Kazakh youth studying in Egypt, particularly at Al-Azhar, represent a core spiritual link between our nations. During my official visit to Cairo, I met with our students, emphasizing their responsibility to utilize knowledge in service of their religion and homeland.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Upon returning, Al-Azhar graduates serve as imams, teachers, scholars, and researchers. Many assume key roles within the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Kazakhstan, significantly raising public religious literacy. Their competitive edge lies in mastering classical Islamic sciences directly from original Arabic sources alongside exposure to diverse intellectual traditions. The Muslim community in Kazakhstan values Al-Azhar not merely as an educational institution, but as an irreplaceable historic school maintaining the continuity of Islamic knowledge.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> Following your recent consultations with the Grand Mufti of Egypt in Cairo, what practical steps are being taken to harmonize fatwa methodologies to counter extremist narratives and address contemporary issues?</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> Our discussions in Cairo focused on enhancing cooperation in fatwa issuance and formulating unified, well-grounded scholarly positions on contemporary challenges. International cooperation in issuing fatwas has become critical, as modern issues transcend national borders.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In Kazakhstan, fatwas are issued systematically through our Sharia and Fatwa Department and Council of Scholars, ensuring alignment with Quranic texts, jurisprudence, and local Kazakh customs. In our collaboration with Egypt, five key areas take priority: regular scholarly consultations, joint academic seminars on contemporary issues, exchanges in fatwa methodology, academic materials refuting extremist arguments, and enhancing the quality of digital religious content. Our goal is not to force identical text across different societies, but to align methodology while respecting each community's unique context.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-29%20at%2017_02_03%20(2).jpeg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> Amid current global challenges, how do you evaluate bilateral cooperation within the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to advance peace and solidarity?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> Kazakhstan and Egypt hold distinct positions in the Islamic world. Despite different geographical contexts, we share foundational values: peace, stability, religious tolerance, and inter-civilizational dialogue. The OIC provides a vital platform to project these shared values globally.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The Islamic world faces conflicts, humanitarian crises, extremism, Islamophobia, misinformation, and youth unemployment. The OIC’s role must extend beyond political dialogue to harness its intellectual, religious, and humanitarian potential. Kazakhstan’s experience in hosting the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions demonstrates our commitment to peace. Combined with Al-Azhar’s scholarly authority, our two nations can jointly advance religious awareness across the OIC framework. We advocate strengthening three core axes: peaceful diplomacy to prevent conflicts from assuming religious dimensions, youth education to shield young people from radicalization, and religious diplomacy among leading scholars.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> As Kazakhstan undergoes constitutional and parliamentary shifts ahead of the Kurultai elections, how do you view these democratic reforms from a religious perspective?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> Consultation (<em>Shura</em>) is a core Islamic principle of governance, alongside trust, justice, and social responsibility. Evaluating current constitutional reforms requires respecting the civil and legal nature of the state. While religion provides moral and human values, state institutions operate under the rule of law. Under the 2026 Constitution, the single-chamber <em>Kurultai</em> (Parliament) stands as the supreme legislative body of Kazakhstan.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The ultimate objective of any reform must be serving the public interest. Public office is a responsibility and a trust (<em>Amanah</em>), not a privilege; public trust is the highest asset for any state institution. When rule of law, integrity, and mutual respect take root, state stability and strength are naturally reinforced.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> Kazakhstan hosts the global Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. How does the Spiritual Administration champion global interfaith dialogue?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> Preserving Islamic identity and fostering interfaith dialogue are mutually reinforcing. An individual who deeply understands their faith is inherently inclined to respect the beliefs of others. Our support for the Astana Congress reflects Islam’s values of peace, mercy, justice, and human dignity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Interfaith dialogue does not mean blurring theological boundaries; it establishes a culture of mutual respect despite differences. The Spiritual Administration enhances dialogue skills among imams, fosters peaceful relations with other confessions, and cultivates tolerance among youth. Islamic identity should manifest through moral conduct, integrity, family values, and service to the homeland. Vast opportunities exist to combine Al-Azhar’s expertise in interfaith dialogue with Kazakhstan’s domestic model of inter-ethnic harmony.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Bruxelles Korner:</strong> As Kazakhstan prepares to open Central Asia’s first Prophet’s Seerah Museum in Astana, how can this initiative advance cultural diplomacy and joint exhibitions with Egypt?</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-29%20at%2017_02_03%20(1).jpeg" style="height:658px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Supreme Mufti Taganuly:</strong> The biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is a unifying spiritual heritage for the Islamic world. Establishing a dedicated museum in Astana is a strategic project presenting the spiritual values of Islamic civilization through an academic, historical, and educational lens.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This project opens promising horizons for cultural exchange with Egypt. Al-Azhar’s intellectual heritage and Cairo’s Islamic architecture provide a strong foundation for future joint exhibitions. Beyond housing artifacts, the museum will operate as an active research center. Inviting Egyptian museum experts and scholars to Kazakhstan while sending Kazakh researchers to Cairo will serve as an effective mechanism of soft-power cultural diplomacy, establishing a shared platform for Central Asia and the wider Islamic world.</span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 22:11:07 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Industrial Momentum in Kyrgyzstan: A Measured Reading of the Numbers and Sustainable Growth</title>
                <category>Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/industrial-momentum-in-kyrgyzstan-a-measured-reading-of-the-numbers-and-sustainable-growth-1296</link>
                <author>AbdulhamidamidAlKba@GMAIL.COM (Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/industrial-momentum-in-kyrgyzstan-a-measured-reading-of-the-numbers-and-sustainable-growth-1296</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Industrial Momentum in Kyrgyzstan: A Measured Reading of the Numbers and Sustainable Growth]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Industrial Momentum in Kyrgyzstan: A Measured Reading of the Numbers and Sustainable Growth</h1>

<h2>With industrial production rising by 12.7 percent in the first half of 2026, Kyrgyzstan is demonstrating both resilience and increasing diversification. The moderation recorded in June may signal not weakness, but a healthier normalization after a period of exceptionally rapid expansion.</h2>

<p><strong>By Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</strong><br />
<em>Opinion writer specializing in Central Asian and Azerbaijani affairs</em><br />
<strong>Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p>In economics, numbers are never merely dry statistics placed on a table. They are the pulse of an economy, revealing the direction, resilience and underlying transformation of entire sectors.</p>

<p>Having followed developments across Central Asia for many years, I find myself repeatedly drawn to Kyrgyzstan: a mountainous country with a strategic location, considerable natural resources and an industrial sector that continues to display remarkable resilience.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e279e49e-cc3a-48dd-af86-28ad0c4af24b.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>The first half of 2026 was no exception. Kyrgyz industrial production increased by 12.7 percent compared with the same period in 2025. This is more than a fleeting statistical performance. It reflects continuity and the country’s ability to maintain industrial momentum despite persistent regional and international uncertainty.</p>

<p>According to data from the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, industrial output in June 2026 was 5 percent higher than in June 2025 and 4.2 percent above the level recorded in May 2026.</p>

<p>These figures merit careful interpretation. Industrial momentum remains firmly present, but the pace of expansion in June was less pronounced than during certain months of the previous year. What matters is therefore not reading each figure in isolation, but placing it within the broader trajectory of the Kyrgyz economy.</p>

<h2>Growth remains strong, but is becoming more measured</h2>

<p>During the first half of 2025, Kyrgyzstan’s industrial production had already risen by 12.5 percent compared with the corresponding period in 2024. In June 2025 alone, output increased by 11 percent year-on-year and by 10.3 percent compared with May.</p>

<p>The first-half performance recorded in 2026 was therefore slightly stronger than that of the previous year. Yet the June figures reveal a calmer monthly and annual rhythm.</p>

<p>This moderation should not automatically be interpreted as a sign of industrial weakness. It may instead reflect a natural normalization following the exceptionally high growth rates recorded in 2025.</p>

<p>Maintaining double-digit expansion over the first six months of 2026 demonstrates that Kyrgyzstan’s productive sectors continue to advance. At the same time, the slower pace recorded in June suggests that the economy may be entering a more balanced phase—one in which growth continues without placing excessive pressure on production capacity, prices and available resources.</p>

<p>That distinction is essential. Sustainable development is not defined by permanent acceleration. It depends on an economy’s capacity to consolidate earlier gains, improve productivity and expand its industrial base without creating major structural imbalances.</p>

<h2>An industrial contribution extending beyond gold</h2>

<p>According to reports from Kyrgyzstan’s Ministry of Economy and Commerce, total industrial output reached approximately 450.4 billion soms during the first half of 2026. The sector made a significant contribution to overall economic growth, with gross domestic product reportedly expanding by approximately 11.9 percent over the same period.</p>

<p>One of the most important features of this performance is that it was not driven exclusively by gold processing or basic metals.</p>

<p>Industrial production excluding gold-processing enterprises rose by 14.1 percent. This figure points to a broader transformation of the country’s productive structure and suggests that growth is becoming increasingly diversified.</p>

<p>For Kyrgyzstan, this development is strategically important. Gold has long played a central role in the national economy, export revenues and industrial statistics. Excessive reliance on a single commodity, however, leaves an economy exposed to fluctuations in international prices, production disruptions and external demand.</p>

<p>Growth outside the gold sector therefore represents more than a positive statistical detail. It is an indicator of increasing economic resilience.</p>

<h2>Diversification becomes visible in the sectoral figures</h2>

<p>The sectoral breakdown offers an even clearer picture of Kyrgyzstan’s industrial transformation.</p>

<p>Chemical production increased nearly 2.9-fold, while pharmaceutical output rose approximately 1.8-fold. Vehicle production expanded by 40.7 percent, construction materials by 33.4 percent, basic metals by 11.9 percent, and food products, beverages and tobacco by 8.2 percent.</p>

<p>Mining output increased by 12.8 percent.</p>

<p>These figures demonstrate that the current industrial momentum extends across several branches of the economy. The expansion of pharmaceuticals, chemicals and vehicle production is particularly noteworthy because these activities can generate more complex supply chains, encourage technological development and create skilled employment.</p>

<p>The strong increase in construction materials is closely connected to Kyrgyzstan’s construction boom. Expanding residential, commercial and public infrastructure projects have stimulated demand for cement, sand, gravel and other locally produced materials.</p>

<p>Construction is therefore acting as an important transmission mechanism: investment in buildings and infrastructure is creating additional demand throughout the domestic industrial economy.</p>

<p>The electricity, gas and steam sector was the principal exception, recording a slight decline of 1.2 percent, mainly because of lower electricity generation. While limited in scale, this decline highlights one of the structural challenges that Kyrgyzstan must address if it wants to sustain industrial expansion.</p>

<p>A growing manufacturing base requires reliable and increasingly diversified energy supplies. Investment in electricity generation, grid modernization and renewable energy will therefore be crucial to preventing energy constraints from becoming an obstacle to future industrial development.</p>

<h2>Industrial policy begins to produce results</h2>

<p>Government-led initiatives have also contributed to the present momentum. Projects such as “100 Industrial Enterprises – 2026” are beginning to produce tangible results in Bishkek and other parts of the country, while preparations are under way for the launch of additional production facilities.</p>

<p>Such initiatives can help reduce import dependence, expand domestic manufacturing and create new employment opportunities. Their long-term success, however, will depend on more than the number of factories inaugurated.</p>

<p>New enterprises must be economically viable, technologically competitive and capable of operating within regional and international supply chains. They also require access to financing, skilled workers, reliable energy, transport infrastructure and predictable administrative conditions.</p>

<p>The objective should not merely be to open factories, but to create an industrial ecosystem in which enterprises can survive, innovate and expand.</p>

<h2>Geography and regional integration as economic assets</h2>

<p>Kyrgyzstan’s industrial performance is not accidental. The country is benefiting from its position within the Eurasian Economic Union, its growing commercial relations with China and its efforts to expand domestic production.</p>

<p>Exports to China reportedly increased by approximately 50 percent for certain categories of goods during the first half of 2026. This development illustrates the opportunities created by Kyrgyzstan’s location between major regional markets.</p>

<p>The country occupies an important position at the intersection of Central Asia, China and the broader Eurasian space. If supported by improved transport corridors, customs modernization and efficient logistics, this geography can become one of Kyrgyzstan’s most valuable economic assets.</p>

<p>Membership of the Eurasian Economic Union gives Kyrgyz producers access to a larger regional market, while closer economic engagement with China offers opportunities for exports, investment and integration into cross-border supply chains.</p>

<p>Yet openness also creates competition. Kyrgyz enterprises must therefore improve quality, productivity and technological capacity if they are to compete successfully with larger regional producers.</p>

<h2>Why the June slowdown may be healthy</h2>

<p>Very high growth rates cannot continue indefinitely without creating inflationary pressure, production bottlenecks or excessive strain on energy and natural resources.</p>

<p>The moderation observed in June 2026 may therefore be constructive. It suggests that the industrial sector is moving from an exceptional phase of acceleration toward a more sustainable rhythm.</p>

<p>The central question is not whether every month can reproduce double-digit growth. It is whether Kyrgyzstan can maintain a positive medium-term trajectory while strengthening productivity, diversification and economic resilience.</p>

<p>From that perspective, a measured slowdown can be healthier than uncontrolled expansion. It allows companies to consolidate investment, authorities to address infrastructure constraints and the labour market to adjust to new industrial demand.</p>

<h2>Sustainability will determine the next chapter</h2>

<p>Sustainability is ultimately the decisive issue.</p>

<p>If Kyrgyzstan continues reducing its excessive dependence on gold while supporting manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, renewable energy and modern infrastructure, the country will be well positioned to transform its current momentum into a durable foundation for long-term development.</p>

<p>The challenge lies in maintaining a careful balance: between speed and stability, domestic production and international openness, industrial expansion and environmental responsibility.</p>

<p>Energy security will also be essential. The slight decline in electricity generation serves as a reminder that industrial policy cannot be separated from energy policy. New factories and expanding cities will require reliable power supplies, greater efficiency and substantial investment in renewable resources.</p>

<p>Human capital represents another central pillar. Industrial diversification must be accompanied by vocational education, technical training and stronger cooperation between educational institutions and employers. Factories alone cannot modernize an economy without engineers, technicians, skilled workers and effective management.</p>

<h2>Kyrgyzstan advances along a measured path</h2>

<p>The figures speak quietly, but their message is significant.</p>

<p>Industrial growth of 12.7 percent during the first half of 2026 is not merely a statistical achievement. It reflects an economy that is gradually broadening its productive foundations and strengthening its capacity to withstand external shocks.</p>

<p>Kyrgyzstan is not advancing through gold production alone. Chemicals, pharmaceuticals, vehicles, construction materials, food processing and mining are all contributing to a more diversified industrial landscape.</p>

<p>The moderation recorded in June should therefore be seen within this broader context. It does not erase the underlying momentum. On the contrary, it may signal that Kyrgyzstan’s industrial expansion is entering a more mature and sustainable phase.</p>

<p>As a writer who has followed Central Asia for many years, I would describe the current trajectory in simple terms: Kyrgyzstan is not racing forward recklessly. It is advancing along a measured path.</p>

<p>In a world marked by volatility, disrupted supply chains and geopolitical uncertainty, that measured progress may prove to be one of the country’s most important achievements.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 16:17:53 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Ben Nereye Aidim ?</title>
                <category>FİKRİYE AYRANCI KEPER</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ben-nereye-aidim-1295</link>
                <author>keperfikriye@hotmail.com (FİKRİYE AYRANCI KEPER)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ben-nereye-aidim-1295</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Ben Nereye Aidim ?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Ben&nbsp;Nereye Aidim ?</strong></span></p>

<p>Bazen insan, hayatının en uzun yolculuğunu bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye giderken değil, yıllar sonra kendi kendisine sorduğu tek bir sorunun peşinden gider:</p>

<p>Ben nereye aidim?</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3fc8107b-4f5b-4cde-9d9d-dce46bcc3cd7.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Bu soru, dışarıdan bakıldığında kolay görünür. Bir doğum yeri vardır, bir memleket vardır, bir vatandaşlık vardır; insanın hayatını üzerine kurduğu başka bir şehir, başka bir ülke vardır. Haritalar insan için sınırlar çizer, kimlikler ona isimler verir, adresler nerede yaşadığını söyler. Fakat insanın iç dünyası hiçbir zaman bir harita kadar kesin değildir.</p>

<p>Çünkü bazı insanlar hayatlarını tek bir coğrafyanın içinde tamamlamaz.</p>

<p>Bir sabah, çocukluğunun geçtiği toprağın kokusunu üzerinde taşıyarak başka bir ülkeye gelir; yıllar içerisinde o yabancı toprakta evini kurar, ailesini büyütür, sevinçlerini ve kayıplarını orada yaşar. Zaman, geldiği ülkeyle yaşadığı ülke arasındaki mesafeyi azaltır; fakat insanın içinde iki ayrı zamanın ve iki ayrı dünyanın izleri aynı anda yaşamaya devam eder.</p>

<p>Sonra bir gün fark eder ki, artık ne geldiği günkü insandır ne de geldiği ülkenin bıraktığı insan.</p>

<p>Değişmiştir.</p>

<p>Sadece yaşadığı yer değil, kendisi de yer değiştirmiştir.</p>

<p>Çocukluğunda anlamını düşünmeden kullandığı kelimeler, yıllar sonra başka bir derinlikle dönmüştür ona. Bir yemek kokusu, hiç beklemediği bir anda geçmişin kapısını açmıştır. Uzaklardan gelen bir ses, yıllardır unuttuğunu sandığı bir duyguyu yeniden uyandırmıştır. Fakat aynı insan, yaşadığı ülkenin sokaklarında yürürken de kendisine ait bir geçmiş değil, yıllar içerisinde bizzat oluşturduğu bir hayat taşımaktadır.</p>

<p>İşte aidiyet tam burada karmaşıklaşır.</p>

<p>Çünkü insanın doğduğu yerle yaşadığı yer her zaman aynı değildir; fakat insanın kendisi, ikisinden de aldığı parçalarla yeniden biçimlenmiştir.</p>

<p>Memlekete döndüğünde bunu daha açık hisseder.</p>

<p>Bir zamanlar ezbere bildiği yolların değiştiğini görür. Tanıdığı insanların hayatlarının başka yönlere savrulduğunu, çocukluğunda büyük anlam taşıyan bazı şeylerin artık yalnızca bir hatıra olarak kaldığını fark eder. Kendisi de değişmiştir; bakışı, beklentileri, alışkanlıkları, hayata verdiği anlam değişmiştir.</p>

<p>Bazen doğduğu yerde bile kendisini açıklamak zorunda hisseder.</p>

<p>Sonra yaşadığı ülkeye döner.</p>

<p>Orada da başka bir gerçekle karşılaşır.</p>

<p>Artık bu ülke yalnızca “yabancı bir ülke” değildir. Burada yılları vardır. Burada verdiği mücadeleler, kurduğu dostluklar, büyüttüğü çocuklar, yaşadığı sevinçler, atlattığı zorluklar vardır. Bu toprakların yollarında kendi ayak izlerini bırakmış, hayatının önemli bölümlerini burada yazmıştır.</p>

<p>Fakat yine de bazen, ne kadar uzun yaşamış olursa olsun, kendisini tamamen açıklayamayacağı bir mesafenin varlığını hisseder.</p>

<p>İnsanların çoğu bu duygunun adını bilmez.</p>

<p>Çünkü dışarıdan bakıldığında mesele yalnızca “nerede yaşadığın” sanılır.</p>

<p>Oysa insanın aidiyeti, ikamet ettiği adres kadar basit değildir.</p>

<p>Aidiyet; hatırladıklarının, alıştıklarının, kaybettiklerinin, kazandıklarının, sevdiği insanların ve yıllar içerisinde dönüştüğü kişinin birbirine karıştığı görünmez bir alandır.<br />
Bu yüzden gurbetçinin içinde zaman zaman sessiz bir bölünmüşlük hissi doğar.</p>

<p>Fakat belki de bu bölünmüşlük değildir.</p>

<p>Belki insanın büyümesidir.</p>

<p>Çünkü insan bir yerden ayrıldığında yalnızca geride bir şey bırakmaz; kendisine yeni bir taraf da ekler. Başka bir kültürle karşılaşmak, başka bir dilin içinde yaşamak, farklı alışkanlıklarla aynı hayatı paylaşmak, insanın dünyaya bakışını genişletir. Bir zamanlar kesin sandığı bazı doğruların aslında hayatın yalnızca bir yorumundan ibaret olduğunu öğrenir.</p>

<p>Gurbet, insana bazen ait olmayı değil, aidiyetin ne kadar değişken ve derin bir kavram olduğunu öğretir.</p>

<p>Çocuklarımız ise bu hikâyenin başka bir sayfasıdır.</p>

<p>Onlar bizim hatırladığımız memleketi kendi çocukluklarıyla tanımadılar. Bizim özlediğimiz sokaklarda büyümediler; bizim çocukluğumuzun seslerini yalnızca bizden dinlediler. Onların hatıraları başka bir ülkede oluştu, kelimeleri başka bir çevrede şekillendi, dünyayı algılama biçimleri bizimkinden farklılaştı.</p>

<p>Bazen onların bize ne kadar benzediğini düşünürüz.</p>

<p>Bazen de bizden ne kadar farklı olduklarını fark ederiz.</p>

<p>İşte o zaman insan, aidiyet meselesinin yalnızca kendisiyle ilgili olmadığını anlar. Bir kuşağın hafızasıyla diğer kuşağın hayatı arasında görünmez bir bağ kurmaya çalışırken, geçmişi korumakla geleceğe alan açmak arasında hassas bir denge kurar.</p>

<p>Ne geçmişin içinde yaşamaya devam edebiliriz ne de geçmişimizi tamamen geride bırakabiliriz.</p>

<p>Çünkü geçmiş, insanın arkasında duran bir gölge değildir yalnızca; bugününü anlamlandıran hafızadır.<br />
Belki bu yüzden bazı gurbetçiler yıllar sonra bile memleketlerinin haberlerini takip eder, oradaki değişimleri merak eder, çocukluklarının geçtiği yerlerin fotoğraflarına uzun uzun bakar. Bunu yalnızca özlemle açıklamak eksik kalır.<br />
İnsan bazen kendi geçmişinin hâlâ orada bir yerlerde yaşayıp yaşamadığını kontrol eder.</p>

<p>Çünkü geçmişimiz değiştiğinde, onunla birlikte kendimizin bir parçasının da değiştiğini hissederiz.</p>

<p>Fakat zaman bize başka bir şey daha öğretir:<br />
İnsan, geçmişinin olduğu yere değil; hayatının anlam kazandığı yerlere de ait olabilir.</p>

<p>Bir annenin çocuğunu büyüttüğü ev, doğduğu şehir kadar değerlidir.</p>

<p>Bir insanın yıllarca emek vererek kurduğu hayat, çocukluğunun geçtiği sokaklardan daha az gerçek değildir.</p>

<p>Bir dostun bıraktığı iz, bir ülkenin sınırından daha güçlü olabilir.</p>

<p>Bir mezarın başında edilen dua, bazen insanın doğduğu topraktan daha derin bir aidiyet taşıyabilir.</p>

<p>O hâlde insan nereye aittir?</p>

<p>Belki doğduğu yere.</p>

<p>Belki büyüdüğü yere.</p>

<p>Belki sevdiği insanlara.</p>

<p>Belki kaybettiklerine.</p>

<p>Belki çocuklarının geleceğine.</p>

<p>Belki de bütün bunların birbirine karıştığı, dışarıdan kimsenin tam olarak göremediği o iç dünyaya.</p>

<p>Ben nereye aidim?</p>

<p>Bu soruya artık tek bir ülkenin adını söyleyerek cevap verebilir miyim, bilmiyorum.</p>

<p>Çünkü hayatımın bir kısmı doğduğum topraklarda kaldı; bir kısmı yıllar önce geldiğim ülkede kök saldı. Bir yanım geçmişin seslerini hâlâ taşıyor, diğer yanım geleceğe doğru yürümeye devam ediyor. Bazı hatıralarımın dili başka, bazı hayallerimin dili başka.</p>

<p>Ama bütün bunların arasında değişmeyen bir şey var:</p>

<p>Ben, yaşadığım bütün hayatların içinden geçerek bugün olduğum kişiyim.</p>

<p>Bu yüzden belki artık kendime “Nereye aidim?” diye sormak yerine başka bir soru sormalıyım:</p>

<p>“Bütün bunların içinde ben kim oldum?”</p>

<p>Çünkü insanın asıl yurdu bazen doğduğu yer değil, kendisini inkâr etmeden yaşayabildiği yerdir.</p>

<p>Ve belki yıllardır aradığımız aidiyet, bir ülkenin bizi tamamen kendisine ait hissettirmesinde değil; geçmişimizi kaybetmeden geleceğimizi kurabilmemizde saklıdır.</p>

<p>Ben nereye aidim?</p>

<p>Belki bir ülkeye değil.</p>

<p>Belki iki ülkenin arasındaki mesafeye hiç değil.</p>

<p>Ben; hatırladığım çocukluğuma, kurduğum hayata, sevdiğim insanlara, kaybettiklerimin bıraktığı izlere ve bütün bunlardan süzülerek kendime dönüştürdüğüm o benzersiz hikâyeye aidim.</p>

<p>Belki de insanın ait olduğu en gerçek yer, sonunda kendi yüreğinde kendisine yabancılaşmadığı yerdir.<br />
Sevgiyle...</p>

<p>Fikriye Ayrancı Keper</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 15:58:25 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>L’Islande dit « non » à Bruxelles et referme la porte européenne</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/lislande-dit-non-a-bruxelles-et-referme-la-porte-europeenne-1294</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/lislande-dit-non-a-bruxelles-et-referme-la-porte-europeenne-1294</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[L’Islande dit « non » à Bruxelles et referme la porte européenne]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>L’Islande dit « non » à Bruxelles et referme la porte européenne</h1>

<h2>Avec 52,8 % des suffrages, les Islandais ont rejeté la reprise des négociations d’adhésion à l’Union européenne. Le résultat révèle une fracture entre Reykjavík, favorable au rapprochement, et les régions rurales, attachées à la souveraineté nationale et au contrôle des ressources halieutiques.</h2>

<p><strong>Par Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/18ad25b0-937d-4aae-8d8a-f26dc609a23d.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p>L’Islande restera européenne sans devenir membre de l’Union européenne. À l’issue du référendum organisé samedi 29 août 2026, les Islandais ont rejeté la reprise des négociations d’adhésion avec Bruxelles.</p>

<p>Selon les résultats définitifs communiqués par la chaîne publique RÚV, le « non » a recueilli 52,8 % des suffrages, contre 47,2 % pour le « oui ». La participation, supérieure à 80 %, témoigne de l’importance accordée à cette consultation dans un pays qui compte près de 400 000 habitants. <a href="https://www.ruv.is/english/2026-08-29-iceland-votes-eu-accession-talks-referendum-live-blog-485377">RÚV</a></p>

<p>La question soumise aux électeurs ne portait pas directement sur l’entrée de l’Islande dans l’Union, mais sur la possibilité de reprendre les négociations interrompues depuis plus d’une décennie. Même en cas de victoire du « oui », un éventuel accord d’adhésion aurait dû être soumis ultérieurement à un second vote populaire.</p>

<h2>Une défaite politique pour le gouvernement</h2>

<p>Le gouvernement dirigé par la Première ministre sociale-démocrate Kristrún Frostadóttir souhaitait rouvrir le dossier européen dans un environnement international devenu plus instable. La guerre en Ukraine, les tensions dans l’Arctique, les incertitudes entourant la politique américaine et la vulnérabilité d’un petit État face aux rivalités des grandes puissances avaient replacé la question européenne au centre du débat.</p>

<p>Juridiquement consultatif, le référendum possède néanmoins une force politique incontestable. Le gouvernement s’était engagé à en respecter le résultat. La reprise des négociations est donc écartée pour l’avenir prévisible, probablement au moins jusqu’aux prochaines élections législatives.</p>

<p>Pour Bruxelles, le résultat constitue une déception. L’arrivée de l’Islande aurait renforcé la présence de l’Union européenne dans l’Atlantique Nord et dans l’espace arctique, devenu un territoire stratégique majeur en raison des nouvelles routes maritimes, des ressources naturelles et de la compétition entre les États-Unis, la Russie, la Chine et les puissances européennes.</p>

<h2>Reykjavík contre les régions rurales</h2>

<p>Le scrutin fait apparaître une fracture géographique nette. Reykjavík est la seule région où la reprise des négociations a obtenu une majorité. Dans les zones rurales, le « non » s’est largement imposé. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/d29f8d4e140894fe22db17005e9c2a2e">Associated Press</a></p>

<p>Cette opposition reflète deux conceptions différentes de l’avenir islandais. Dans la capitale, une partie importante de la population considère l’intégration européenne comme un moyen de stabiliser l’économie, de réduire la volatilité de la couronne islandaise et d’accroître l’influence diplomatique du pays.</p>

<p>Dans les régions côtières et agricoles, l’Union européenne demeure davantage perçue comme une menace potentielle pour la souveraineté économique. La pêche, qui représente près de 40 % des exportations islandaises de marchandises, a une nouvelle fois occupé une place centrale dans la campagne.</p>

<p>Les opposants redoutaient que l’application de la politique commune de la pêche ne limite la capacité de Reykjavík à contrôler ses quotas, ses eaux territoriales et l’accès à ses ressources maritimes. Dans un pays dont l’histoire, l’économie et l’identité nationale sont profondément liées à la mer, cet argument a pesé lourd.</p>

<h2>Le souvenir de la crise financière</h2>

<p>L’Islande avait déposé sa candidature à l’Union européenne en juillet 2009, après l’effondrement spectaculaire de son système bancaire lors de la crise financière mondiale.</p>

<p>Les négociations avaient officiellement commencé en 2010, avant d’être suspendues en 2013 après l’arrivée au pouvoir d’une coalition eurosceptique. En 2015, le gouvernement islandais avait informé l’Union qu’il ne souhaitait plus être considéré comme un pays candidat, sans toutefois clore définitivement le débat politique.</p>

<p>Depuis, l’économie islandaise s’est redressée. Pour les eurosceptiques, cette reconstruction démontre que le pays peut prospérer sans devenir membre de l’Union. Les partisans du « oui » répondaient que l’adhésion permettrait à l’Islande de participer pleinement à l’élaboration de règles européennes qu’elle applique déjà en grande partie.</p>

<h2>Déjà dans l’Europe, mais sans siège à la table</h2>

<p>Le résultat ne modifiera pas les relations étroites entre Reykjavík et Bruxelles. L’Islande appartient à l’Espace économique européen, ce qui lui donne accès au marché unique, et elle participe également à l’espace Schengen.</p>

<p>Elle applique ainsi une partie considérable de la législation européenne sans participer directement aux décisions prises par les institutions de l’Union. C’était l’un des principaux arguments du camp favorable à la reprise des négociations : mieux vaudrait, selon lui, être assis à la table où les règles sont adoptées que continuer à les intégrer sans disposer d’un droit de vote.</p>

<p>Les opposants estiment au contraire que le statut actuel offre le meilleur équilibre : accès au marché européen et libre circulation, sans abandonner la souveraineté monétaire, agricole et halieutique.</p>

<h2>Un refus de l’adhésion, pas de l’Europe</h2>

<p>Le vote islandais ne doit donc pas être interprété comme une rupture avec l’Europe. Il traduit plutôt le refus d’aller au-delà d’un partenariat déjà très avancé.</p>

<p>Les Islandais n’ont pas rejeté l’Union européenne en tant qu’espace économique et politique. Ils ont refusé d’ouvrir une négociation dont ils craignaient qu’elle conduise, tôt ou tard, à des concessions sur les secteurs les plus sensibles de leur souveraineté.</p>

<p>L’Islande demeure membre de l’OTAN, de l’Espace économique européen et de Schengen. Elle restera l’un des partenaires les plus intégrés de l’Union sans en devenir membre.</p>

<p>À Bruxelles, la porte ne sera probablement jamais déclarée fermée. Mais à Reykjavík, les électeurs viennent de rappeler une réalité politique profondément islandaise : entre les avantages d’une intégration complète et la maîtrise nationale de la mer, de la monnaie et des ressources, une courte majorité préfère encore garder ses distances.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 15:20:28 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Rafael Leão Galatasaray’da: Bu yalnızca bir transfer değil, Türk futbolunun yükselişidir</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/rafael-leao-galatasarayda-bu-yalnizca-bir-transfer-degil-turk-futbolunun-yukselisidir-1293</link>
                <author>duranskynetbe@hotmail.com (Kadir Duran)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/rafael-leao-galatasarayda-bu-yalnizca-bir-transfer-degil-turk-futbolunun-yukselisidir-1293</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Rafael Leão Galatasaray’da: Bu yalnızca bir transfer değil, Türk futbolunun yükselişidir]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Rafael Leão Galatasaray’da: Bu yalnızca bir transfer değil, Türk futbolunun yükselişidir</h1>

<p>✍️ <strong>Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p>Bu mesele taraftarlık değildir. Bu, bir Türk kulübünün dünya yıldızlarını Türkiye’ye getirebilecek ekonomik güce, sportif vizyona ve uluslararası itibara ulaşmasını takdir etme meselesidir.</p>

<p>Rafael Leão’nun Galatasaray’a transferi, yalnızca sarı-kırmızılı camianın değil, Türk futbolunun tamamının kazancıdır. Portekizli yıldızın İstanbul’u tercih etmesi, Süper Lig’in artık Avrupa futbolunun büyük isimleri açısından ciddi bir seçenek hâline geldiğini göstermektedir. İngiliz basınına göre Leão, Aston Villa’nın teklifini geri çevirerek Galatasaray’ı seçti. <a href="https://talksport.com/football/4547042/rafael-leao-rejected-aston-villa-galatasaray-transfer/">talkSPORT</a></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/939eb1ff-c502-443e-8c81-5a8ec58cf858.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Galatasaray forması altında Victor Osimhen ile Rafael Leão’yu yan yana görmek, bundan beş yıl önce hayal edilmesi bile güç bir tabloydu. Bugün ise hayallerden değil, gerçeklerden söz ediyoruz.</p>

<p>Bu transferlerin değeri yalnızca ödenen bonservisler, maaşlar veya forma satışlarıyla ölçülemez. Çünkü dünya çapında tanınan futbolcular, Türkiye’ye parayla kolayca satın alınamayacak bir görünürlük ve marka değeri kazandırmaktadır. Süper Lig’in yayın gelirlerinden sponsorluklarına, turizmden uluslararası medya ilgisine kadar geniş bir alanda yeni fırsatlar doğmaktadır.</p>

<p>Üstelik yükseliş yalnızca Galatasaray ile sınırlı değildir. Mohamed Salah’ın Trabzonspor’a, Romelu Lukaku’nun Fenerbahçe’ye ve Leandro Trossard’ın Beşiktaş’a transferleri, Türk futbolunda yeni bir rekabet döneminin başladığını göstermektedir. Salah’ın Trabzonspor’a imza attığı <a href="https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/soccer-mohamed-salah-signs-two-year-deal-with-trabzonspor-2026-08-06/">Reuters</a>, Trossard’ın Beşiktaş’a geçtiği ise eski kulübü <a href="https://www.arsenal.com/news/leandro-trossard-joins-besiktas-a2RJl0E1RyLJ">Arsenal</a> tarafından doğrulandı. Lukaku’nun Fenerbahçe transferi de <a href="https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/fenerbahce-sign-striker-lukaku-napoli-2026-08-12/">Reuters</a> tarafından duyuruldu.</p>

<p>Bu yıldızların varlığı, Türk takımlarını Avrupa kupalarında daha iddialı ve rakipleri açısından daha korkutucu hâle getirebilir. Aynı zamanda yerli futbolcuların daha yüksek tempoda çalışmasına, gençlerin dünya çapındaki isimlerle aynı ortamda gelişmesine ve kulüplerimizin kurumsal standartlarını yükseltmesine katkı sağlayabilir.</p>

<p>Ancak gerçek başarı, yalnızca büyük isimleri transfer etmekle değil; mali disiplin, güçlü altyapı, doğru yönetim ve Avrupa’da sürdürülebilir sonuçlarla mümkün olacaktır. Bu yatırımlar sahadaki başarılara dönüştürülebilirse hem millî takım bundan güçlenecek hem de Türkiye’nin dünyadaki sportif imajı daha da yükselecektir.</p>

<p>Bir Türk olarak hangi takımı desteklediğimizden bağımsız biçimde bu gelişmeleri takdir etmeliyiz. Çünkü Avrupa’da kazanılan her maç, yükselen her kulüp ve Türkiye’ye gelen her dünya yıldızı, nihayetinde Türk futbolunun ortak hanesine yazılmaktadır.</p>

<p><strong>Tebrikler Galatasaray. Tebrikler Trabzonspor, Fenerbahçe ve Beşiktaş. Tebrikler Türk futbolu!</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 15:16:36 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Director General Berik Aryn: “Food security must move from crisis response to long-term resilience”</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/director-general-berik-aryn-food-security-must-move-from-crisis-response-to-long-term-resilience-1292</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/director-general-berik-aryn-food-security-must-move-from-crisis-response-to-long-term-resilience-1292</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Director General Berik Aryn: “Food security must move from crisis response to long-term resilience”]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>IOFS Advances Global Agricultural Resilience and Strategic Food Reserves</h1>

<h2>Director General Berik Aryn: “Food security must move from crisis response to long-term resilience”</h2>

<p><strong>Interview by Amr Yehia – Astana</strong><br />
<strong>Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3fe5a31b-4128-4b00-91c8-ffe5854af81a.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Ambassador <strong>Berik Aryn</strong>, Director General of the <strong>Islamic Organization for Food Security (IOFS)</strong>, has outlined the organization’s global strategy to strengthen long-term agricultural resilience, secure supply chains and develop strategic food reserves across its Member States.</p>

<p>Speaking to <strong>Bruxelles Korner</strong>, Ambassador Aryn stressed that food security can no longer be approached solely as an emergency-response issue. According to him, the priority must now be to reinforce national productive capacities, diversify supply corridors, modernize agriculture and build stronger regional mechanisms capable of absorbing geopolitical, climatic and economic shocks.</p>

<p>He also emphasized the growing importance of multilateral partnerships, technological innovation and capacity-building programmes in transforming vulnerable food systems into more resilient and self-reliant economies across <strong>Asia, Africa and the Middle East</strong>.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/3139db45-30a5-4409-af13-e7a3911d660c.jpg" style="height:413px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Within this broader strategy, Ambassador Aryn identified <strong>Egypt</strong> as one of the IOFS’s key partners. Drawing on his own role in supporting Egypt’s accession to the organization during his tenure as Kazakhstan’s Ambassador to Cairo, he highlighted Egyptian expertise in agriculture, irrigation, strategic crops, food banking and large-scale land reclamation.</p>

<p>The objective, he explained, is to connect that experience with countries across Africa, Central Asia and the wider Islamic world.</p>

<h2>Bruxelles Korner: Since assuming leadership of the IOFS in April 2024, what is your strategic roadmap for reinforcing food security mechanisms across OIC Member States?</h2>

<h3>Ambassador Berik Aryn:</h3>

<p>Since taking office, my priority has been to make the IOFS more practical, project-oriented and responsive to the needs of our Member States.</p>

<p>The first pillar is <strong>partnership</strong>.</p>

<p>Food security requires collective action, so we have strengthened cooperation with the <strong>Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), FAO, UNDP, UN Women, CGIAR centres</strong> and regional organizations. These partnerships allow us to combine expertise, financing and implementation capacity.</p>

<p>The second pillar is <strong>active implementation</strong>.</p>

<p>We are establishing an international <strong>GenBank in Kazakhstan</strong>, advancing irrigation digitalization in Central Asia with the IsDB, implementing agricultural value-chain and livestock projects across Africa, and supporting women’s participation in agri-food value chains in cooperation with UN Women.</p>

<p>The third pillar is <strong>institutional development</strong>.</p>

<p>Together with the IsDB and SESRIC, we are preparing the <strong>OIC Strategic Plan for Food Security</strong>. We have also established a task force to revise the <strong>IOFS Strategic Vision 2031</strong>, with the objective of strengthening project delivery, monitoring and resilience across Member States.</p>

<h2>BK: Severe geopolitical escalations across several regions and maritime routes have disrupted global supply chains, fertilizer availability and grain logistics. How is the IOFS assessing these combined shocks on vulnerable Member States?</h2>

<h3>Ambassador Berik Aryn:</h3>

<p>The IOFS views geopolitical shocks as interconnected systemic risks that can rapidly trigger food insecurity, particularly in vulnerable, import-dependent and conflict-affected OIC Member States.</p>

<p>In response, the organization is addressing these vulnerabilities through a comprehensive resilience framework based on three main priorities:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>diversifying trade corridors;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>creating regional safety buffers;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>empowering farmers through climate-smart risk-management mechanisms.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>We are translating this strategy into measurable delivery on the ground.</p>

<p>This includes advancing the <strong>OIC Food Security Reserve System (OIC-FSR)</strong> to help stabilize supplies during maritime and land-route disruptions, implementing the <strong>National Food Sector Development Programme</strong> to improve regional trade coordination, and leveraging our subsidiary, the <strong>International Islamic Food Processing Association (IFPA)</strong>, to strengthen cross-border private-sector logistics.</p>

<p>Furthermore, in close coordination with the IsDB and SESRIC, we are drafting the <strong>Strategic Plan for Ensuring Food Security in OIC Member States (SPEFS-OIC)</strong>.</p>

<p>This plan is intended to serve as a roadmap for technology transfer, investment mobilization and the expansion of intra-OIC trade.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2>BK: What initiatives is the organization prioritizing to transform food security from reactive emergency aid into long-term agricultural self-reliance for developing Member States?</h2>

<h3>Ambassador Berik Aryn:</h3>

<p>Our objective is to move away from a model that reacts mainly after a food-security crisis has emerged and toward one that builds resilience and productive capacity in advance.</p>

<p>To achieve this, we follow a <strong>country-driven approach</strong>.</p>

<p>We launch targeted pilot projects aligned with national priorities and then scale successful initiatives into broader regional programmes as local capacity strengthens.</p>

<p>Under the <strong>Afghanistan Food Security Programme (AFSP)</strong>, the IOFS implemented targeted wheat, maize and soybean projects in <strong>Herat, Logar and Mazar-i-Sharif</strong>.</p>

<p>Co-financed by the Government of Kazakhstan, the IOFS, TIKA and CICA, the initiative supported more than <strong>1,000 smallholder farmers</strong> by providing improved seeds, fertilizers, agricultural tools and practical field training.</p>

<p>On a broader institutional level, the IOFS is also supporting initiatives related to <strong>genebanks and the conservation of agricultural genetic resources</strong>.</p>

<p>We are working on digital and smart agriculture, water-management solutions and technology-oriented agricultural projects.</p>

<h2>BK: What role did the IOFS play in Kazakhstan’s first Kurultai election?</h2>

<h3>Ambassador Berik Aryn:</h3>

<p>The IOFS participated as an accredited international observer in Kazakhstan’s first parliamentary elections for the new unicameral <strong>Kurultai</strong>, a milestone in the country’s ongoing political transformation.</p>

<p>The IOFS observation mission comprised <strong>seven accredited international observers</strong>.</p>

<p>The mission reported that the polling stations it visited were well organized and technically equipped.</p>

<p>According to the observers, voting proceeded in a transparent and orderly manner, with clear voter information and signage available throughout the polling stations.</p>

<p>“Overall, our impression of the voting process has been positive. We observed a calm atmosphere, professional work by election commissions and citizens participating with a strong sense of civic responsibility.”</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e25bbfb2-ef27-4fb7-b474-759341079bfd.jpg" style="height:677px; width:800px" /></p>

<h2>BK: Egypt possesses extensive agricultural expertise, large-scale reclamation projects and major regional initiatives such as the Egyptian Food Bank. How does the IOFS plan to leverage Egypt’s model and technical capacities to support other OIC Member States, particularly in Africa?</h2>

<h3>Ambassador Berik Aryn:</h3>

<p>Egypt is one of the important and active Member States of the IOFS and has significant experience that can be shared with other OIC countries.</p>

<p>I have a personal connection to the development of IOFS–Egypt cooperation.</p>

<p>During my tenure as Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Egypt, President <strong>Abdel Fattah El-Sisi</strong> made an official visit to Astana in February 2016, during which Egypt signed the Statute of the Islamic Organization for Food Security.</p>

<p>We see Egypt as an invaluable source of practical knowledge in areas such as agricultural development, strategic commodities, irrigation, organic fertilizers, large-scale agricultural production, food storage and distribution.</p>

<p>For several years, the IOFS has used its platforms and capacity-building activities to facilitate the exchange of experience among Member States.</p>

<p>The experience of the <strong>Egyptian Food Bank</strong> is another good example of civil-society engagement in reducing hunger.</p>

<p>The IOFS has brought together food-bank institutions from African and Arab countries so that they can learn from the Egyptian model.</p>

<p>Going forward, we want to move from awareness-raising toward structured technical cooperation by linking Egyptian institutions and experts with counterparts in interested OIC countries, developing training programmes and supporting scalable pilot initiatives.</p>

<p>Last year, I met with <strong>Prof. Dr. Hani Sewilam</strong>, Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, and <strong>Alaa El-Din Farouk Zaky El-Sayyed</strong>, Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation.</p>

<p>We agreed to work with both ministries and the <strong>Regional Center for Water Resources and Irrigation</strong> to implement regional capacity-building programmes and pilot initiatives supporting sustainable water management across OIC Member States.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/d19d3a82-2f84-42a1-a233-7db685609a1c.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></p>

<h2>BK: Egypt is currently undertaking major national mega-projects. In what concrete ways can the IOFS partner with Egypt to leverage these infrastructure investments?</h2>

<h3>Ambassador Berik Aryn:</h3>

<p>Climate change is already affecting agricultural productivity, water availability and production costs.</p>

<p>The central question is therefore how to produce more efficiently under increasingly difficult climatic and water conditions.</p>

<p>The objective of the IOFS is to work with Egyptian institutions to facilitate the exchange and adaptation of technologies and know-how in several key areas:</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>climate-smart agriculture;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>water-efficient irrigation;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>controlled-environment agriculture;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>digital farming;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>renewable-energy applications in agriculture;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>sustainable use of agricultural inputs.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Egypt’s experience in water management is particularly relevant.</p>

<p>The IOFS participates annually in <strong>Cairo Water Week</strong> and organizes dedicated sessions during the event. We use this platform to raise awareness among OIC Member States about innovative approaches in irrigation, digital water management, water-use efficiency and other technologies relevant to climate-resilient agriculture.</p>

<p>Through such platforms, the IOFS seeks to connect Egyptian and international expertise with the needs of other OIC Member States, particularly countries facing increasingly severe water scarcity.</p>

<h2>From food security to strategic sovereignty</h2>

<p>The interview with Ambassador Berik Aryn reveals a broader transformation in the way the IOFS defines food security.</p>

<p>The organization is seeking to move beyond the traditional logic of humanitarian response and emergency food assistance toward a model based on <strong>strategic reserves, regional production capacity, agricultural technology, resilient logistics and national self-reliance</strong>.</p>

<p>In an international environment increasingly marked by conflict, climate disruption, fragile maritime routes and pressure on global agricultural markets, food security is becoming inseparable from economic and geopolitical sovereignty.</p>

<p>For the IOFS, the challenge is therefore no longer simply to ensure that food is available.</p>

<p>It is to ensure that Member States possess the institutions, technologies, infrastructure and regional partnerships necessary to withstand the next global shock.</p>

<p><strong>Amr Yehia – Astana</strong><br />
<strong>Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 29 Aug 2026 00:57:27 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Cairo and Beijing: Strategic Realignment and the Future of the South-South Partnership</title>
                <category>Amr Yehia</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/cairo-and-beijing-strategic-realignment-and-the-future-of-the-south-south-partnership-1291</link>
                <author>amrysallam@gmail.com (Amr Yehia)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/cairo-and-beijing-strategic-realignment-and-the-future-of-the-south-south-partnership-1291</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Cairo and Beijing: Strategic Realignment and the Future of the South-South Partnership]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Cairo and Beijing: Strategic Realignment and the Future of the South-South Partnership</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Cairo - Amr Yehia </span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">Chinese President Xi Jinping is scheduled to make an official visit to Egypt in the coming days for talks with President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi, in the first visit of its kind since 2016, the Chinese Foreign Ministry and the Egyptian Presidency announced on Wednesday.</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Chinese President Xi Jinping is set to visit Cairo from August 30 to September 3. The visit follows his participation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit in Bishkek.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-28%20at%2012_36_38.jpeg" style="height:578px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9px"><strong><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">photo credit :(Xinhua): In this photo taken on December 8, 2022, Chinese President Xi Jinping meets with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi in the Saudi capital, Riyadh</span></span></strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The meeting with Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi comes at a key moment. Both nations are preparing to mark 70 years of diplomatic relations in 2026</span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">As both nations prepare to celebrate seventy years of official diplomatic relations in 2026. What began in 1956 as a pioneering partnership—when Egypt became the first Arab and African country to extend formal recognition to the People’s Republic of China—has now evolved into a cornerstone of regional geometry and Global South politics.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">As both leaders prepare to sit down in Cairo, the summit offers a clear vision for the next decade of the Egypt-China strategic partnership. Beyond the formal protocols, the visit reflects a practical convergence of national interests. By linking Chinese industrial technology with Egypt's strategic geography and regional influence, Cairo and Beijing are positioning their classic diplomatic partnership as a central anchor of global affairs for years to come.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">The core agenda between President Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi and&nbsp; Xi centers on translating a historic political alignment into concrete economic depth. Over the past decade, bilateral trade between Cairo and Beijing has grown to surpass nineteen billion dollars annually, cementing China's position as Egypt's foremost commercial partner. Yet, behind these robust trade statistics lies a persistent structural imbalance that both leaders are eager to address. Egyptian exports represent only a fraction of total exchange, driving Cairo to seek a shift from standard commercial trade to structural industrial localization. Rather than simply importing manufactured goods, Egypt is pressing to host the factories that build them.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This push for local manufacturing finds its natural anchor in the Suez Canal Economic Zone, where Chinese industrial presence has expanded dramatically. Inside the TEDA industrial park at Ain Sokhna, over two hundred Chinese enterprises now operate across key sectors ranging from heavy machinery to advanced building materials. This industrial footprint is expanding into green tech, electric vehicle assembly, solar cell production, and large-scale industrial water treatment facilities. Beyond manufacturing, Chinese state enterprises have left an indelible mark on Egypt's modern landscape, having constructed the central business district and the towering Iconic Tower in the New Administrative Capital, along with the electric light rail transit system that connects greater Cairo to its administrative hubs. To facilitate this expanding commercial network without draining precious foreign reserves, both capitals are actively operationalizing central bank currency swap mechanisms, opening the door for increased settlement of trade in Yuan and Egyptian Pounds.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">These deepening economic ties are backed by a rapidly growing defense and strategic relationship that reflects a mutual desire for maritime and regional stability. The historical reliance on hardware purchases has shifted toward sophisticated operational integration and joint technological development. The recent completion of the Eagles of Civilization joint air exercises highlighted this operational evolution, featuring complex aerial combat maneuvers and tactical coordination between Egyptian and Chinese pilots. </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This military and economic alignment naturally extends into international diplomacy, where Cairo and Beijing find themselves on common ground within key multilateral organizations. Egypt’s entry into BRICS as a full member, alongside its active role as a Dialogue Partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, positions the country as a primary bridge connecting Eurasian security frameworks with North Africa and the Middle East. Both nations consistently champion a multipolar global order, advocating for greater representation for developing economies and a reform of global financial structures.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This shared diplomatic outlook becomes particularly critical when addressing the volatile geopolitical landscape of the Middle East. On the Palestinian issue, China’s backing of a two-state solution and full United Nations membership for Palestine mirrors Cairo's core foreign policy stance, while Beijing explicitly endorses Egypt's primary role as a regional mediator. Meanwhile, ongoing instability in the Red Sea directly threatens the interests of both capitals. Disrupted maritime shipping corridors cut into Egypt's vital Suez Canal revenues while simultaneously delaying Chinese cargo streams bound for European markets. By aligning their efforts on Red Sea security and regional conflict de-escalation, both governments aim to safeguard maritime trade while maintaining strategic non-alignment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">In conclusion this state visit sets the roadmap for the next decade of Egypt-China relations. By bringing together trade, infrastructure projects, joint defense training, and shared diplomatic goals, Cairo and Beijing aim to build a stable partnership. The visit reinforces Egypt's role as China's central partner in North Africa and the Arab world.</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 14:05:22 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Beyond Policy Silos: What Kazakhstan’s Whole-of-System Approach Can Teach Western Europe</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/beyond-policy-silos-what-kazakhstans-whole-of-system-approach-can-teach-western-europe-1290</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/beyond-policy-silos-what-kazakhstans-whole-of-system-approach-can-teach-western-europe-1290</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Beyond Policy Silos: What Kazakhstan’s Whole-of-System Approach Can Teach Western Europe]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Beyond Policy Silos: What Kazakhstan’s Whole-of-System Approach Can Teach Western Europe</span></span></span></h1>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761"><em>An Institutional Economist’s Reflections on Strategic Coherence, Institutional Capacity and the Architecture of National Development</em></span></span></span></h3>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/81886462-3fcd-406c-b016-0d2890a8f249.jpg" style="height:533px; width:800px" /></em></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Over several years of engagement with Kazakhstan, I have repeatedly encountered something that is surprisingly difficult to capture through conventional country analysis.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is not any single reform, infrastructure project, university partnership or technological initiative that has attracted my attention. Nor is it one particular political decision.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is the growing tendency to <strong>connect them</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">During my most recent visit to Astana in August 2026, this became particularly visible. At the National Think Tank Forum on 21 August, discussions moved between artificial intelligence, energy, higher education, industrialisation, human capital, entrepreneurship, infrastructure and Kazakhstan’s future position in a changing international system.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">At first sight, these appear to be separate policy areas.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They are not.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is perhaps the most important lesson I have taken from Kazakhstan: <strong>national development cannot be understood piece by piece</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Energy policy affects digital capacity. Digital capacity affects productivity. Artificial intelligence depends on computing infrastructure, which in turn depends on electricity, capital and specialised human competence. Universities influence research, entrepreneurship and technological absorption. Entrepreneurship determines whether knowledge becomes commercially productive. Transport infrastructure influences trade, industrial location and investment. And all of this ultimately affects the strategic room for manoeuvre available to a state.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What I increasingly observe in Kazakhstan is an attempt—still incomplete and certainly not without institutional weaknesses—to understand these relationships as parts of one system.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">For an institutional economist, that is much more interesting than any individual project.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">The Missing Variable Is Not Resources, but Connections</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Much economic and political analysis still begins by separating society into sectors.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">We have energy policy, education policy, industrial policy, innovation policy, SME policy, transport policy, digital policy and foreign policy. Each develops its own strategies, institutions, budgets, experts and indicators.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This may be administratively convenient.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Economically, however, it can be deeply misleading.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Douglass North taught us that institutions structure incentives and reduce uncertainty in economic interaction (North, 1990). Albert Hirschman demonstrated that economic development emerges through linkages between activities rather than through isolated investments (Hirschman, 1958). Joseph Schumpeter placed innovation and entrepreneurship at the centre of economic transformation (Schumpeter, 1934), while the later literature on national innovation systems showed that technological development depends upon interactions between firms, universities, government, finance and research institutions rather than individual actors operating in isolation (Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1992; Nelson, 1993).</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The implication is fundamental.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A country may possess capital without converting it into productive investment.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It may possess universities without converting knowledge into innovation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It may possess entrepreneurs without creating scalable companies.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It may possess energy without converting it into industrial capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And it may possess infrastructure without converting geography into strategic advantage.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The real question is therefore not simply <strong>what resources a society possesses</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The deeper question is:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Can its institutions connect those resources and convert them into productive and strategic capacity?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">I describe this as <strong>institutional conversion capacity</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And it is here that Kazakhstan becomes particularly interesting.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Artificial Intelligence Begins With Electricity</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Artificial intelligence provides one of the clearest examples.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Across Europe, AI is frequently discussed as a technological or regulatory question. We discuss models, algorithms, data governance, ethics, regulation and digital competitiveness.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">All are important.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But AI is also an energy question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is an infrastructure question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is an education question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is an investment question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And increasingly, it is an industrial and geopolitical question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan appears to understand this interconnectedness.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The country has designated 2026 as the <strong>Year of Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence</strong> and is developing its Data Center Valley in the Pavlodar region around the Ekibastuz energy hub. According to official government reporting, the first data-centre facility is planned with a capacity of 50 MW, while the wider infrastructure concept is intended to support future expansion of the cluster towards a total capacity of up to 1 GW.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What interests me is not primarily the size of the project.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is the logic behind it.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Computing capacity is being considered alongside energy availability, grid infrastructure, investment conditions, cloud services, AI development, specialist competence and future industrial applications.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In other words, Kazakhstan is not treating artificial intelligence merely as software policy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is increasingly treating AI as <strong>energy policy, infrastructure policy, education policy, investment policy and industrial policy simultaneously</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That distinction matters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">No serious AI strategy can ultimately be separated from physical infrastructure. Data centres need electricity. Electricity requires generation and grid capacity. High-performance computing requires specialised labour. Research requires universities. Commercialisation requires firms, capital and markets.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The technological system is inseparable from the institutional system surrounding it.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is systems thinking in practice.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It does not guarantee successful implementation. No strategy does.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But it begins with the correct question:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>What must work together for the desired outcome to become possible?</strong></span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Universities Are Not Simply Education Policy</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The same pattern becomes visible in higher education.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan has significantly expanded the internationalisation of its higher-education system through foreign university branches, joint programmes and international academic partnerships.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakh government reporting in early 2026 referred to <strong>around 40 foreign-university branches and related international programmes</strong>, alongside more than <strong>35,000 international students</strong> studying in the country. The longer-term policy ambition is considerably higher, with Kazakhstan seeking to strengthen its position as a regional education and research hub.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Again, the number itself is not the most interesting point.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The institutional question is why this matters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If Kazakhstan wants to develop as a regional centre for artificial intelligence, logistics, advanced production, digital services and entrepreneurship, importing technology and financial capital will never be sufficient.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A country must simultaneously accumulate <strong>human capital and institutional capital</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Universities therefore become part of economic policy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Research becomes part of industrial policy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">International academic networks become part of technological absorption.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And education becomes part of the infrastructure through which a country develops its future productive capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This was particularly visible during the National Think Tank Forum in Astana.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Human capital, education, artificial intelligence, industrialisation and energy were not treated as wholly unrelated discussions. Their interdependence was repeatedly visible.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">UNDP Resident Representative in Kazakhstan Katarzyna Wawiernia similarly emphasised the need to understand education, skills, innovation and employment as interconnected elements of development, while highlighting Kazakhstan’s challenge of converting substantial physical and digital foundations into domestic innovation, productivity and technological capability.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is precisely the institutional issue.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Building universities is not enough.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Educating more students is not enough.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The decisive question is whether the knowledge generated within the education system is <strong>converted into capabilities elsewhere in society</strong>.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Entrepreneurship Is an Ecosystem, Not an Individual Act</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This connects directly to another field that has occupied much of my own academic work: entrepreneurship and SME development.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Governments everywhere say that entrepreneurship matters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But entrepreneurship does not flourish because politicians praise entrepreneurs.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Schumpeterian entrepreneurship depends upon an environment in which individuals are able to combine resources, challenge established structures and transform knowledge into economic activity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That requires institutions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Official figures from Kazakhstan’s Bureau of National Statistics show that SMEs accounted for <strong>40.9 per cent of GDP in 2025</strong>, compared with 38.9 per cent in 2024.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">As of 1 January 2026, Kazakhstan had <strong>2,175,605 operating SME entities</strong>, employing approximately <strong>4.53 million people</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">These numbers are significant.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But again, numbers should not distract us from the deeper question.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The challenge is not simply to create more enterprises.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is to create an ecosystem in which micro-enterprises can become small firms, small firms can become medium-sized firms, and innovative companies can scale into internationally competitive enterprises.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That requires finance.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It requires competence.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It requires mentoring and networks.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It requires predictable regulation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It requires access to universities and research.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It requires infrastructure.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It requires markets.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And it requires institutions capable of connecting these elements.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan’s <strong>Concept for the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship until 2030</strong>, adopted through Government Resolution No.&nbsp;250 of 27 April 2022, is therefore interesting because it explicitly addresses the need to create an institutional environment supportive of entrepreneurial activity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is an important distinction.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Entrepreneurship should not be regarded as an isolated policy area.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is an outcome of the broader institutional ecosystem.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Geography Becomes Strategy Only When Institutions Make It Useful</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan’s geography illustrates the same principle.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The country is the world’s largest landlocked state.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Conventional economic reasoning might begin by treating this as a structural disadvantage.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Institutional economics asks another question:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Can institutions convert geographical constraints into strategic opportunities?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan’s development of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route—the Middle Corridor—is partly an attempt to do exactly that.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In February 2026, the World Bank approved an <strong>$846 million guarantee designed to mobilise approximately $1.41 billion in long-term commercial financing</strong> for rail connectivity and logistics development along Kazakhstan’s part of the corridor.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Railways may look like transport policy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But transport infrastructure changes considerably more than transport.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It influences where companies invest.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It changes supply-chain possibilities.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It affects the competitiveness of exporters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It creates new industrial locations.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It changes relationships between regions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And, at the geopolitical level, additional transport routes reduce dependence on any single corridor.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Infrastructure therefore creates more than connectivity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Properly embedded within an institutional strategy, infrastructure creates optionality.</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This concept of <strong>strategic optionality</strong> is important.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A country with only one route, one supplier, one major export market or one dominant external partner has fewer strategic choices than a country with several credible alternatives.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Multi-Vector Foreign Policy as Institutional Optionality</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan’s foreign policy is officially built around what its Foreign Policy Concept describes as a <strong>multi-vector, pragmatic and proactive</strong> approach.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is often interpreted simply as geopolitical balancing between Russia, China, Europe, the United States, Türkiye, Central Asia and other partners.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">I believe there is a deeper institutional dimension.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Multiple transport corridors, multiple investment partners, multiple university partnerships, multiple export markets and multiple technology relationships increase the number of credible choices available to the state.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is not merely diplomacy.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is the construction of strategic alternatives.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A state with credible alternatives has greater negotiating capacity than a state whose economic or infrastructural system makes it dependent upon one external actor.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Strategic autonomy is therefore not simply declared.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It must be <strong>institutionally produced</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In this sense, multi-vectorism can also be interpreted economically.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is not merely about maintaining good relations with different geopolitical centres.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is about building sufficient institutional and economic optionality so that the country retains room for manoeuvre.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">The European Paradox</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This brings me to Western Europe.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The comparison must be made carefully.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan and Western European countries have different political traditions, institutional histories, administrative systems, economic structures and constitutional arrangements.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is no institutional model that can simply be copied from one context and transplanted into another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nor should Kazakhstan be romanticised.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nevertheless, there is something Western Europe should examine seriously.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe does not lack resources.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It possesses some of the world’s strongest universities, highly developed infrastructure, sophisticated financial institutions, advanced industries, enormous accumulated capital and highly educated populations.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Europe’s problem is increasingly different.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It often struggles to <strong>connect what it already possesses</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Energy is discussed in one institutional architecture.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Climate in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Industrial development in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Universities in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Research in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Entrepreneurship in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Defence in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Regional development in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Infrastructure in another.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Each may be rational when considered separately.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But national and continental competitiveness does not emerge from each policy being individually rational.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It emerges from whether those policies are <strong>collectively coherent</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This is what I regard as the European paradox.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">We may have stronger individual institutional components, yet still achieve weaker strategic outcomes because the interfaces between those components function poorly.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Mario Draghi’s report on European competitiveness describes important dimensions of precisely this challenge. Europe faces an innovation gap, comparatively high energy costs and strategic dependencies while simultaneously requiring enormous investment in technology, decarbonisation, defence and industrial capacity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The European Commission’s subsequent <strong>Competitiveness Compass</strong> is equally revealing.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Its architecture connects innovation, decarbonisation, security, skills, financing, simplification and stronger policy coordination.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In other words, Europe itself increasingly recognises that competitiveness cannot be repaired through isolated interventions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The challenge is systemic.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This leads to a question I believe Europeans need to ask much more seriously:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>What if our central competitiveness problem is not primarily a shortage of knowledge, capital or technology, but an insufficient institutional capacity to combine them quickly and coherently?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">If that diagnosis is correct, producing another strategy for each individual sector will not solve the problem.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">We need institutional mechanisms capable of managing the relationships <strong>between</strong> sectors.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Strong Institutions Are Not Enough if They Cannot Convert</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This distinction is central to my own understanding of institutional economics.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Institutional strength is often measured by examining individual qualities: rule of law, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, accountability, education, innovation capacity or financial development.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">All of these matter.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But there is another dimension that deserves greater attention.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Institutions must be able to <strong>convert</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Natural resources must be converted into productive capital.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Education into competence.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Research into innovation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Innovation into firms.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Infrastructure into connectivity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Connectivity into trade.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Digitalisation into productivity.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Economic capacity into resilience.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And ultimately, institutional capacity must be converted into <strong>strategic capacity</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This transformation does not happen automatically.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It takes place through institutional linkages.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is why holistic governance is not simply a fashionable management concept.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is an economic capability.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A society can have excellent institutions individually and still suffer from weak institutional conversion if those institutions do not interact effectively.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The decisive question therefore becomes not only:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>How strong are the institutions?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">But also:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>How effectively do they work together?</strong></span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">Kazakhstan Should Not Be Idealised</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A serious academic comparison must also recognise the limits of Kazakhstan’s development model.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Strategic coordination is not the same as institutional quality.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The ability to formulate long-term priorities does not automatically ensure effective implementation, political accountability or meaningful participation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The OECD’s 2025 <em>Public Governance Scan of Kazakhstan</em> is important precisely because it captures both sides.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It recognises progress in strategic planning, public administration reform and digital government, while also identifying the need for stronger coordination across government, improved monitoring and evaluation, greater institutional accountability and more systematic citizen participation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">This matters.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A holistic system can become ineffective if coordination turns into excessive centralisation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Long-term planning can become rigid if institutions cannot adapt.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Strategic coherence can become problematic if it is detached from accountability and feedback.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And government effectiveness cannot be evaluated only by the speed at which decisions are implemented.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Institutional quality requires both <strong>capacity and correction mechanisms</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan’s challenge is therefore not simply to strengthen the state.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It is to develop a state that is simultaneously capable, adaptive, accountable and sufficiently open to information from society.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There is no contradiction in acknowledging both Kazakhstan’s progress and its institutional weaknesses.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In fact, serious institutional analysis requires us to do both.</span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">The Lesson Is Not That Europe Should Become Kazakhstan</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">I therefore do not argue that Western Europe should copy Kazakhstan.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That would misunderstand both institutional economics and history.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Institutions are path-dependent.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They emerge from different political compromises, cultural traditions, legal systems and historical experiences. Institutional arrangements that function in one society cannot mechanically be transferred to another (North, 1990; Rodrik, 2007).</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The lesson is something else.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Europe needs to rediscover the ability to think systemically.</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">We need to become better at asking what sits between our policies.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What connects universities with industry?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What connects energy strategy with AI ambitions?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What connects climate policy with industrial competitiveness?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What connects entrepreneurship with finance, research and regional development?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">What connects infrastructure with geopolitical resilience?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And perhaps most importantly:</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Who has responsibility for the whole?</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">My years of engagement with Kazakhstan have increasingly convinced me that this is one of the decisive institutional questions of our time.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">National strategy is not the sum of a country’s strategies.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>It is the architecture that makes them work together.</strong></span></span></p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">From Institutional Capacity to Strategic Capacity</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The global economy is entering a period in which technology, geopolitics, energy, demographics, industrial capacity and national security are becoming increasingly intertwined.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In such an environment, states will not succeed merely because they possess more resources.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nor will they necessarily succeed because they have individually excellent institutions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The decisive advantage may belong to societies that are able to <strong>connect capabilities across institutional boundaries</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is why Kazakhstan deserves closer attention.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Not because it has discovered a perfect model.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It has not.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Not because every reform will succeed.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">They will not.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And not because Western Europe should abandon its own institutional traditions.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">It should not.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Kazakhstan is interesting because it is attempting to think about development as an interconnected system at precisely the moment when many advanced economies are discovering the costs of fragmentation.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is the lesson I have increasingly taken from my encounters with the country.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The twenty-first-century competition between states may ultimately be determined not by who possesses the most knowledge, capital, energy or technology individually, but by which societies develop the institutional capacity to <strong>connect them, convert them and reproduce them over time</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">That is the transition from <strong>institutional capacity to strategic capacity</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">And in my view, it is one of the most important development questions confronting both Kazakhstan and Western Europe today.</span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Aptos Display&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">References</span></span></span></h2>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2026). <em>Monitoring of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan as of January 1, 2026</em>. <a href="https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/businessstatistics/stat-org/publications/482972/" style="color:#156082">https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/businessstatistics/stat-org/publications/482972/</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">European Commission. (2024). <em>The future of European competitiveness: A competitiveness strategy for Europe</em>. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/draghi-report_en" style="color:#156082">https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/draghi-report_en</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">European Commission. (2025). <em>A Competitiveness Compass for the EU</em>. <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en" style="color:#156082">https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/competitiveness-compass_en</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Freeman, C. (1987). <em>Technology, policy, and economic performance: Lessons from Japan</em>. Pinter Publishers.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2022). <em>Concept for the development of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030</em> (Government Resolution No.&nbsp;250, April 27, 2022). <a href="https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2200000250" style="color:#156082">https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2200000250</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2026). <em>Development of the Data Center Valley project in the Pavlodar region</em>. Official Information Source of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. <a href="https://primeminister.kz/en/news/olzhas-bektenov-reviews-progress-of-data-center-valley-project-in-pavlodar-region-31770" style="color:#156082">https://primeminister.kz/en/news/olzhas-bektenov-reviews-progress-of-data-center-valley-project-in-pavlodar-region-31770</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Hirschman, A. O. (1958). <em>The strategy of economic development</em>. Yale University Press.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Lundvall, B.-Å. (Ed.). (1992). <em>National systems of innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning</em>. Pinter.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2026). <em>Kazakhstan expands international cooperation in higher education</em>. Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. <a href="https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-brussels/press/news/details/1167667?lang=en" style="color:#156082">https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-brussels/press/news/details/1167667?lang=en</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Nelson, R. R. (Ed.). (1993). <em>National innovation systems: A comparative analysis</em>. Oxford University Press.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">North, D. C. (1990). <em>Institutions, institutional change and economic performance</em>. Cambridge University Press.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">OECD. (2025). <em>OECD Public Governance Scan of Kazakhstan: Toward a more agile, responsive and effective public administration</em>. OECD Publishing. <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-public-governance-scan-of-kazakhstan_f8298798-en.html" style="color:#156082">https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-public-governance-scan-of-kazakhstan_f8298798-en.html</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2020). <em>Concept of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030</em>. <a href="https://mirror.akorda.kz/en/legal_acts/decrees/on-the-concept-of-the-foreign-policy-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-for-2020-2030" style="color:#156082">https://mirror.akorda.kz/en/legal_acts/decrees/on-the-concept-of-the-foreign-policy-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-for-2020-2030</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Rodrik, D. (2007). <em>One economics, many recipes: Globalization, institutions, and economic growth</em>. Princeton University Press.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). <em>The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle</em>. Harvard University Press.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Wawiernia, K. (2026, August 21). <em>UNDP Resident Representative in Kazakhstan Katarzyna Wawiernia’s speech at the National Think Tank Forum</em>. United Nations Development Programme. <a href="https://www.undp.org/kazakhstan/speeches/undp-resident-representative-kazakhstan-katarzyna-wawiernias-speech-national-think-tank-forum" style="color:#156082">https://www.undp.org/kazakhstan/speeches/undp-resident-representative-kazakhstan-katarzyna-wawiernias-speech-national-think-tank-forum</a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">World Bank. (2026, February 19). <em>World Bank support to enhance rail connectivity and logistics in Kazakhstan</em>. <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/19/world-bank-support-to-enhance-rail-connectivity-and-logistics-in-kazakhstan" style="color:#156082">https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/19/world-bank-support-to-enhance-rail-connectivity-and-logistics-in-kazakhstan</a> </span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0f4761">About the Author</span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong>Dr.&nbsp;Glenn Agung Hole</strong> is a Norwegian Associate Professor, institutional economist, geopolitical analyst and writer. His academic and professional work focuses on institutional economics, entrepreneurship, innovation systems, geo-economics and the relationship between institutional capacity and long-term strategic development. He has engaged with Kazakhstan over several years through academic cooperation, international policy dialogue and analysis of the country’s economic, institutional and geopolitical development.</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 16:37:01 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Norway — Reflections on Kazakhstan’s Kurultai Elections and the Institutional Challenge Ahead</title>
                <category>Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/norway-reflections-on-kazakhstans-kurultai-elections-and-the-institutional-challenge-ahead-1289</link>
                <author>GLENN@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr.Prof. Glenn Agung Hole ( FROM NORWAY))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/norway-reflections-on-kazakhstans-kurultai-elections-and-the-institutional-challenge-ahead-1289</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Norway — Reflections on Kazakhstan’s Kurultai Elections and the Institutional Challenge Ahead]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Speech by Dr. Prof. Glenn Agung Hole</p>

<h2>Norway — Reflections on Kazakhstan’s Kurultai Elections and the Institutional Challenge Ahead</h2>

<p><em><strong>BRUXELLES KORNER / KADIR DURAN 26/08/2026</strong></em></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/9cd2c7c4-9b55-4dba-af3d-d49343d2ec31.jpg" /></p>

<p><strong>Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished colleagues,</strong></p>

<p>Thank you for the opportunity to share a few final reflections.</p>

<p>Yesterday was election day.</p>

<p>Today, I would like to take a step back and look at the broader picture.</p>

<p>For me, as an institutional economist and academic, the most important questions begin after the votes have been counted.</p>

<p>What happens next?</p>

<p>Will political reform strengthen accountability and public trust?</p>

<p>Will institutions be able to translate political decisions into tangible results?</p>

<p>And will these reforms give Kazakhstan greater freedom to shape its own future?</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/06857074-5405-49a5-9b3e-19ca4b0a23b3.jpg" /></p>

<p>During my days in Astana, I have spoken with academics, policy experts, international colleagues, representatives of the media and, yesterday, directly with citizens.</p>

<p>One thing has become increasingly clear to me:</p>

<p>Kazakhstan’s political, economic and geopolitical development cannot be viewed separately.</p>

<p>Education, artificial intelligence, energy, infrastructure, investment and connectivity are all part of the same strategic equation.</p>

<p>Let me give you one example.</p>

<p>Almost every country today wants to become a leader in artificial intelligence.</p>

<p>But an AI-driven nation cannot be created through declarations alone.</p>

<p>It requires universities, researchers, engineers and entrepreneurs.</p>

<p>It requires computing capacity and data centres.</p>

<p>Those data centres require large amounts of reliable energy.</p>

<p>And the entire ecosystem depends on electricity grids, digital networks and physical infrastructure.</p>

<p>All of this requires substantial and sustained investment.</p>

<p>But long-term investors will only commit capital when the rules are clear, decision-making is predictable and institutions are capable of delivering what political leaders promise.</p>

<p>So artificial intelligence is not simply about technology.</p>

<p>It is also about education, energy, infrastructure and institutions.</p>

<p>This is something I have found particularly interesting here in Kazakhstan.</p>

<p>There appears to be a clear understanding that national ambition must be supported by national capacity.</p>

<p>The challenge is to ensure that all these different components work together.</p>

<p>That is what I mean by institutional capacity.</p>

<p>And institutional capacity is not only important for economic development.</p>

<p>It is also a source of geopolitical strength.</p>

<p>Kazakhstan is located at the heart of Eurasia.</p>

<p>Russia lies to the north.</p>

<p>China lies to the east.</p>

<p>Europe remains an important economic partner.</p>

<p>And the United States is becoming increasingly engaged in Central Asia.</p>

<p>At the same time, the development of the Middle Corridor is increasing Kazakhstan’s strategic importance as a bridge between Asia and Europe.</p>

<p>But Kazakhstan should not be understood only through the interests of larger powers.</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/7bc13084-f973-4d9b-80e2-d0abc5a768d0.jpg" /></p>

<p>Kazakhstan has its own interests.</p>

<p>Its own institutions.</p>

<p>And its own strategic choices.</p>

<p>This is where institutional economics meets geopolitics.</p>

<p>A country with several transport corridors has more options.</p>

<p>A country with reliable energy supplies enjoys greater economic freedom.</p>

<p>A country with strong universities and a highly skilled population is less dependent on knowledge and expertise from abroad.</p>

<p>And a country with diversified trade and investment partners is more resilient when the international environment changes.</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/9429e1b0-b944-425a-a50b-0d14e55cb1a8.jpg" /></p>

<p>The connection is straightforward:</p>

<p><strong>Institutional capacity creates strategic capacity.</strong></p>

<p>And strategic capacity creates greater freedom of action.</p>

<p>For Kazakhstan, this is essential.</p>

<p>A multi-vector foreign policy must be supported by a multi-vector economy.</p>

<p>That means diversified trade, multiple transport routes, reliable energy supplies, strong domestic institutions and access to different sources of technology and investment.</p>

<p>This brings me back to yesterday’s election.</p>

<p>The new parliamentary structure should not be judged solely by how it looks on paper.</p>

<p>The real test will be how it functions in practice.</p>

<p>Will it improve political representation?</p>

<p>Will it strengthen accountability?</p>

<p>Will different interests and perspectives be heard?</p>

<p>Will decision-making become more transparent and predictable?</p>

<p>And will the new institutional structure improve Kazakhstan’s ability to implement long-term reforms?</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/143fe84d-ef37-4996-814e-4f786b1e69b2.jpg" /></p>

<p>We cannot answer all of these questions today.</p>

<p>Institutions are not built through a single election.</p>

<p>They develop through practice, participation and the gradual accumulation of public trust.</p>

<p>As academics, we should recognise progress where we see it.</p>

<p>But we must also continue to ask serious questions about transparency, political competition, accountability and implementation.</p>

<p>Because institutions should not be judged only by what they promise.</p>

<p><strong>They must ultimately be judged by what they deliver.</strong></p>

<p>When I leave Kazakhstan, I will not mainly be thinking about election day itself.</p>

<p>I will be thinking about what comes next.</p>

<p>Natural resources create opportunities, but they do not automatically create prosperity.</p>

<p>Geography creates strategic importance, but it can also generate vulnerabilities and risks.</p>

<p>The decisive question is how Kazakhstan uses these advantages.</p>

<p>Can it turn education into innovation?</p>

<p>Can it turn energy into industrial and digital strength?</p>

<p>Can it transform infrastructure into broader regional connectivity?</p>

<p>Can it convert investment into productive and sustainable development?</p>

<p>And can it translate political reform into institutions that deserve and maintain public confidence?</p>

<p>Yesterday, the people of Kazakhstan voted.</p>

<p>Today, the longer and more difficult work begins.</p>

<p>Kazakhstan’s future will depend on its ability to turn political ambition into institutional capacity,</p>

<p>institutional capacity into strategic strength,</p>

<p>and strategic strength into genuine freedom of choice.</p>

<p>That is the institutional and geopolitical challenge Kazakhstan now faces.</p>

<p>Thank you.</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-26%20at%2000_05_46.jpeg" /></p>

<p><strong>BRUXELLES KORNER / KADIR DURAN 26/08/2026</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 18:03:57 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Kazakistani votoi për Kurultain: një arkitekturë e re politike merr mandatin e saj të parë</title>
                <category>Dr. Redion Luli (IN ALBANIAN)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kazakistani-votoi-per-kurultain-nje-arkitekture-e-re-politike-merr-mandatin-e-saj-te-pare-1288</link>
                <author>RedionLuli@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Redion Luli (IN ALBANIAN))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kazakistani-votoi-per-kurultain-nje-arkitekture-e-re-politike-merr-mandatin-e-saj-te-pare-1288</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Kazakistani votoi për Kurultain: një arkitekturë e re politike merr mandatin e saj të parë]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Kazakistani votoi për Kurultain: një arkitekturë e re politike merr mandatin e saj të parë</h1>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><a href="https://www.argumentum.al/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/R.Luli_.jpg"><img alt="" src="https://www.argumentum.al/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/R.Luli_-750x644.jpg" style="height:644px; width:750px" /></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;
<p><strong>Dr. Redion LULI</strong></p>
</p>

<p>Zgjedhjet e 23 gushtit për Kurultain përbëjnë një moment themelor në institucionalizimin e rendit të ri kushtetues të Kazakistanit. Rëndësia e tyre qëndron jo vetëm në zgjedhjen e 145 deputetëve të parlamentit të ri njëdhomësh, por në faktin se ky është procesi i parë elektoral që teston në praktikë funksionimin e arkitekturës së re politike. Në këtë kuptim, zgjedhjet mund të konsiderohen si një test i legjitimitetit elektoral dhe i kapacitetit institucional të reformës kushtetuese.</p>

<p>Një tregues i rëndësishëm është pjesëmarrja prej 74,08%. Pothuajse tre të katërtat e elektoratit të regjistruar morën pjesë në votim, çka i jep procesit një bazë të konsiderueshme të pjesëmarrjes qytetare. Kjo është veçanërisht domethënëse për një parlament të ri, sepse legjitimiteti i tij politik do të varet jo vetëm nga mënyra e shpërndarjes së mandateve, por edhe nga niveli i përfshirjes së elektoratit në krijimin e tij.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Megjithatë, elementi më i rëndësishëm politik është shpërndarja e votave. Sipas rezultateve paraprake të KQZ-së, Adilet ka marrë 71,17%, Аuyl 6,26%, Respublica 5,56%, Ak Zhol 5,21% dhe Partia Social-Demokrate Mbarëkombëtare 5,11%. Partia Popullore e Kazakistanit ka marrë 3,11%, ndërsa Baitaq 1,07%, duke mbetur nën pragun 5%.</p>

<p>Kjo prodhon një konfigurim politik shumë të qartë: një forcë dominuese dhe një grup më të vogël forcash parlamentare. Pra, pluralizmi ekziston në nivelin e përfaqësimit, por diferenca ndërmjet forcës së parë dhe pjesës tjetër të spektrit është jashtëzakonisht e madhe. Nga pikëpamja e shkencave politike, kjo nënkupton se Kurultai i parë pritet të karakterizohet më shumë nga stabiliteti dhe koherenca e shumicës sesa nga konkurrenca e fortë ndërmjet blloqeve parlamentare.</p>

<p>Një tjetër aspekt i rëndësishëm është fakti se pesë nga shtatë partitë pjesëmarrëse kaluan pragun elektoral prej 5%, gjithmonë duke iu referuar rezultateve paraprake. Kjo tregon se sistemi nuk prodhoi një monopol formal parlamentar, përkundrazi, krijoi një spektër të kufizuar, por të diversifikuar të përfaqësimit politik. Megjithatë, pesë partitë nuk janë të barabarta në peshën e tyre politike, pasi Adilet deri më tani ka marrë më shumë se shtatëdhjetë për qind të votave.</p>

<p>Prandaj, sfida kryesore e Kurultait nuk do të jetë formimi i një shumice funksionale, e cila duket se është siguruar që në rezultatet paraprake, por shndërrimi i kësaj shumice në një institucion efektiv të kontrollit parlamentar. Kjo është veçanërisht e rëndësishme në një sistem njëdhomësh, ku parlamenti përqendron funksionet legjislative dhe ku mekanizmat e kontrollit institucional, puna e komisioneve dhe hapësira për debat parlamentar marrin rëndësi të veçantë.</p>

<p>Në këtë aspekt, zgjedhjet e djeshme nuk shënojnë domosdoshmërisht një ndryshim të kursit politik të Kazakistanit, por më tepër konsolidimin e një modeli të ri institucional. Rezultati i paraprak i partisë Adilet krijon premisa për vazhdimësi politike për një marrëdhënie relativisht të qëndrueshme ndërmjet Presidentit, shumicës parlamentare dhe Qeverisë. Në të njëjtën kohë, pesë partitë e përfaqësuara në Kurultai do të kenë mundësinë të përcaktojnë nëse pluralizmi elektoral do të shndërrohet edhe në pluralizëm efektiv të debatit dhe të vendimmarrjes.</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://www.argumentum.al/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/1000420038-1024x545.jpg" style="height:545px; width:1024px" /></p>

<p>Rezultati paraprak i 23 gushtit mund të interpretohet si një kombinim i legjitimitetit të lartë përmes pjesëmarrjes, dominimit të qartë të një force politike dhe ruajtjes së një niveli të kufizuar të pluralizmit parlamentar. Tani testi real i reformës nuk është më vetë organizimi i zgjedhjeve, por mënyra se si Kurultai do ta përdorë mandatin e marrë: sa autonom do të jetë në raport me ekzekutivin, sa efektiv do të jetë kontrolli mbi Qeverinë dhe në çfarë mase partitë e tjera do të funksionojnë si aktorë realë të procesit legjislativ.</p>

<p>Kjo është arsyeja pse 23 gushti duhet parë si fillimi i fazës së re institucionale të Kazakistanit, dhe jo si përfundimi i reformës politike.</p>

<p>Si vëzhgues ndërkombëtar i zgjedhjeve parlamentare për Kurultain në Kazakistan, gjatë procesit të votimit pata mundësinë të vëzhgoj nga afër organizimin dhe zhvillimin e procesit zgjedhor në qendrat zgjedhore të vizituara. Ajo që vura re në mënyrë të veçantë ishte rregullsia e procesit dhe organizimi i mirë i punës nga komisionet zgjedhore.</p>

<p>Në tërësi, procesi zgjedhor u karakterizua nga një organizim i mirë teknik, respektimi i procedurave dhe një nivel i kënaqshëm transparence. Natyrisht, vlerësimi i plotë i zgjedhjeve kërkon të merret në konsideratë i gjithë cikli elektoral, përfshirë numërimin e votave, përpunimin dhe certifikimin e rezultateve. Megjithatë, bazuar në vëzhgimin tim të drejtpërdrejtë gjatë ditës së votimit, mund të them se procesi në qendrat që vizitova u zhvillua në mënyrë të rregullt, të qetë dhe profesionale, duke dëshmuar një nivel të mirë të përgatitjes institucionale dhe administrimit teknik të zgjedhjeve.</p>

<p>Nga këndvështrimi im si vëzhgues ne zgjedhjet në fjalë, një proces zgjedhor i administruar mirë është një sinjal pozitiv për partnerët e huaj: tregon se Kazakistani po konsolidon institucionet e reja dhe është i gatshëm të zhvillojë marrëdhënie më të hapura dhe më të besueshme me Evropën, SHBA-në, Kinën, Rusinë dhe vendet e tjera. Por hapja reale do të varet nga ajo që ndodh pas zgjedhjeve: sa gjithëpërfshirës do të jetë Kurultai, sa hapësirë do të ketë për debat politik dhe sa efektivisht do të funksionojnë institucionet e reja. Pra, 23 gushti mund të jetë një pikënisje e rëndësishme për një Kazakistan më të hapur ndërkombëtarisht, por besueshmëria duhet të ndërtohet përmes praktikës institucionale në vijim.</p>

<p>*<strong>Dr. Redion Luli</strong><br />
<em>Ekspert i pavarur nga Shqipëria. Ka ndjekur nga afër procesin e zgjedhjeve parlamentare për Kurultain në Republikën e Kazakistanit, më 23 gusht 2026, në cilësinë e vëzhguesit ndërkombëtar.</em></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 17:51:24 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Will Tajikistan Succeed in Building an Integrated National Digital System?</title>
                <category>Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/will-tajikistan-succeed-in-building-an-integrated-national-digital-system-1287</link>
                <author>AbdulhamidamidAlKba@GMAIL.COM (Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/will-tajikistan-succeed-in-building-an-integrated-national-digital-system-1287</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Will Tajikistan Succeed in Building an Integrated National Digital System?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Will Tajikistan Succeed in Building an Integrated National Digital System?</h1>

<p><strong>By Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</strong><br />
<em>Opinion writer specializing in Central Asian affairs</em></p>

<p><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e52a6900-fec1-44e8-8cce-0f1b0ada3fb1.png" /></em></p>

<p>In a mountainous country such as Tajikistan, where distances are vast and access to services varies sharply between cities and remote valleys, digitalization is no longer a technological luxury. It has become a practical matter concerning both the dignity of citizens and the efficiency of the state.</p>

<p>Can citizens submit their personal information once and then interact with public institutions simply and transparently, without repeatedly providing the same documents or navigating cumbersome administrative procedures?</p>

<p>This is what Tajikistan is now seeking to achieve through a series of cautious and measured steps. The objective is not merely to place existing services online, but to restructure the relationship between citizens, businesses and the state around the principles of integration, efficiency and trust.</p>

<p>The country’s progress should therefore be assessed with a balanced perspective, avoiding both excessive enthusiasm and reflexive pessimism.</p>

<h2>From Separate Services to an Integrated Digital State</h2>

<p>On 19 August, President Emomali Rahmon chaired the first meeting of the Council for the Development of the Digital Economy. During the meeting, he issued clear instructions to prioritize the electronic coordination of public services and ensure the integration of state information systems.</p>

<p>This was not a minor administrative decision. It signalled that Tajikistan is beginning to move beyond the development of isolated electronic services towards the construction of a unified digital infrastructure for the state.</p>

<p>From an analytical perspective, the decisions adopted during the meeting represent a genuine shift in approach. Existing systems often operate independently of one another, forcing citizens and businesses to submit the same information repeatedly, while many administrative procedures continue to rely on paper documentation.</p>

<p>The most significant reform is the proposed adoption of the “once-only” principle for submitting data.</p>

<p>If implemented effectively, this principle would allow government agencies to retrieve the information they require through interconnected state registers. Citizens and business owners would no longer need to carry the same files from one government office to another.</p>

<p>Such a transformation would affect more than the delivery of public services. It could gradually reshape the broader structure of public administration.</p>

<p>For businesses, integrated platforms could make it possible to complete registration, taxation, customs and licensing procedures more efficiently. The Customs Service has also been instructed to prepare a roadmap for a fully paperless system—an initiative that could become one of the most important components of Tajikistan’s digitalization of foreign trade.</p>

<h2>A Growing Economic Sector</h2>

<p>The available figures indicate that Tajikistan’s information and communications sector continues to expand steadily.</p>

<p>The value of paid services in the sector reached 3.07 billion somoni—approximately USD 333.2 million—between January and June 2026. This compares with 2.47 billion somoni during the same period of the previous year, representing growth of approximately 24.6%.</p>

<p>During the first half of 2026, the total value of goods produced and services provided across the main sectors of the economy reached 81.68 billion somoni, or approximately USD 8.86 billion, at current prices. In real terms, this represented an increase of 8.2% compared with the corresponding period of 2025.</p>

<p>Transport, storage, information and communications accounted for 7.28 billion somoni—approximately USD 789.7 million—or 8.9% of the total.</p>

<p>These figures underline the growing contribution of information and communications to the Tajik economy. They also demonstrate that digital transformation is not merely an administrative project: it is becoming an increasingly important component of the country’s wider economic development.</p>

<h2>Infrastructure Will Determine the Outcome</h2>

<p>Infrastructure will be one of the decisive factors in Tajikistan’s digital transformation.</p>

<p>Under the medium-term Digital Economy Development Programme for 2026–2030, the principal priorities include expanding digital infrastructure, creating a national data system, integrating state registers and digitalizing both the real economy and the social sectors.</p>

<p>At the Council meeting, these priorities were supplemented by measures aimed at fully digitalizing public services, supporting digital entrepreneurship, developing artificial intelligence and strengthening cybersecurity.</p>

<p>However, the state will also need to address the accessibility of digital services. The authorities have been instructed to improve internet quality and expand coverage, particularly in remote areas.</p>

<p>This is essential. The effectiveness of digital transformation will depend not only on government platforms and software, but also on the availability, reliability and affordability of basic digital infrastructure.</p>

<p>A sophisticated online public service is of little practical value to citizens who cannot access a stable internet connection.</p>

<h2>The Challenge of Human Capital</h2>

<p>Another potential obstacle is the availability of skilled personnel.</p>

<p>The Ministry of Education and Science has been instructed to align the education and retraining system more closely with labour-market requirements, while also improving digital literacy among the general population.</p>

<p>In August, Minister of Economic Development and Trade Abdullo Rahmonzoda discussed human-capital development with Takashi Nagaoka, Director of the International Monetary Fund’s Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Their discussions also covered Tajikistan’s participation in the Japan–IMF Scholarship Program for Asia, known as JISPA.</p>

<p>The two sides examined opportunities to train specialists in macroeconomic analysis, trade and investment policy, artificial intelligence and the digital economy.</p>

<p>These initiatives are important because digital transformation cannot be sustained through imported technologies alone. Tajikistan will need its own engineers, data specialists, cybersecurity professionals, public administrators and policymakers capable of designing, managing and regulating the emerging digital system.</p>

<h2>Artificial Intelligence and the National Data Architecture</h2>

<p>Plans to introduce artificial intelligence have emerged as a distinct component of Tajikistan’s digital transformation.</p>

<p>The Agency for Innovation and Digital Technologies has been instructed to prepare proposals for the responsible use of artificial intelligence in the national economy while strengthening cybersecurity.</p>

<p>In the short term, AI applications are likely to focus on data processing, the automation of selected administrative procedures and improvements in the efficiency of public services. Over time, their use could expand into education, healthcare, finance and other areas of the economy.</p>

<p>However, developing artificial intelligence will require more than technological solutions. It will also require clear rules governing the collection and use of data, reliable mechanisms for protecting personal information and a sufficiently qualified workforce.</p>

<p>In this respect, the proposed national data system and the integration of state registers could provide the basic infrastructure necessary for the wider adoption of AI technologies.</p>

<p>Yet the same infrastructure also raises questions. Who will have access to citizens’ data? How will that information be protected? What mechanisms will allow individuals to correct inaccurate records or challenge automated administrative decisions?</p>

<p>The success of digitalization will therefore depend not only on technological capacity, but also on public confidence in the institutions managing the system.</p>

<h2>International Cooperation: Opportunity and Dependency</h2>

<p>Tajikistan is simultaneously expanding its international cooperation in digital technologies.</p>

<p>During the sixth meeting of the Tajikistan–European Union Subcommittee on Development, the two sides discussed the digital economy alongside transport, energy, investment and other areas of cooperation. Implementing the EU’s Global Gateway initiative and coordinating joint projects with the Tajik government were identified among the priorities.</p>

<p>Separate discussions are also taking place with international technology companies. The Agency for Innovation and Digital Technologies recently met with an Apple representative to discuss digital technologies, artificial intelligence, IT education, the development of an innovation ecosystem and possible joint projects.</p>

<p>These partnerships may provide access to investment, expertise and advanced technologies. However, they will deliver lasting results only if they are integrated into Tajikistan’s national digital architecture rather than remaining isolated initiatives.</p>

<p>International cooperation should help the country strengthen its own institutional and technological capacity. It should not create a fragmented digital environment dependent on incompatible platforms, foreign providers or disconnected pilot projects.</p>

<h2>A Coherent Strategy, but Significant Risks Remain</h2>

<p>From an analytical standpoint, Tajikistan’s strategy appears coherent in its broad outlines. It combines the integration of state data, the “once-only” principle, the digitalization of services, the development of artificial intelligence and greater attention to infrastructure, cybersecurity and human capital.</p>

<p>If implemented properly, this approach could reduce paperwork, shorten administrative procedures and simplify interactions between citizens, businesses and the state.</p>

<p>Nevertheless, significant risks remain.</p>

<p>If electronic services expand more rapidly than government information systems can be integrated, administrative procedures may remain fragmented. Citizens could still be required to submit the same information repeatedly—only through digital forms rather than paper files.</p>

<p>Weak internet coverage in remote regions could also deepen the divide between urban and rural communities. A shortage of qualified professionals may slow implementation, while insufficient cybersecurity and data-protection safeguards could undermine public trust.</p>

<p>Private investment and international partnerships can accelerate the process, but they will require common technical standards, transparent procurement procedures and credible mechanisms for protecting personal information.</p>

<p>The essential question is therefore not whether Tajikistan can launch more platforms. It is whether the country can connect those platforms into a reliable, accessible and accountable national system.</p>

<h2>Technology Must Remain at the Service of People</h2>

<p>Behind every digital register, electronic platform and algorithm stands a human being.</p>

<p>There is the citizen who wants to complete an administrative procedure without spending hours in queues. There is the business owner seeking faster and more predictable procedures. And there is the young person hoping to find education, employment and opportunity within a genuine digital economy.</p>

<p>Tajikistan is now laying the foundations for the next phase of its digital transformation, covering the period from 2026 to 2030.</p>

<p>The road ahead will not be easy, nor will it be free of institutional, technological and social obstacles. Nevertheless, it offers a genuine promise: that technology can become an instrument serving citizens rather than an additional burden imposed upon them.</p>

<p>Whether Tajikistan succeeds will ultimately depend less on the number of digital platforms it launches than on its ability to integrate institutions, protect data, train people and ensure that every citizen—including those living in the country’s most remote valleys—can benefit from the transformation.</p>

<p>The coming years will show how much of that promise can be translated into tangible reality.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 16:34:20 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Bridge Stories</title>
                <category>Yüksel  Çilingir</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/bridge-stories-1286</link>
                <author>yuksel.cilingir@icloud.com (Yüksel  Çilingir)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/bridge-stories-1286</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Bridge Stories]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:14px">Photo: Vibe Stalpaert</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">There is a Turkish expression I use quite often: "<em>iki arada bir derede kalmak",&nbsp;</em>literally, “to be caught between two banks and a river.” We use it to describe those moments in everyday life when we do not know what to do, when we find ourselves caught between two difficult choices. More often than not, it is an exhausting kind of limbo. Sometimes, however, instead of becoming sharply polarised or blindly choosing one side, it can actually be good to remain “in between.” Of course, as long as you nurture that grey area with awareness and a genuine effort to make sense of it...</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">But sometimes those “in-betweens” multiply so much that you can completely lose your sense of direction. As the Turkish Romani singer Kibariye cries out in one of her songs:&nbsp;<em>“The rivers won’t let me go, the in-betweens won’t give me a way...”</em>&nbsp;For sometimes life can create artificial rivers in front of us, tying our hands and leaving us nowhere to go.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">A thought-provoking example of being caught&nbsp;“iki arada bir derede”&nbsp;happened in Brussels, in the heart of Europe.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Our river is the Brussels Canal. On one side lies the City of Brussels, and on the other, the municipality of Molenbeek. On the Brussels side of the canal stands the historic Petit Château (‘Little Castle’), which serves as Fedasil’s Arrival Centre for asylum seekers. At the time, it also housed the Immigration Office’s registration service.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">As you probably know, Belgium’s administrative system gives local authorities considerable autonomy; so much so that even local police forces responsible for public order are organised around&nbsp;police zones. Of course, all within the framework of national law.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">About three years ago, this administrative autonomy, combined with a geographical boundary, gave rise to an absurd human drama. In front of Petit Château, refugees seeking shelter while waiting for the outcome of their asylum applications began putting up tents. Because simply arriving in a country and applying for asylum is not enough; until your official refugee status is approved, you may find yourself out on the streets. </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">But&nbsp;the local police of the City of Brussels&nbsp;did not want to allow these tents within&nbsp;their jurisdiction. “Move along,” they said. So where were these people supposed to go? To the other side of the canal, to Molenbeek... But the municipality of Molenbeek did not want to take sole responsibility for the crisis either, and they intervened as well.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">So what happened in the end?</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">The tents were put up&nbsp;right on the bridge connecting the two sides.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">The police on both sides had protected their own boundaries. Both municipal administrations could breathe a little easier.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">But had the problem been solved?</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Of course not.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">It is easy to call someone simply a “refugee”, to classify a human being administratively within a category. But every person waiting on that bridge, in those tents, has a separate journey through life, their own reasons for leaving the land where they were born, their own story.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">And it was precisely at this moment of helplessness that the healing power of civil society stepped in.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">People from the surrounding neighbourhoods began helping. Some brought food; others welcomed people into their homes to provide them with basic necessities. Civil society organisations also became involved.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">One of them was Cinemaximiliaan.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Cinemaximiliaan is an organisation that aims to make the transition into a new life easier for migrants through art, creating&nbsp;with them and for them. I have also been part of this organisation as a volunteer since 2019.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Together, we have spent several years walking hand in hand with those travellers of life who found themselves&nbsp;“iki arada bir derede”, caught between two banks and a river, on a bridge&nbsp;that was never meant to become home.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Through writing, photography, dance and music workshops, we first experienced what it meant to express ourselves. We laughed together, cried together, got excited together.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">And this solidarity gradually evolved through storytelling on stage and outdoors, as well as through podcast productions, into a full-scale stage performance.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">This year, that effort came to the audience as&nbsp;Bridge Stories, a co-production of Cinemaximiliaan and the renowned theatre organisation Needcompany, at the Royal Flemish Theatre (KVS).</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">As I mentioned earlier, our aim was not to&nbsp;do something to&nbsp;someone, nor to&nbsp;make someone do&nbsp;something. It was simply to move forward together, in solidarity,&nbsp;with and for one another.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">You can find more about this special performance, which grew between these bridges and rivers, and in which I contributed both with a text I wrote during one of the writing workshops and as a performer on stage&nbsp;<u><a href="https://www.needcompany.org/nl/bridge-stories-a-sense-of-belonging">at this link</a></u>.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">May our lives find a way to flow together, may bridges bring us closer, without ever giving up our stories...</span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px">Stay well, with love.</span></p>

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                <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 07:43:52 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Interview with H.E. Khandker Masudul Alam, Ambassador of Bangladesh to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union</title>
                <category>Derya  Soysal</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/interview-with-he-khandker-masudul-alam-ambassador-of-bangladesh-to-belgium-luxembourg-and-the-european-union-1285</link>
                <author>deryasoysal@outlook.fr (Derya  Soysal)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/interview-with-he-khandker-masudul-alam-ambassador-of-bangladesh-to-belgium-luxembourg-and-the-european-union-1285</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Interview with H.E. Khandker Masudul Alam, Ambassador of Bangladesh to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:22.5pt">Interview with H.E. Khandker Masudul Alam, Ambassador of Bangladesh to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union</span></strong></span></span></h1>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2><span style="font-size:16pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:16.5pt">By Derya Soysal</span></strong></span></span></h2>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt">From mangoes and gastronomy to economic growth, technology, and EU partnerships, the Ambassador of Bangladesh, H.E. <strong>Khandker Masudul Alam, d</strong>iscusses the country's soft power, cultural heritage, and growing role as a strategic partner for Europe.</span></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:20pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:22.5pt"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-08-20%20at%2013_33_10%20(1).jpeg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></strong></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Derya Soysal:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Your Excellency, thank you very much for receiving us today. You recently hosted a Mango Festival at the Embassy. How can the mango, and Bangladeshi cuisine more broadly, be considered a form of soft power for Bangladesh in Europe?</span></strong></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="color:black">Ambassador of Bangladesh, H.E. Khandker Masudul Alam;</span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Thank you very much for coming today, and thank you also for the quality visitors who attended the Mango Festival. This was the first event of its kind that we hosted at our Embassy in Brussels.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Mangoes are produced in very large quantities in Bangladesh, and we love them so much that we consume nearly 99.9% of our production ourselves. Only about 0.1% reaches the rest of the world. But we do not want to be selfish. We want to share this special agricultural product of Bangladesh with people across the globe.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Bangladesh has several of the finest varieties of mangoes, many of which are protected by Geographical Indication (GI) certifications. These products contribute to the branding of our country as a producer of high-quality goods. This reputation extends beyond agriculture. Bangladesh is also one of the world's leading exporters of garments and textiles to Europe.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This gives Bangladesh a character and an identity as a reliable source of quality products.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">If we look at our culinary traditions and agricultural richness, Bangladesh is the largest living delta in the world. We have enormous rivers that many people cannot imagine unless they see them for themselves. In some areas, rivers can reach up to twenty kilometres in width.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Because of this geography, before the construction of bridges, different regions of the country developed distinct cultural identities. Although Bangladesh is not a very large country in terms of landmass, it offers extraordinary diversity in agriculture and cuisine.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">When visitors travel across Bangladesh, they discover a unique blend of culinary traditions and tropical biodiversity. Some areas are alluvial, some have ancient soils, some contain mangrove ecosystems, while others are hilly regions. It is this extraordinary diversity that creates a remarkable variety of cuisines and lifestyles.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Even in the United Kingdom, the curry industry is largely dominated by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs and chefs. Much of the sector is managed by members of the Bangladeshi diaspora living in London.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">There are countless stories to tell about Bangladeshi cuisine. Some of these stories have already reached European audiences, but many remain to be discovered.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Beyond cuisine, Bangladesh is also known for jute, one of the world's most unique natural fibres. Jute can be used to create environmentally friendly packaging materials with very low carbon footprints. Because of the particular tropical and monsoon conditions required for its cultivation, only a limited number of countries can produce it.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Jute has the potential to replace many of the environmentally harmful packaging materials used today. Bangladesh now possesses the technology to produce biodegradable bags from jute that are comparable to plastic bags, yet stronger and much more environmentally sustainable.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Modernity, tradition, and technology all come together in Bangladesh. This combination creates our national character and contributes significantly to our success.</span></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Derya Soysal:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt">You mentioned Bangladesh's rich culinary traditions. We know that many tourists are attracted to destinations with outstanding food cultures. Why should Europeans discover Bangladesh not only through its cuisine but also through its cultural heritage and historical patrimony?</span></strong></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Ambassador of Bangladesh:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Bangladesh, as part of the broader South Asian region, belongs to one of the world's oldest civilizations.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">If we go back thousands of years, long before Europeans began exploring this part of the world, societies in this region had already flourished for four to five thousand years.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Visitors to Bangladesh will encounter a fascinating amalgamation of cultures, traditions, and religions. The country has long served as a crossroads of civilizations.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">If we talk about Buddhism, one of the world's major faiths today, Bangladesh is part of its historical heartland. Alongside neighbouring regions of South Asia, our territory played an important role in the development and spread of Buddhism.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">More than 1,400 to 1,600 years ago, Bangladesh was home to thriving centres of learning and trade. Pilgrims from Southeast Asia regularly travelled to Bengal because it was considered an important centre of Buddhist scholarship.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">From a historical, religious, and cultural perspective, Bangladesh is truly a country worth exploring.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Visitors will also discover the influence of Sufism and witness how different religious traditions have interacted over centuries. It is fascinating to observe how religions shaped culture and how culture, in turn, influenced religious practices.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">For many Europeans living on a continent that is historically shaped by Christianity, these experiences can offer unique insights and perspectives.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">As I mentioned earlier, because of the country's river-based geography, different regions developed distinctive culinary traditions. These culinary traditions are often closely linked to religious festivals and agricultural celebrations.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">In Bengal, we have a popular saying: "Thirteen festivals in twelve months."</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This expression reflects our love of celebration. We find reasons to celebrate throughout the year.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Therefore, whenever a European visitor comes to Bangladesh, regardless of the season, they will always find unique cultural festivals, traditions, or celebrations taking place.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Certainly, visitors will also experience our tropical climate, including its heat and humidity. But these environmental conditions have shaped our people, our cuisine, and our culture in unique ways.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Derya Soysal:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt">We have discussed Bangladesh's soft power and cultural assets. Let us now turn to geopolitics and economic cooperation. How do you see the future of bilateral relations between Bangladesh and the European Union, as well as between Bangladesh and Belgium? Europe is increasingly seeking new partnerships, particularly in South Asia. How can we strengthen these ties further?</span></strong></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Ambassador of Bangladesh:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This is a very valid and timely question.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Bangladesh has made remarkable economic progress over the past fifteen years and has consistently ranked among the fastest-growing economies in the world.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">The country has diversified significantly.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Bangladesh is already a major partner of the European Union in the apparel and textile sector, but that represents only part of the story.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">With a population of approximately 175 million people and a median age of just twenty-six, Bangladesh possesses an exceptionally young population.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This young population is increasingly educated, technologically skilled, and actively engaged in emerging technologies, digital innovation, and information technology.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Our semiconductor sector is also developing rapidly. Bangladesh already has a presence in the fabless semiconductor industry. Bangladeshi companies are contributing to sophisticated chip design projects, including technologies used in some of the world's most advanced smartphones.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">At a time when Europe is seeking supply chain resilience, technological collaboration, and research partnerships, Bangladesh is well positioned to become an increasingly important partner for both the European Union and Belgium.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">The pharmaceutical sector is another excellent example. European companies such as Novo Nordisk produce insulin in Bangladesh. The production of insulin is highly complex, demonstrating Bangladesh's advanced pharmaceutical capabilities.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Our pharmaceutical products are exported to the United States, European markets, Singapore, Australia, and many other countries.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This illustrates the diversity and sophistication of our economy.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Today, Bangladesh's economy is worth approximately half a trillion dollars, and various projections suggest that it could become one of the world's ten largest consumer markets within the next few years.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">A growing consumer market means opportunities not only for Bangladeshi exports but also for European products and investments.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">When Bangladesh exports products to Europe, it also opens its own market to European businesses. This creates a genuinely win-win partnership.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This is one reason why Bangladesh is interested in pursuing a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union. Such an agreement would provide businesses with greater confidence and a stronger legal framework for cooperation.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Europe has an ageing population and is seeking dynamic new markets. Bangladesh offers a young demographic, a growing economy, and valuable expertise in multiple sectors.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">At the same time, we must work together on common challenges, including environmental sustainability and artificial intelligence.</span></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Derya Soysal:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt">So it is truly a win-win relationship. Europe needs dynamic partners such as Bangladesh, while Bangladesh benefits from stronger engagement with Europe. We must work together to bring Bangladesh closer to Belgium and the European Union, and likewise bring Belgium and Europe closer to Bangladesh.</span></strong></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Ambassador of Bangladesh:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Exactly.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">I would also like to highlight Bangladesh's strategic geographical location.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Our country sits at the crossroads of South Asia and Southeast Asia.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">The European Union actively promotes regional connectivity through initiatives such as Global Gateway. As these connectivity projects expand, Bangladesh occupies a central position as a bridge between two of the world's most dynamic regions.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">This makes Bangladesh an ideal partner and hub for European engagement with both South Asia and Southeast Asia.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">By working together, European and Bangladeshi partners can benefit from the enormous economic potential represented by these regions, which are among the major growth engines of the future global economy.</span></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Derya Soysal:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Thank you very much, Your Excellency. We can conclude by saying: let us bring Bangladesh closer to Belgium and the European Union, and Belgium and the European Union closer to Bangladesh. Let us discover Bangladesh's cuisine, soft power, cultural heritage, and vibrant traditions.</span></strong></span></span></p>

<h3><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:#434343"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="color:black">Ambassador of Bangladesh:</span></span></strong></span></span></span></h3>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Exactly.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">I invite everyone to visit Bangladesh.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Seeing is believing.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">You may hear many positive things about the country, but once you visit and experience it yourself, you will truly understand.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Bangladesh is a country of wonderful people. It is a beautiful nation that is home to the world's longest natural sea beach, the world's largest mangrove forest, and above all, people with warm hearts and exceptional hospitality.</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt">Interview conducted by Derya Soysal.</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size:10.5pt">&nbsp;<strong>Brussels, Belgium.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif">SOURCES</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="https://eureflect.com/interview-with-he-khandker-masudul-alam-ambassador-of-bangladesh-to-belgium"><span style="color:#1155cc">Interview with H.E. Khandker Masudul Alam, Ambassador of Bangladesh to Belgium | EUReflect</span></a> </span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="https://eurasiafocus.com/interview-avec-lambassadeur-khandker-masudul-alam/"><span style="color:#1155cc">Interview avec l’Ambassadeur Khandker Masudul Alam - Eurasia</span></a> </span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2026 13:26:16 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Topkapı\&#039;nın Yasaklı Odaları: 400 Yıl Boyunca Kimsenin Görmediği Sırlar</title>
                <category>Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/topkapinin-yasakli-odalari-400-yil-boyunca-kimsenin-gormedigi-sirlar-1284</link>
                <author>DrMehmetArslan@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/topkapinin-yasakli-odalari-400-yil-boyunca-kimsenin-gormedigi-sirlar-1284</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Topkapı\'nın Yasaklı Odaları: 400 Yıl Boyunca Kimsenin Görmediği Sırlar]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dr Mehmet Arslan</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Topkapı'nın Yasaklı Odaları: 400 Yıl Boyunca Kimsenin Görmediği Sırlar</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ec58e181-7aac-4625-91fb-be33fa366984.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İstanbul'un kalbinde, Sarayburnu'nda yükselen Topkapı Sarayı'nı milyonlarca insan ziyaret etti. Ama kimse o gizli odaları görmedi. İşte 400 yıllık imparatorluğun karanlıkta kalan sırları...</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Topkapı Sarayı deyince aklınıza ne geliyor? Harem? Altın taht? Kaşıkçı Elması? Peki ya sarayın altında uzanan bilinmeyen sarnıçlar, kuyular ve galeriler? Ya da padişahların savaşa giderken giydiği, üzerindeki şifrelerin sırrı hâlâ çözülememiş "tılsımlı gömlekler"? İşte bu yazıda, turist kalabalıklarının hiç görmediği, rehberlerin anlatmadığı, Topkapı'nın gerçekten "yasaklı" kalan bölümlerini keşfedeceğiz.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1. Yeraltındaki Gizli Dünya: Sarnıçlar, Kuyular ve Geçitler</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Topkapı Sarayı'nın sadece üst katlarını gezdiğinizi sanıyorsanız yanılıyorsunuz. Sarayın altında, akademisyenlerin son yıllarda tespit ettiği sarnıçlar, kuyular ve hayrete düşüren boşluklar var. Bu yeraltı yapıları, sarayın su ihtiyacını karşılamaktan çok daha fazlası için kullanılıyordu. Bazıları acil durumlarda kaçış geçidi, bazıları ise değerli eşyaların saklandığı gizli mahzenlerdi. Restorasyon çalışmaları sırasında Seferli Koğuşu'nun altında 10 metre derinliğinde, gizli geçit olduğu düşünülen bir yapı bile ortaya çıkarıldı. Peki neden bu odalar hâlâ ziyarete kapalı? Çünkü bazı bölümlerin güvenliği sağlanamadı, bazıları ise hâlâ araştırma aşamasında. Yani "yasaklı" olmalarının sebebi sadece gizem değil, aynı zamanda korunma ihtiyacı.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">2. Harem'deki Tılsım: "Muskacılar Odası"</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Harem dairesinin en kapalı ve korunaklı kısmında yer alan bir oda var: Muskacılar Odası. Burası, padişahlar ve aileleri için tılsımlı gömlekler, muskalar hazırlayan özel görevlilerin çalıştığı yerdi.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi'nin en gizemli koleksiyonlarından biri de "Tılsımlı Gömlekler". Padişahların savaşlarda ve hastalıklara karşı giydiği bu gömlekler, üzerlerinde ayetler, sureler ve ebcet hesabıyla (Arapça harf-rakam algoritması) oluşturulmuş şifreler taşıyor. Bu gömlekler "manevi muhafızlık" yapsın diye giyilirdi. Bazılarının sırrı hâlâ çözülebilmiş değil. Kare ve dikdörtgen bölümler içinde harfler, rakamlar, karmaşık hesaplar var. Hindistan'dan Memlûklere, Çin'den Latin harfleriyle yazılmış olanlarına kadar farklı kültürlerden izler taşıyorlar. İlginç olan ne? Bu gömlekler sadece padişahlara özel değildi. Halk da büyü ve nazardan korunmak için benzer gömlekler giyiyordu. Yani Topkapı'nın sırları, saray duvarlarını aşıp tüm imparatorluğa yayılmıştı.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">3. Cariye Karantinası: Harem'deki İzolasyon Hücresi</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Harem bölümünde yeni keşfedilen alanlardan biri de "Cariye Hastanesi". Burada bulaşıcı hastalık riski taşıyan cariyelerin izole edildiği bir karantina hücresi var. Hücrenin dışarıya açılan tek bir küçük penceresi bulunuyor. Cariyenin ihtiyaçları bu pencereden karşılanıyormuş. Yani Osmanlı sarayında bile modern karantina uygulamaları vardı. Bu keşif, sarayın sadece lüks ve ihtişamdan ibaret olmadığını, aynı zamanda son derece pratik çözümler ürettiğini gösteriyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">4. İmparatorluk Hazine Odası ve Hazinedar Odası</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Topkapı Sarayı'nın en değerli eşyalarının saklandığı iki kritik bölüm var: İmparatorluk Hazine Odası ve Hazinedar Odası. Burası, Kaşıkçı Elması gibi dünyaca ünlü eserlerin sergilendiği yer olarak bilinse de, aslında çok daha fazlasını barındırıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Osmanlı'nın en gizli belgeleri, antlaşma metinleri, padişah fermanları ve hatta bazı dönemlerde devlet sırları bu odalarda saklanıyordu. "Evrak-ı Mahreme" (gizli belgeler) olarak adlandırılan bu arşiv, bugün hâlâ tam olarak araştırılmayı bekliyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">5. "Hakiki Gülhane": Tanzimat'ın Gerçek Yeri</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Tarihe "Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayunu" olarak geçen Tanzimat Fermanı'nın okunduğu yer, bugün bildiğimiz Gülhane Parkı değil. Asıl Gülhane, sarayın Marmara Denizi tarafındaki bölümde yer alıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">6. Neden Hâlâ Kapalı?</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peki madem bu kadar ilginç, neden hâlâ ziyarete kapalı?</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Güvenlik: Bazı bölümlerin yapısal güvenliği sağlanamadı.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Koruma: Eserlerin ve belgelerin korunması öncelik.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Araştırma: Hâlâ akademik çalışmalar devam ediyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kapasite: Zaten günde binlerce ziyaretçi alan sarayda yeni bölümler açmak lojistik sorun yaratıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ama restorasyonlar sürüyor. Cariye Hastanesi gibi yeni keşfedilen alanlar yavaş yavaş ziyarete açılıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sonuç: Görmediğimiz Bir Topkapı Var</span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Topkapı Sarayı'nı gezdiğinizi sanıyorsanız, aslında sadece görünen yüzünü gördünüz demektir. Yeraltındaki sarnıçlar, tılsımlı gömleklerin saklandığı odalar, karantina hücreleri ve gizli geçitler, sarayın hâlâ keşfedilmeyi bekleyen sırları. Belki de en büyük gizem şu: 400 yıl boyunca imparatorluğun kalbi olan bu sarayda, hâlâ kaç bilinmeyen oda var? Bir sonraki ziyaretinizde, o kalabalık avlularda yürürken şunu unutmayın: Altınızda, yanınızda ve belki de içinizde, kimsenin görmediği bir dünya var.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 11:05:01 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2026/01/dr-mehmet-arslan-tarihci-bagimsiz-akademisyen-1769176822.jpg"/>
            </item>
                                <item>
                <title>Saklı Hazine: Yada Taşı ve Hayat Ağacı</title>
                <category>Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sakli-hazine-yada-tasi-ve-hayat-agaci-1283</link>
                <author>ProfDrHilmiozden@bruxelleskorner.com (Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sakli-hazine-yada-tasi-ve-hayat-agaci-1283</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Saklı Hazine: Yada Taşı ve Hayat Ağacı]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“SAKLI HAZİNE</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">YADA TAŞI ve HAYAT AĞACI”</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hilmi Özden<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></strong></a></span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%202026-08-07%20225743.jpg" style="height:511px; width:540px" /></span></span></strong></span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://youtu.be/yUHHjGu7sI4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://youtu.be/yUHHjGu7sI4</span></span></strong></a></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Saklı Hazine “Yada Taşı” Yasemin Ak’ın nehir romanlarının birinci “Hayat Ağacı” ikinci eseridir. Romanlar birer sözlükle başlar. Sözlük eser içinde geçen mitolojik unsurları tanımlamaktadır. Yada Taşı’nın ilk sayfasında Bilge Kağan yazıtından alınmış şu cümleler bulunmaktadır: “Tengri (Yaratan) tektir. Her kim ki Tengri’den Kut almak dilerse; başkasına yakarmasın. Kimse töreden üstün değildir; dirlik ve birlik için Töre budur”.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bilge Kağan’(M.S. 683-734) dan asırlar sonra Kutadgu Bilig’de de Kut ve Töre kavramlarının Yusuf Has Hacip (M.S. 1077) tarafından işlendiği görülmektedir. Romanın girişinde kut ve törenin açıklanması Türk Mitolojisinin nasıl bir Türk Felsefesini inşa edebileceğini anlamak açısından önemlidir. Her millet kendine özgü mitoloji birikiminden felsefî bir düşünce geleneği oluşturabilecektir. Yunan mitolojisi batı, Hint mitolojisi doğu felsefî okullarına hamilelik ve ebelik yaparken Türk mitolojisinin Türk fikir hayatı veya felsefesine güçlü bir köprü olması ihmal edilmiştir. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sait Başer’e göre “Kutadgu Bilig, Töre çerçevesinde kut kazanma bilgisi vermektedir. Yani “Töre”yi anlatmaktadır”. “Gönlü pişmiş ve ök kazanmış bilge; Töre koymak noktasına gelen bir kişidir. Çünkü kendi öz cevheriyle yani kâinatın her yerinde mütecellî küllî şuur<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></a>la münasebete geçmiş, bizzat kut olmuştur”. “Kut, kaynak îtibâriyle Tanrı’dandır; hayatın her anında ve dünyanın her yerindedir, hizmettedir; hikmet, irfan kut menbaıdır; insan bilge ve âdil bir bey niteliğine büründüğü takdirde bizzat kuttur. Zaman da kutlu olabilir. Bütün dünya Töre hükmüne girerse kut kuşağı bağlayabilir. Töre; beşeriyete kut kazandıran, insanları kendi hakîkatlerine ulaştıran ilkeler yekunudur; kutta mutlak bir kudret, her türlü zenginlik ve nimet, mutlak güzellik, sürekli tâzelenme, sonsuz hayat ve kusurlardan arınmışlık açıkça görülür. Kuta ulaşmak zannedile geldiği gibi sadece idareciler değil, bütün insanlık için konmuş bir idealdir”. “Kuta kavuşmak, insanın kendi asli cevherinin gaflet, bilgisizlik… gibi arızalardan; ihtiras, kin, yalancılık… vb. zaaflardan ayıklanmasıdır. Kut, insanın aynı zamanda kâinatın da ruhu ve merkezî kudreti olan Tanrı ile kendi varlığında buluşması, temasa geçmesi demektir<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></a>”. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Ancak kutun dereceleri vardır. Mesela cömertlik, dost çokluğu, hizmet, güzel söz, yiğitlik, idare hüneri, nefse hâkimiyet… gibi hünerler tek tek kut kazandırabilir; ama bunların ikisi, üçü… bir araya geldikçe kut yükselir ve mesela nihayet kanaat(tapı), güzellik… onu tamamlardı. Fakat bilhassa idare sanatında insana bin türlü erdem gerekirdi. Yani yöneticinin en üst seviyede kutlanması gerekliydi. İdeal bakımdan kut kazandıran sebeplerin hiçbirisine karşı kayıtsız, tokgözlü kalınamazdı. Kazanılan kut geri gidebilir, nefsine uyanı terk edebilirdi. Kut’u korumak; hikmette, fazilette istikrara bağlıydı. Kut’u tamam kişi artık bütün cihanın hâkimi, Tanrı adına Töre’nin uygulayıcısı olurdu. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kutun bu seviyesindeki kişi, aynı zamanda yukarıda işlenen bilge kişidir. Artık Töre’nin gerçek sahibi Tanrı adına kâinat düzeni paralelinde hikmetten beslenen ilkeler koymak, mevcutlar içinde bozulmuş prensiplerin güncellenmesi bu kişinin işidir. O, gönlündeki hikmeti aklı yoluyla ve en güzel ifade kalıpları içinde söylemeye başlar”. “Töre (törü) “Törütgen Tengri”nin (Hâlık) koyduğu nizâmdır. Gerçek Töre koyucu Tanrı’dır. Töre olmazsa kâinat yerinde duramaz. Yani Töre, kâinat nizamının da adıdır. Töre hükümleri içindeki tavsiye, yasak ve emirler saf doğrulardır. Töre, bütün insanlığı kucaklamaktadır”. “Tanrı kaynaklı bir kavram olmak yönü, baskın karakterini meydana getirdiğine göre, kutun kendisine bağlı olarak belirdiği bütün unsurların Tanrı kavramı ile özdeşleşmesi gibi bir manzara ile karşı karşıyayız. Tanrı ve varlıklar âleminin birlikte, bir olarak kavranıldığını bu merhalede rahatlıkla söyleyebiliriz. <strong>Yani kut, sanki “Tanrılaşma” veya “kendindeki Tanrı ile birleşme” gibi bir mahiyet arz etmektedir; </strong>ki bu nokta, aynı zamanda “Töre’lenmek”tir. Törük-Türük veya Türk olunan noktadır. Dikkat çekici olan husus, Töre vaz edenlerin hep bu aşamadan, yani kutlandıktan sonra Töre koyma yetkisi kazanmalarıdır<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></a>”. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sadreddin Konevî</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">’de ki şu satırlar ise bu makamın diğer bir ifade tarzıdır: “<strong>Hak; zatı, bütün sıfatları, isimleri, hükümleri ve itibarları cihetinden kendisinde kendisini ve içerdiği isimlerini ve sıfatlarını, hüküm ve itibarlarını ve yarattığı şeylerin hakikatlerinden ibaret olan bilinenlerin hakikatlerini bildiği tarzda insan-ı kâmil ile zuhur eder. Bu zuhurda eksik kabulün veya insanın ayna oluşunda kendisine yansıyan şeyin, gerçekte bulunduğu halden farklı yansımasına yol açan bozukluktan kaynaklanan bir değişiklik söz konusu değildir. Çünkü bu özellikteki kimse Hakk’ın iradesi karşısında bağımsız bir irade sahibi değildir. Bilakis o, Rabbinin iradesinin ve diğer sıfatlarının aynasıdır</strong><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></a>”.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Saklı Hazine romanlarını okumaya başlamadan önce yahut romanlarla birlikte Türk Halk inançlarının da bilinmesi gerekmektedir. “Türk halk tasavvurunda ruhu ve sahibi olmayan hiçbir yaratılmış yoktur. Yaratılmışların ruhları arasındaki bağlantıyı ismi değişse de daima mutlak olan sağlıyordu<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></a>”. Bu açıdan baktığımızda evrende ruhu olan sadece insan değil dağ, taş gibi cansız zannedilen varlıklardan bitki, hayvan ve bilinen bilinmeyen her yaratılmışın ruhu ve aklı mevcuttur. Çünkü sadece insana ruh ve akıl ayrıcalığı tanınacak olursa tüm evrene büyük bir haksızlık yapılmış olacaktır. Bu açmazın çözümünde Türk mitolojisinden başlamak üzere Türk halk inançları okuyucuların yardımcısı olacaktır. “Bu noktada, halk inançlarının mitolojik boyutu önem kazanır. Örneğin halk inançlarının tasavvuf bağlantısı gibi halk inançlarının mitoloji bağlantısı da vardır, Halk inançları, tasavvuf-mitoloji ilişkilendirmesinde, kültürel hayatın sürekliliği noktasında köprü konumundadır. Yazılı kaynakların ve arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra, yaşayan halk kültürü-halk inançları kültürü de kültürel ve fikri miras konusunda başlı başına bir kültür kaynağıdır. Türk Dünyası mitoloji dökümü giderek zenginlik kazanırken, mevcut çalışmaların nitelik ve nicelik tespiti henüz yapılamamıştır. Bu konuda ortak metot ve teori de geliştirilememiş iken, bu alanda çalışma yapan kurum ve araştırıcı potansiyeli de yeterince bilinememektedir. Halk inanç kültürü potansiyeli Türk kültür dünyası itibariyle incelenip yeni bir mayalanma vasat ve vasıtası oluşturulabilir. Halk inançları ve mitoloji çalışmalarında gelinen noktanın tespiti ve bu iki disiplinin tasavvufi düşünce bağlantısı belirlendikten sonra, asrın Yesevi donu(elbisesi-formu) ile kuşandırılmış sosyal bilimci kadroları metot ve teori noktasında zorlanmayacaklardır. Halk inançları tamamen ve mutlaka Ahmet Yesevî, Mevlana, Yunus Emre, Hacı Bektaş Veli tasavvufi inanç anlayışlarının izdüşümü konumunda değildirler. Ancak onların atmosferinden de tamamen bağımsız değildirler<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></a>. Bu vasat incelenip işlendiği nispette, küresel güçlerin kültürel stratejileri karşısında, kültürel ve fikri mirasa sahip çıkılmasında alternatif sunabilecek bir vasat oluşturabilir. Kültürel ve millî mirasın sahiplenilip ihya edilmesi sürecinde halk hikmeti kavramını merkeze alıp, halk inanmaları çalışmalarındaki bazı tıkanıklardan hareketle çözüm aranabilir mi? halk hikmeti ve halk inançları kavramlarının içeriği karşılaştırılabilir mi? Halk hikmetinin vasatı ve vasıtaları, bu arada doğuş ve gelişme şekliyle ilgili açıklamaları halkbiliminin halk inançları alt dalı ile yakından ilgilidir<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></a>”.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yasemin Ak’ın romanlarındaki baskın özellik tam bu noktada başlamaktadır. Eserler mitolojik dönemlerde mevcut olan “Töre” ve “Kut” başta olmak üzere halk inançlarını Altay ve Anadolu mitleri çerçevesinde edebî/roman ve entelektüel hatta irfanî bir seviyeye taşımaktadır.&nbsp; Yazarın özellikle popüler “şaman” kavramı yerine Türk Coğrafyasının kadim isimlendirmesi “kam”ı kullanması da Türkçe tercihini göstermesi açısından takdir edilmesi gerekmektedir. Yada Taşına bir küçük “kam”ın “Hayat Ağacı”na tırmanmaya başlaması ile giriş olsa da ikinci roman “Hayat ağacı”nda insanın/insanların nefslerinin yolcuğu (nefsin olgunlaşması) daha iyi anlaşılacaktır. Yada taşı insanın “küçük savaşı” iken Hayat Ağacı insanın kendi nefsiyle savaşı olması açısından “büyük savaş” olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türk Mitolojisinin Türk Edebiyatı, Folkloru ve Türk Felsefesine büyük bir kapı açtığını hatırlatmaktır. Şüphesiz bu konuda çeşitli özgün eserler verilmiştir. Yasemin Ak ta bu nehir romanları ile takdiri fazlasıyla hak etmektedir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yada Taşı romanı Hayat Ağacı ile devam etmektedir. İki romanda özellikle mitolojik dünyanın bugünün insanına anlatmak istediği öğütleri ve gerçekleri vurgulamaktır. Modern ve post modern insan tabiattan kopmuş dünyanın ve evrenin merkezine kendini yerleştirmiştir. Post modernite sözde modernitenin hatalarına tavır koyabilecek bir izlenim verse de tam tersine onun yeni bir versiyonu olarak insanlığın sorunlarını artırmıştır. “Bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeler, insanlık durumunu doğrudan sorgulamayı beraberinde getirir. Bu bağlamda, trans- ve post önekleriyle kavramsallaşan (transhümanizm, posthümanizm, postmodernizm vb.) bir dizi yeni kavram ortaya çıkmıştır. Her biri farklı bir felsefi anlayışa işaret etse de bu kavramların ortak paydası, bir değişim ve dönüşüm diyalektiği içinde insana yönelik bir üst ve öte arayışında olmalarıdır. Transhümanizm ve Posthümanizm, yeni terimler gibi görünseler de insanın mükemmelliğini ifade eden bu anlayışların kökeni aslında çok daha eskidir. "İnsan nedir?" sorusuna verilen tarihsel cevaplar içinde, bu kavramlara dayanak teşkil edebilecek felsefi, dinî ve mitolojik unsurlar mevcuttur .<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></a>” “Trans-Posthümanizm, insan durumunun esaslı biçimde iyileştirilmesinin olanaklı ve arzu edilir olduğunu savunan entelektüel ve kültürel bir hareket olarak ortaya çıktı. Bu iyileştirme, özellikle yaşlanmayı durdurma, ölümcül hastalıkları tedavi etme, insanın entelektüel, fiziksel ve psikolojik kapasitelerinin artırılarak insanı aşan, insan sonrası bir varlık tasarımlanması büyük ölçüde teknolojik imkânlar sayesinde gerçekleşecektir. Düşüncesinin merkezinde teknoloji olduğu için, insanı makineye indirgenmiş bir varlık olarak algılayan trans-posthümanizmin insan doğasına yönelik bu indirgemeci yaklaşımı çok ciddi ahlaki ve varoluşsal tartışmaları gündeme getirdi. Çeşitli çevrelerden gelen ahlaki itirazlar karşısında, bu akımın savunucuları kendi düşüncelerini sürdürebilmek, geniş kitlelere yaygınlaştırabilmek ve bir meşruiyet zemini oluşturmak için makine etiği, makine ahlakı, yapay ahlak, robot etiği ve dost YZ gibi terimlerle yeni bir etik anlayışı geliştirdiler. Bu anlayışa göre, insan makineye indirgendiği için, insana yapılan diğer yüklemeler gibi ahlaki kodlar ve ilkeleri içeren algoritmalarla toplumsal ve etik kaygılar giderilebilir. Eğer insanı makine olarak kabul edersek böyle bir etik uygulama kusursuz bir şekilde işleyebilir. Nitekim günümüzde yapay sinir ağları kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalarda, insanın en mahrem ve manevi boyutu olan dindarlık ve dinî başa çıkma süreçleri dahi matematiksel veri setlerine dönüştürülerek tahmin edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Buradaki asıl zorluk şudur: Teknolojik etik, toplumun dayandığı sosyal normlar, değerler, inançlar gibi metafizik bağlantılı ilke ve kodları tanımıyor. Makinelerin, ahlâkın temelini oluşturan vicdan, sorumluluk, özerklik, şefkat, merhamet, sevgi, empati, adalet ve özgürlük gibi asli etik kategoriler karşısında nasıl bir yönelim geliştirecekleri meselesi, hâlen epistemik ve ontolojik belirsizlikler barındırıyor<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></a> ”.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Burada kırılma noktası bilim ve teknolojinin emperyal güçlerin adeta ilahlaşmış (Erlik Han) hâkimiyeti altında girmesidir. Dünyanın hava, su, toprak, ağaç ve ateş dengesinin sadece “teknolojik ateşi”n lehine bozulabileceğinin işaretleri görülmeye başlamıştır. Yapay zeka (YZ) teknolojisi ve genetik gelişmeler iyiye yönlendirilmediği takdirde sadece insanlığı değil tüm varlığı ve evrenin mikro ve makro unsurlarını tehdit etmeye başlayacaktır. Bu kavşakta tabiatla barışık yaşayan toplumların uyanması ve dünyanın geleceğine kol kanat germesi gerekmektedir. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Teknoloji sahasında geri kalmanın bedeli hayvanlara, bitkilere ve tüm mazlum milletlere ödetme peşinde olan Erlik Han’ın askerleri sadece yakmakta dünyaya gözyaşı ve ölüm bırakmaktadırlar. Türk Milleti başta olmak üzere tüm uluslar buna karşı dur demenin bilimsel ve ahlaki çarelerini evrensel değerler ışığında bulmaya çalışmalıdır. DNA, gen ve kök hücre çalışmaları insanı ve tüm varlığı bir biriyle kardeşce buluşturması mümkünken bu gerçek egemen güçlerin elinde varlığı kontrol etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere bitki, hayvan, insan tüm canlıların yazılım dilleri dört harften oluşmuştur. Adenin(A), guanin(G), sitozin(S) ve timin(T)dir. DNA’nın oluşumunda tüm canlılarda bu ortak payda varsa mitolojilerde veya Türk Halk inançlarında bahsedilen don değiştirme bilimsel araştırmaların konusu olabilecektir. Fakat burada kritik soru bu çalışmaların etik yönünün ihmal edilip edilmemesidir. Popüler bilim dergilerine zaman zaman sızan bilgilerde insanların kopyalanması haberleridir. Yahut farklı türlerin mitolojik canlılar şeklinde oluşturulmasının bugünkü imkân ve etik yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesidir.&nbsp; Türkiye dâhil olmak üzere birçok ülkenin insanları biyolojik genetik materyallerini gen şirketlerine bilinçsizce vermiş genetik şifrelerin muhtemel gizli kullanımlarına bilmeden de olsa aracılık etmiştir.&nbsp; İnsan Genom Projesinin yürütücülerinden Francis S. Collins’in Hayatın Dili DNA<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></a>&nbsp; eserinde DNA çalışmalarının nelere muktedir olduğunu ve nerelere kadar genişlediğini anlaşılır bir sunumla özetlemektedir. Collins veya başka araştırmacıların çalışmalarında tepelerde/seçilmişler (kendilerini ayrıcalıklı sananlar) için nasıl gen savaşları/gen çalışma savaşları/rekabeti olduğunu görmek mümkündür. Mustafa Eren’in açık ifadesiyle “Sorun, bu teknolojiye paralel olarak insanı indirgemeci yaklaşımlardan kurtaran bütüncül bir insan doğasını savunabilecek etik teorilerin aynı hızla geliştirilememesidir. Pascal'ın dediği gibi insan, salt mantığın asla anlayamayacağı çelişki ve belirsizliklerin varlığıdır. Kalbin, aklın bilmediği akılları vardır. Bu husus tüm teknolojik gelişmelere rağmen halen anlaşılmayan gizemini koruyan bir nokta olarak kalacaktır. İnsanın irrasyonel ve aşkın boyutunu anlamadan ortaya konulan tüm teoriler insanı mutlu etmeye yetmeyecektir<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></a> ”.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bugünün dünyasında Epstein bataklığı için çocukların kaçırılması ile Mitolojik Alemdeki Erlik Han’ın yeryüzünden çocukları kaçırması arasında büyük bir benzerlik vardır. Görevli Körmesler kıtalar dolaşmaktadır. Bunlara ses çıkarmayan insanlık yoksa ruhundan soyutlandığı yani ruhsuzlaştığının farkında değil midir? Kısaca kendi Tamu’sunu (Tamag-Cehennem) kendisi mi hazırlamakta mıdır? Yoksa çocuklarla birlikte kaçırılan kendi şahsiyetleri, insanî değerleri ve uygarlıkları mıdır? “Biyoteknolojik ve nöroteknolojik aygıtların sağladığı imkânlar aracılığıyla görsel algım kusursuz bir netlik ve derinlik kazanacak, işitsel duyum en ince frekans titreşimlerini yakalayabilecek düzeye ulaşacak, bilişsel kapasitem en karmaşık denklemleri ve teorik yapıları saniyeler içinde çözümleyebilecek hız ve yoğunluğa ulaşacak, biyolojik varlığımın bozulmaya uğramış tüm organik bileşenleri yeniden üretilebilecek ve böylelikle varoluşum potansiyel olarak ölümsüz kılınabilecektir. Ancak bu radikal dönüşümlerin sonucunda şu temel sorular tekrar sorulacak: İnsan nedir? Ben kimim? Nerden geldim? Nereye gidiyorum? Niçin varım? Bu süreçlerin sonunda özne olarak 'Ben', tarihsel ve fenomenolojik sürekliliğini muhafaza edebilecek mi yoksa bilinç ve kimlikten arındırılmış, yalnızca hareket kabiliyeti korunmuş teknik bir “mumyalanma” formuna mı indirgenecektir? <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></a>”</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hayat Ağacı romanında Yada taşındaki Acun (dünya) savaşından sonra kurtarıcıların yolculuğunun sonu Kaf Dağı ile Hayat Ağacına kavuşmakla nihayetlenmiş gözükmektedir: Dünya mitolojilerinde Kaf Dağı insanlar tarafından aşılması imkânsız bir dağ olarak düşünülmüştür. Türk anlatılarında da bu görüş kabul edilse de aşılabileceği veya ona varılacağı gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. “Kaf Dağı arzın bütün dağlarının anasıdır. Eğer Kaf Dağı mevcut olmasaydı arz durmadan sarsıntılar geçirir, hiçbir yaratık orada yaşayamazdı<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[14]</span></span></a> ” “Mitolojik devirlerde Tanrı yeryüzünü yarattıktan sonra bir taşın üzerine oturmuştur. Tanrının üzerine oturduğu ve yaratmanın sembolü taş kutsaldır<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></a>”diye düşünülmüştür. Anka Kuşu/Tuğrul Kuşu bu dağda olduğu kabul edildiği için o da kutsaldır. Yasemin Ak’ın romanlarındaki Kaf Dağı ve Tuğrul Kuşu, Feridüddin Attar’ın (M.S. 1145-1221) Kuşların Dili (Mantıku’t- Tayr<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></a>) eserindeki Kaf Dağına Hüthüd kuşu öncülüğündeki Kaf Dağındaki Simurg’a yolculuk yapan kuşlar düşünülerek değerlendirmelidir. Hayat Ağacı romanında yolcuların zorluklarla sınanması ve geçilen vadilerin adeta Mantık-ül Tayr’ın Türk Mitolojisi diliyle konuşturulmasıdır. Mantık-ül Tayr’da zorlukları aştıktan sonra Kaf Dağına ulaşan kuşlar orada yansıyan aynada kendilerini bulacaklardır. Yada Taşı ve Hayat Ağacı eserlerinde de Tuğrul Kuşu (Simurg) ustaca kugulanmış Amazon kraliçesi Anamer’in oğlu Arçuray ile küllerinin karışması ve tekrar dirilmesi Kaf Dağındaki Simurg (Tuğrul Kuşu) motifini çok anlamlı kılmaktadır. Hayat Ağacındaki geçilen vadiler Mantık-ül Tayr’da geçilen vadiler insanın iç yolculuğunu yokluktan korkmadan tekrar kendi özü ile yüzleşme serüvenini göstermektedir. Hayat Ağacı ve Mantık-ül Tayr’da ilk iki vadi, İstek ve aşk vadisidir. Hayat ağacındaki vadiler, inançsızlık, yalnızlık, dedi kodu, benlik olarak kurtarıcıların sınanma vadisi olmuştur. Mantık-ül Tayr’da ise marifet, istiğna (yalnızlık), tevhid, hayret ve yokluk vadisi Kaf dağına varmadan Simurg’u görmeden kuşların imtihanıdır. Simurg ise nihai anlamda yolu tamamlamış kuşların kendileri olacaktır. Hayat Ağac’ı romanında herkes Kaf Dağını aşarak nefsinin tuzaklarından arınmış bir halde Hayat Ağacı’na kavuşacaktır. Anlaşıldığı üzere aşılmaz sanılan Kaf Dağı insanın Benlik Dağı olmaktadır. Yasemin Ak’ın veciz ifadesiyle: “<strong>Bu dünyadaki her deneyim Hayat Ağacı’na yapılan yolculuktur</strong>”. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Unutmamak gerekir ki Hayat Ağacı kökleri Tamağ’dan (Tamu-Cehennem) dalları göklere doğru uzanıyordu. Onun için yolcuların Tamağ’a Erlik Han’la hesaplaşmaya gidişi yaşamın zorluklarının unutulmaması gerektiğini günümüz insanına hatırlatan ipucları olmaktadır. Tamağ’a girmeden romanlardaki ne Barlas gibi cengaver ne de Tuğrul (Simurg-Zümrüd-ü Anka) gibi kuş olunurdu. Onlar şimdilik Tamağ’da esirdi/tutsaktı. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">“Saklı Hazine” için söyleyeceğim nihai söz; Aker Kartal’ın “<strong>okuduğunuz bir romanda, dinlediğiniz bir şarkıda kendinizi kaybetmiyorsanız toplumu anlatmıyor demektir</strong>” cümlesidir. Bu eserde okuyucuyu içine çekmekte ve baştan sona Türk mitolojisi, halk inançları, hayat kökleriyle birlikte insanlığın da dâhil olduğu varlık serüvenini anlatmaktadır. Atom ve atom altı cisimciklerle bezenmiş “<strong>Yada Taşı”ndan “Hayat Ağacı”na bizler kozmik bir ailenin hem söz hem de özleri bir kardeşleriyiz</strong>.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Eserlerin Künyesi </span></span></strong></em></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">1-Yasemin Ak, Saklı Hazine / Yada Taşı / Kutlu Yayınevi / İstanbul, 2026.</span></span></span></strong></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">2-Yasemin Ak, Saklı Hazine / Hayat Ağacı / Kutlu Yayınevi / İstanbul, 2026.</span></span></span></strong></em></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> ESOGÜ Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Kurucu Müdürü.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Tasavvufi ve felsefi düşüncede ilahî hakikatin ve bilincin kâinattaki her şeyde açıkça görünmesi, parlaması ve tümel/kuşatıcı bir farkındalıkla tecelli etmesidir.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> https://www.kirmizilar.com/kutadgu-bilig-de-kut-ve-tore/</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.kirmizilar.com/kutadgu-bilig-de-kut-ve-tore/" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">https://www.kirmizilar.com/kutadgu-bilig-de-kut-ve-tore/</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">, Geniş Bilgi İçin Bakınız: Sait Başer, Kutadgu Bilig'de Kut ve Töre’den Sevgi Toplumuna, Seyran Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Sadreddin Konevî, Vahdet-i Vücûdun İlkeleri, Çeviri, Açıklama ve Notlandırma: Ekrem Demirli, Fikriyat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2024, s. 65-66.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Yaşar Kalafat, Pir-i Türkistan Işığında Halk İnançları-Tasavvuf-Mitoloji Bağlantısı Üzerine Düşünceler, Memoratlar-Astral Mitolojik Boyut, Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara, 2018, s. 134.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[7]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g.m. s. 136.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g.m. s. 137.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Mustafa Eren, Trans ve Post-Hümanist Tartışmaları Ekseninde İnsan Doğasının Geleceği, İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 66/1 (2026), s.109.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g.m., s. 115.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Francis S. Collins, Hayatın Dili, Çeviri: Yurdakul Gündoğdu, Epsilon Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013.</span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[12]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Mustafa Eren, a.g.e., s.115.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[13]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g.e. s. 115.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[14]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Bilge Seyidoğlu, Mitoloji Üzerine Araştırılmalar, Dergah Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002, s. 47.</span></span></span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> A.g. e., s. 48.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Feridüddin Attar, Mantıku’t-Tayr (Kuşdili), Türkçesi: Yaşar Keçeci, Kırkambar Yayınları, İstanbul, 1998.</span></span></span></p>
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                <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 23:54:53 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Aynı Şehirde, Farklı Hayatlar: Ekonomik Eşitsizlik İnsan Psikolojisini Nasıl Değiştiriyor?</title>
                <category>Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ayni-sehirde-farkli-hayatlar-ekonomik-esitsizlik-insan-psikolojisini-nasil-degistiriyor-1282</link>
                <author>YESIMSARIKAYA@bruxelleskorner.com (Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ayni-sehirde-farkli-hayatlar-ekonomik-esitsizlik-insan-psikolojisini-nasil-degistiriyor-1282</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Aynı Şehirde, Farklı Hayatlar: Ekonomik Eşitsizlik İnsan Psikolojisini Nasıl Değiştiriyor?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:22px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aynı Şehirde, Farklı Hayatlar: Ekonomik Eşitsizlik İnsan Psikolojisini Nasıl Değiştiriyor?</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hiç çevrenize dikkatlice baktınız mı?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aynı sokakta yaşayan iki insan, aynı otobüse binen iki çalışan ya da aynı okulda okuyan iki çocuk... Fiziksel olarak birbirlerine çok yakın olabilirler. Ancak hayata bakışları, gelecek planları ve günlük kaygıları birbirinden kilometrelerce uzakta olabilir. Çünkü ekonomik eşitsizlik yalnızca gelir farkı değildir; aynı zamanda umut, güven, sağlık, eğitim ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasında da görünmez mesafeler oluşturur. Ekonomik eşitsizlikten söz edildiğinde çoğu zaman aklımıza rakamlar gelir. Enflasyon, maaşlar, kira fiyatları, satın alma gücü ya da gelir dağılımı konuşulur. Oysa bu tablonun görünmeyen bir yüzü daha vardır. O da insan zihninde bıraktığı etkidir. Çünkü ekonomik koşullar yalnızca yaşam standartlarımızı değil, düşünme biçimimizi, kararlarımızı ve geleceğe bakışımızı da şekillendirir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/acf4da69-9406-42a6-8ea8-9d9ce751a495.png" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Düşünün... Ay sonunu nasıl getireceğini hesaplayan bir insanın zihni ile gelecekte yapmak istediği yatırımları planlayan bir insanın zihni aynı şekilde çalışabilir mi?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Psikoloji bize bunun pek mümkün olmadığını söylüyor. İnsan beyni, temel ihtiyaçlarının tehdit altında olduğunu hissettiğinde önceliğini değiştiriyor. Güvende kalmaya odaklanan bir zihin, uzun vadeli planlar yapmakta, yeni fikirler üretmekte ve geleceğe umutla bakmakta zorlanabiliyor. Bu nedenle ekonomik baskı yalnızca cüzdanı değil; dikkati, hafızayı, karar verme süreçlerini ve kişiler arası ilişkileri de etkileyebiliyor. Son yıllarda yapılan psikoloji araştırmaları, ekonomik belirsizlik arttıkça insanların kaygı düzeylerinin yükseldiğini, geleceğe ilişkin umutlarının ise zayıflayabildiğini gösteriyor. İlginç olan nokta şu ki, insanları her zaman sahip oldukları gelir değil, o gelirin kendilerine güvenli bir gelecek sağlayıp sağlamayacağı düşüncesi daha fazla etkiliyor. Başka bir ifadeyle, yalnızca yoksulluk değil, ekonomik belirsizlik de zihinsel yük oluşturabiliyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomik eşitsizliğin etkisi yalnızca maddi imkânları sınırlı olan bireylerle de sınırlı değildir. Araştırmalar, gelir farklarının çok belirgin olduğu toplumlarda yüksek gelir grubundaki bireylerin bile daha düşük toplumsal güven, daha fazla stres ve daha yoğun rekabet duygusu yaşayabildiğini ortaya koyuyor. Çünkü eşitsizlik arttıkça insanlar birbirlerini daha fazla kıyaslamaya başlıyor. Karşılaştırmalar arttıkça ise yaşamdan alınan doyum azalabiliyor. Belki de bu yüzden günümüzde görünmez bir yarışın içindeyiz. Daha büyük bir ev, daha yeni bir telefon, daha prestijli bir makam, daha pahalı bir tatil... Özellikle sosyal medya, bu yarışı her gün yeniden gözümüzün önüne getiriyor. İnsanlar artık yalnızca kendi yaşamlarını yaşamıyor; başkalarının hayatlarının en parlak anlarıyla da sürekli karşılaşıyor. Oysa gördüğümüz kareler, çoğu zaman hayatın tamamını değil, yalnızca seçilmiş birkaç saniyesini yansıtıyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kendimizi sürekli başkalarının yaşamıyla karşılaştırdığımızda, elimizde olanları fark etmek giderek zorlaşıyor. Bir süre sonra sahip olduklarımız normalleşirken, sahip olmadıklarımız daha görünür hâle geliyor. Bu durum ise memnuniyetsizlik hissini besleyebiliyor. Oysa psikolojik iyi oluşun en güçlü belirleyicilerinden biri, sürekli daha fazlasına sahip olmak değil; sahip olduklarının değerini görebilmek ve geleceğe dair gerçekçi bir umut geliştirebilmektir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomik eşitsizliğin en fazla etkilediği gruplardan biri de çocuklar ve gençlerdir. Çocuklar yalnızca ailelerinin ekonomik koşullarını değil, o koşulların oluşturduğu duygusal iklimi de hissederler. Evde sürekli geçim kaygısının konuşulduğu, gelecek endişesinin yoğun yaşandığı bir ortamda büyüyen çocuklar, dünyayı daha belirsiz ve daha tehditkâr algılayabilir. Bu durum onların akademik motivasyonundan sosyal ilişkilerine kadar birçok alanı etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle ekonomik eşitsizlik yalnızca bugünü değil, gelecek kuşakların psikolojik gelişimini de ilgilendiren toplumsal bir konudur.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Çalışma hayatında da benzer bir tablo görüyoruz. Aynı kurumda çalışan kişiler arasında ücret, fırsat ya da takdir açısından adaletsizlik algısı oluştuğunda sorun yalnızca motivasyonun azalması değildir. Güven zedelenmeye, iş birliği zayıflamaya ve çalışanlar birbirlerini desteklemek yerine rakip olarak görmeye başlayabilir. Endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisi alanındaki çalışmalar, çalışanların yalnızca aldıkları ücrete değil, o ücretin ne kadar adil olduğuna da önem verdiklerini göstermektedir. İnsanlar çoğu zaman mutlak kazançlarını değil, kendilerine nasıl davranıldığını ve emeklerinin ne ölçüde karşılık bulduğunu değerlendirirler.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peki böyle bir ortamda birey ne yapabilir?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Her şeyden önce kendi değerini yalnızca ekonomik göstergeler üzerinden tanımlamamaya çalışmalıdır. Gelir düzeyi yaşam koşullarını etkileyebilir; ancak insanın karakterini, bilgi birikimini, yeteneklerini ya da topluma sağlayacağı katkıyı belirlemez. Kendimizi yalnızca sahip olduklarımız üzerinden değerlendirdiğimizde, mutluluğumuzu da sürekli değişen ekonomik koşullara teslim etmiş oluruz. İkinci olarak, sürekli kıyaslama alışkanlığını fark etmek önemlidir. Elbette insan zaman zaman kendisini başkalarıyla karşılaştıracaktır. Ancak bu karşılaştırmalar, gelişmek için bir motivasyon kaynağı olmaktan çıkıp değersizlik hissi üretmeye başladığında psikolojik yük oluşturur. Böyle anlarda dikkatimizi başkalarının hayatından kendi hedeflerimize yöneltmek daha sağlıklı bir yaklaşım olabilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Son olarak şunu unutmamak gerekir: Ekonomik eşitsizlik, bireysel çabayla tamamen ortadan kaldırılabilecek bir sorun değildir. Bu nedenle yaşanan her güçlüğü kişinin yetersizliği olarak görmek de doğru değildir. Bazen insanlar ellerinden geleni yapmalarına rağmen içinde bulundukları ekonomik koşullar nedeniyle zorlanabilirler. Böyle zamanlarda kendimize karşı daha anlayışlı olmak, sosyal destek aramak ve kontrol edebildiğimiz alanlara odaklanmak psikolojik dayanıklılığı güçlendirebilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Belki de kendimize sormamız gereken en önemli soru şudur: Gerçekten daha mı yoksuluz, yoksa sürekli başkalarının hayatına bakmaktan kendi hayatımızın değerini göremiyor muyuz?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomik eşitsizlik, çağımızın en önemli toplumsal sorunlarından biridir ve çözümü yalnızca bireylerin omuzlarına bırakılamaz. Ancak psikolojik açıdan güçlü kalabilmek, bu gerçeği inkâr etmekten değil; onun hayatımız üzerindeki etkisini doğru anlamaktan geçer. Çünkü insanın gerçek zenginliği yalnızca banka hesabında değil; umut edebilme gücünde, üretebilme isteğinde, kurduğu ilişkilerde ve yaşamına yüklediği anlamda da saklıdır. Belki de en büyük zenginlik, sahip olduklarımızı küçümsemeden, sahip olamadıklarımızın da hayatımızdaki tek ölçü olmasına izin vermeden yaşayabilmektir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Doç. Dr. Yeşim SIRAKAYA</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">St. Clements University - UK</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Endüstri ve Örgüt Psikolojisi</span></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 22:28:02 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Azerbaijan’s Startup and Venture Capital Law: A Step Toward a Modern Investment Environment?</title>
                <category>Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/azerbaijans-startup-and-venture-capital-law-a-step-toward-a-modern-investment-environment-1281</link>
                <author>AbdulhamidamidAlKba@GMAIL.COM (Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/azerbaijans-startup-and-venture-capital-law-a-step-toward-a-modern-investment-environment-1281</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Azerbaijan’s Startup and Venture Capital Law: A Step Toward a Modern Investment Environment?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>Azerbaijan’s Startup and Venture Capital Law: A Step Toward a Modern Investment Environment?</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em>Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</em></span></p>

<p>Opinion Writer Specializing in Central Asia and Azerbaijan Affairs</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/761719845_1406308481394412_4181877951993835808_n.jpg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>In a long-awaited move for the startup community and investors, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev has signed into law legislation aimed at developing the country’s startup and venture capital ecosystem. I see this legislation as a serious attempt to align Azerbaijan’s legal framework with international best practices. Yet the key question remains: Is a legal framework alone enough to build a genuine startup ecosystem, or will its implementation ultimately determine the outcome?</p>

<p>President Aliyev approved the amendments adopted by Parliament on 14 July 2026. These amendments affect the Labor Code, the Civil Code, and the laws governing currency regulation, banking, investment funds, and the securities market. The new provisions are designed to simplify startup governance and expand opportunities for attracting investment.</p>

<p>One of the most significant changes is the formal recognition of shareholders’ agreements. These agreements may define voting procedures, share transfer conditions, and dispute resolution mechanisms through arbitration. They must be concluded in writing, do not require notarization, and take precedence over a company’s charter in governing the internal relationship between the parties.</p>

<p>The law also introduces internationally recognized instruments such as tag-along rights, drag-along rights, and the right of first refusal (ROFR). Although these mechanisms are well established in global venture capital markets, they are now being explicitly incorporated into Azerbaijan’s legal framework for the first time, providing investors with greater legal certainty when financing startups. The legislation also recognizes liquidation preferences, anti-dilution protections, and convertible financing instruments such as convertible notes and SAFE (Simple Agreement for Future Equity) agreements.</p>

<p>Despite the significance of these legal innovations, they are being introduced within a startup ecosystem that remains relatively small. Azerbaijan currently has approximately 150 to 200 active startups and only a limited number of venture capital funds—around three major funds—with total invested capital estimated at tens of millions of US dollars. Annual investment volumes remain modest compared with Kazakhstan, which has established a more advanced legal and financial framework through the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC), or Georgia, which has successfully attracted regional investment thanks to its flexible regulatory environment.</p>

<p>The new law brings Azerbaijan closer to international standards and strengthens investor protection. However, it is unlikely to attract substantial volumes of capital on its own unless it is accompanied by swift implementing regulations, the development of a stronger domestic investment culture, and continued efforts to diversify the economy beyond the energy sector. If implemented effectively, I expect the legislation to have a positive medium-term impact, particularly by attracting entrepreneurial talent and encouraging innovative companies to establish and remain in Azerbaijan.</p>

<p>Today, Azerbaijan is laying the foundations of a modern legal framework for startups. This is a step in the right direction, albeit one that comes somewhat later than in several neighboring countries. Nevertheless, the law’s real significance will ultimately depend on its implementation. Success will not be measured by the number of legislative amendments enacted, but by the number of companies that scale successfully, attract meaningful investment, and continue contributing to the country’s economy. The coming years will reveal whether this legislation marks the beginning of a genuine transformation of Azerbaijan’s innovation ecosystem or remains largely a legal reform on paper</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 12:14:53 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>İsrail\&#039;in Yeni Ortadoğu Planı ve Türkiye</title>
                <category>Dr. Güngör Gökdağ</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/israilin-yeni-ortadogu-plani-ve-turkiye-1280</link>
                <author>gungorgokdag@hotmail.com (Dr. Güngör Gökdağ)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/israilin-yeni-ortadogu-plani-ve-turkiye-1280</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[İsrail\'in Yeni Ortadoğu Planı ve Türkiye]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">İsrail'in Yeni Ortadoğu Planı ve Türkiye</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">7 Ekim 2023'ten bu yana İsrail, askeri doktrinin temel ilkelerini zorlayan bir yaklaşımla <strong>aynı anda yedi cephede savaş</strong>tığını öne sürüyor. Bu söylem, yoğun <strong>askeri güç kullanımını meşrulaştırırken</strong>, <strong>şiddeti</strong> adeta <strong>dış politika aracına </strong>dönüştürüyor. Ancak mesele yalnızca İsrail'in savunma politikalarıyla sınırlı değil. Aynı zamanda bu yaklaşım, Orta Doğu’daki istikrarsızlığı derinleştiren uzun vadeli planlamaya da işaret ediyor. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/1135e444-7463-40a2-9fa0-26cbe26ed451.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">İsrail yönetimi yıllardır <strong>Hamas</strong>'ı ''<strong>terör örgütü</strong>'' olarak nitelendiriyor. Ne var ki sahadaki uygulamalara bakıldığında, <strong>Netanyahu</strong> hükümetinin <strong>izlediği sert askeri yöntemlerin</strong>; <strong>1789 Fransız Devrimi sonrasında Maximilien Robespierre </strong>liderliğinde yaşanan ve tarihe ''<strong>Terör Dönemi</strong>''<strong> </strong>olarak geçen, <strong>güvenlik adına olağanüstü tedbirlerin meşrulaştırıldığı </strong>süreçten çok farklı olmadığı görülüyor. Özellikle silahsız sivillerin, kadınların ve çocukların dahi <strong>potansiyel tehdit </strong>olarak kabul edilmesi, bu tartışmaların odak noktasını oluşturuyor.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Aslında bu durum yeni değil. <strong>İsrail’in devletleşme süreci </strong>de uzun yıllardır <strong>güç kullanımı </strong>ve <strong>şiddet </strong>ekseninde<strong> </strong>tartışılan <strong>tarihsel </strong>bir<strong> arka plana sahip</strong>. Bu nedenle <strong>güç kullanımı</strong>, İsrail siyasetinde yalnızca bir <strong>savunma refleksi olmaktan çıktı</strong>; zamanla <strong>kurumsallaşan</strong> ve <strong>meşruiyet</strong> zemini bulan bir ''<strong>kamu politikası</strong>'' niteliği kazandı. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bunun doğal sonucu olarak İsrail, çevresindeki ülkelerle ilişkilerinde <strong>müzakere </strong>ve <strong>diplomasi</strong> yerine çoğu zaman <strong>askeri ağırlıklı yöntemleri </strong>tercih eden bir politika izledi. Bu eğilim özellikle Netanyahu döneminde daha <strong>belirgin</strong> hale geldi. Gelinen noktada İsrail, bölgesinde barış ve istikrar üreten bir aktörden ziyade, <strong>askeri güce </strong>giderek<strong> </strong>daha fazla <strong>bağımlı</strong> hale gelen ve <strong>bölgesel gerilimlerin odağında </strong>yer alan bir ülke görünümü sergiliyor. Bu durum da Tel Aviv yönetiminin uzun vadeli stratejik doktrininin sürdürülebilirliğini tartışmaya açıyor. </span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bu tabloyu daha iyi anlayabilmek için İsrail devletinin tarihsel ve ideolojik temellerine de bakmak gerekir. Bu noktada karşımıza çıkan en önemli kavramlardan biri ise <strong>Siyonizm</strong>'dir.&nbsp; Siyonizm, Yahudi dini metinlerine dayanarak ''<strong>Tanrı'nın vaat ettiği topraklara dönüş</strong>'' fikrine odaklanır ve ''<strong>Büyük İsrail</strong>'' vizyonunu benimser. Tevrat'ta yer alan, ''<strong>Senin soyuna bu ülkeyi vereceğim: Mısır ırmağından büyük Fırat Irmağı'na kadar</strong>'' (Tekvin 15:18) ifadesi, özellikle bazı dini ve milliyetçi Siyonist çevreler tarafından yalnızca dini bir referans olarak değil, aynı zamanda <strong>siyasi hedeflerin meşruiyet zemini </strong>olarak da yorumlanır.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bu perspektiften bakıldığında, 1948'den bu yana yaşanan gelişmeler de doğal olarak farklı bir anlam kazanır. Filistinlilerin "<strong>Nakba</strong>" olarak adlandırdığı kitlesel göç süreci, Batı Şeria'daki yerleşim faaliyetleri, Doğu Kudüs'teki uygulamalar, İsrail'in savunma politikalarının ötesine geçen <strong>bölgesel tasarım </strong>olarak değerlendirilmelidir. </span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bugün <strong>Gazze</strong> ise bu tartışmaların odak noktasında bulunuyor. <strong>Uluslararası gözlemciler </strong>tarafından sıklıkla ''<strong>açık hava hapishanesi</strong>'' olarak tanımlanan bölgede yaklaşık <strong>iki milyon insan</strong>, temel <strong>sağlık</strong>, <strong>eğitim </strong>ve <strong>gıda </strong>ihtiyaçlarına <strong>erişimde</strong> ciddi <strong>zorluklar yaşıyor</strong>. Süregelen çatışmalar nedeniyle <strong>Filistinliler</strong>, geleceklerini planlamaktan çok, <strong>günlük yaşamlarını sürdürebilme mücadelesi veriyor.&nbsp; </strong></span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Ortaya çıkan bu durum, yalnızca insani krizi derinleştirmiyor; aynı zamanda yeni <strong>toplumsal </strong>ve <strong>siyasi </strong>sonuçlar da doğuruyor. İsrail hükümetinin uyguladığı askeri ve baskıcı politikaları ise beklenenin aksine <strong>Filistin toplumundaki direniş duygusunu zayıflatmıyor; aksine toplumsal öfkeyi </strong>ve <strong>çatışma dinamiklerini besleyen </strong>yeni bir zeminin oluşmasına yol açıyor. </span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Yakınlarını kaybeden ve sürekli çatışma ortamında yaşamak zorunda kalan insanlar açısından <strong>silahlı mücadele</strong>, zamanla siyasi bir tercihten çok <strong>varoluşsal bir refleks </strong>ve <strong>intikam biçimine </strong>dönüşebiliyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Tam da bu noktada <strong>iki devletli çözüm </strong>önem kazanıyor. Ancak Netanyahu yönetimi, bırakın <strong>Filistin devleti</strong>nin kurulmasına sıcak bakmayı, bölgenin kırılgan denkleminde <strong>yeni cepheler açma</strong>ktan dahi çekinmiyor. Dahası, ulaşabildiği her noktada <strong>askeri müdahale kapasitesine sahip olduğunu </strong>göstermeye çalışıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bu politikanın bir sonucu olarak İsrail'e yönelik <strong>uluslararası hukuk </strong>tartışmaları da giderek büyüyor. <strong>İnsan hakları kuruluşları </strong>ve <strong>hukukçular</strong>; <strong>insani yardımların kısıtlanması, sivillerin yerlerinden edilmesi, boşaltılan bölgelerin işgal edilmesi </strong>ve <strong>sivillerin</strong> doğrudan <strong>hedef alınması </strong>gibi uygulamalar nedeniyle <strong>İsrail'e ağır suçlamalar yöneltiyor.</strong> Tartışmaların merkezinde ise <strong>soykırım</strong> ve <strong>etnik temizlik </strong>iddiaları yer alıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Uluslararası hukuk tartışmaları derinleşirken, bu gelişmeler İsrail-ABD ilişkilerinin niteliğine ilişkin yeni soruları da beraberinde getiriyor. İsrail hükümetinin zaman zaman <strong>Washington'ın tercihleriyle örtüşmeyen adımlar atabilmesi</strong>, Tel Aviv'in kendi <strong>stratejik önceliklerini belirleme </strong>konusunda önemli bir hareket alanına sahip olduğunu gözler önüne seriyor. </span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bu stratejik yaklaşımın en belirgin yansımalarından biri ise Suriye sahasında somutlaşıyor. İsrail, <strong>güçlü</strong> ve <strong>merkezi</strong> bir <strong>Suriye</strong>'nin ortaya çıkmasını <strong>kendi çıkarları açısından risk </strong>olarak değerlendiriyor. Bu nedenle, güvenlik gerekçesiyle yürüttüğü operasyonlarla ülkenin güneyinde fiili bir etki alanı oluşturmaya çalışırken, diğer yandan <strong>Suriye'nin egemenlik alanına </strong>doğrudan <strong>nüfuz ediyor.</strong></span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Dürziler</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> ve <strong>Kürtler </strong>üzerinden yürütülen politikaların da yalnızca taktik hamlelerden ibaret olmadığı, <strong>bölgesel dengeleri yeniden şekillendirmeye </strong>dönük daha geniş bir stratejinin parçası olduğu giderek belirginleşiyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Benzer şekilde <strong>İran</strong> da İsrail'in <strong>stratejik öncelikleri </strong>arasında yer alan ülkelerden biri olarak öne çıkıyor. <strong>İran'a yönelik saldırı </strong>ve <strong>baskı</strong>ların sadece nükleer programla ilişkilendirilemeyeceğini söylemek mümkündür. Her ne kadar Netanyahu yönetimi bu politikaları nükleer tehdidi engelleme gerekçesiyle savunsa da, asıl hedefin <strong>İran'ın bölgesel nüfuzunu sınırlandırmak </strong>ve uzun vadede <strong>rejimi istikrarsızlaştırmak </strong>olduğu izlenimi güçleniyor. </span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Ancak İsrail'in bölgesel stratejisi yalnızca kara sahalarıyla sınırlı da değildir. Güç mücadelesinin önemli ayaklarından biri de <strong>Doğu Akdeniz</strong>'de şekillenmektedir. Bu noktada <strong>İsrail</strong>'in <strong>Yunanistan</strong> ve <strong>Güney Kıbrıs </strong>ile geliştirdiği <strong>iş birliği </strong>dikkat çekiyor. <strong>Kıbrıs</strong>'ın stratejik konumu, İsrail'e hem <strong>askeri</strong> hem de <strong>lojistik avantajlar sağlarken</strong>, bölgedeki doğal gaz rezervleri de bu <strong>ortaklığın önemini artırıyor</strong>. <strong>Güvenlik anlaşmaları, savunma projeleri </strong>ve <strong>ortak tatbikatlar </strong>söz konusu üçlü iş birliğinin giderek daha da kurumsal bir yapıya kavuştuğunu teyit ediyor. Bu ortaklık modeli, <strong>İsrail'</strong>in bölgedeki <strong>hareket alanını genişletirken</strong>, Türkiye açısından da <strong>yeni bölgesel hesapları </strong>zorunlu kılıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Tüm bu gelişmeler, İsrail'in güvenlik yaklaşımının dayandığı stratejik mantığı da gözler önüne seriyor. İsrail’in, çevresindeki ülkelerin <strong>askeri kapasitesini sınırlandırmayı, potansiyel tehditleri kontrol altında tutmayı </strong>ve <strong>kendi güvenliği açısından düşmansız bir çevre oluşturmayı</strong> hedeflediğini düşündürüyor. Bu yaklaşım, <strong>gerektiğinde sınır ötesi operasyonları, önleyici saldırıları </strong>ve <strong>bölgesel askeri üstünlüğün sürekli korunmasını </strong>da içeriyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Ancak mesele yalnızca <strong>tehdit algısıyla </strong>açıklanabilecek kadar basit değil.<strong> </strong>Netanyahu hükümetinin <strong>siyasi çizgisini </strong>anlayabilmek için <strong>küresel güç dengelerini, ideolojik motivasyonları </strong>ve <strong>bölgesel çıkar çatışmaları</strong>nı<strong> </strong>birlikte değerlendirmek gerekiyor. <strong>Tevrat</strong>'a dayalı <strong>dini referansları siyasal zemine taşıyan </strong>mevcut İsrail yönetiminin, <strong>barışı öncelikli bir hedef olarak görmediği</strong>; sürekli <strong>çatışma ortamını stratejik bir araç olarak değerlendirdiği </strong>ve <strong>Arz-ı Mevud anlayışı doğrultusunda şekillenen genişlemeci bir perspektif</strong>i benimsediği anlaşılıyor.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Bu nedenle <strong>Akkuyu Nükleer Santrali</strong>'ne yönelik olası <strong>saldırı</strong> senaryolarının dillendirilmesi, <strong>Arz-ı Mevud </strong>anlayışının <strong>Dicle-Fırat havzasına </strong>uzanan yorumları ve <strong>Türkiye'nin jeopolitik konumu</strong>na<strong> </strong>ilişkin değerlendirmeler <strong>Ankara açısından dikkatle takip edilmesi gereken gelişmeler </strong>arasında bulunuyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Nitekim <strong>İsrail yönetimi, Türkiye'yi </strong>giderek daha fazla <strong>bölgesel güç denklemine dahil edilen ülkelerden</strong> biri olarak görüyor. Bu bağlamda Türkiye'nin hem <strong>stratejik hazırlık </strong>hem de <strong>kriz yönetimi </strong>açısından <strong>teyakkuz halinde olması</strong>, <strong>bölgesel gelişmeleri yakından izlemesi </strong>ve olası <strong>tehditlere karşı hazırlıklı </strong>bulunması önem taşıyor.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Çünkü Gazze'den Suriye'ye, İran'dan Doğu Akdeniz'e kadar uzanan gelişmeler <strong>tek tek değerlendirildiğinde</strong> <strong>farklı krizler gibi görünebilir</strong>. Fakat resmin bütününe bakıldığında, bunların <strong>aynı stratejik denklem içinde birbirini tamamlayan halkalar </strong>olduğu daha iyi görülür. Bu çerçevede Tel Aviv yönetininin attığı her adımı yalnızca <strong>savunma gerekçeleriyle açıklamak eksik kalır</strong>. Asıl mesele, <strong>Ortadoğu'nun siyasi haritasını </strong>ve <strong>bölgesel güç dengesini yeniden şekillendirme </strong>mücadelesidir.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Eğer bugün <strong>İran'ın geleceği </strong>ve <strong>toprak bütünlüğü </strong>tartışılıyorsa, yarın <strong>Türkiye'nin karşı karşıya kalabileceği stratejik riskler </strong>de aynı ciddiyetle ele alınmalıdır. Çünkü <strong>Ortadoğu'nun siyasi ve bölgesel güç dengelerini yeniden kurmayı hedefleyen hiçbir proje, Türkiye'yi dışarıda bırakarak başarıya ulaşamaz</strong>. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Dolayısıyla bölgede<strong> İran'ın parçalanmasını hedefleyen bir plan varsa, Türkiye'yi de parçalamayı hedefleyen jeopolitik bir plan vardır. </strong>Bu nedenle yaşanan gelişmelerin uzun vadeli etkileri bugünden dikkate alınmalı ve bölgede ortaya çıkan değişim, <strong>yeni bir bölgesel dönüşüm sürecinin habercisi </strong>olarak okunmalıdır.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Netanyahu yönetiminin politikalarına verilen <strong>ABD </strong>ve bazı <strong>Avrupa ülkelerinin desteği</strong> ile <strong>Rusya </strong>ve <strong>Çin</strong>'in<strong> </strong>daha <strong>temkinli yaklaşımı</strong>, uluslararası sistemde <strong>yeni bir dönemin kapılarının aralandığını </strong>gösteriyor. <strong>Kuralların zayıfladığı, gücün belirleyici hale geldiği </strong>böylesi bir dönemde <strong>Türkiye'nin en büyük ihtiyacı</strong>; <strong>milli birlikle desteklenen uzun vadeli devlet aklıdır.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Dr. Güngör Gökdağ</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">22.06.2026</span></span></span></p>

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                <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 12:06:58 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2025/04/dr-gungor-gokdag-1745491700.jpeg"/>
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                <title>Türkiye için yakın tehlike: İsrail</title>
                <category>Bülent Güven</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turkiye-icin-yakin-tehlike-israil-1279</link>
                <author>guvenbulent@hotmail.com (Bülent Güven)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turkiye-icin-yakin-tehlike-israil-1279</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Türkiye için yakın tehlike: İsrail]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align:center">Türkiye için yakın tehlike: İsrail</h1>

<h2 style="text-align:center">Dr. Bülent Güven&nbsp;</h2>

<p>&nbsp;
<p><img src="https://www.indyturk.com/sites/default/files/styles/1368x911/public/article/main_image/2026/07/24/1376566-1224884423.jpg?itok=g7L4MI4X" /></p>
</p>

<p>İsrail Başbakanı Benyamin Netanyahu’nun bölgesel politikaları, İran sonrası Ortadoğu’daki yeni güç dengeleri ve Türkiye’nin konumu üzerine tartışmaları yeniden gündeme taşıyor / Fotoğraf: GPO</p>

<p>İsrail ve ABD'nin birlikte İran'a saldırmasından sonra, başta İsrail'in mevcut başbakanı Benyamin Netanyahu ve selefi, muhtemelen tekrar halefi olacak olan Naftali Bennett olmak üzere, birçok İsrailli bakan, istihbarat yetkilisi, think tanklerde çalışan uzmanlar ve İsrail'in ABD'deki dostları, Türkiye'yi ikinci bir İran gibi konumlayacak açıklamalar yapmaya başladılar.</p>

<p>Netanyahu, Ortadoğu'da daha önce tehdit ettiği veya İsrail için tehlike olarak gösterdiği Saddam'ın Irak'ına ve İran İslam Cumhuriyeti'ne, ABD'deki Yahudi lobisi ve Yahudi iş adamlarını kullanarak savaş açmaya muvaffak oldu. Aynı tehlike, İsrailli yetkililerin yaptığı açıklamalardan sonra Türkiye için de geçerlidir. Türkiye'nin NATO üyesi olması, bu anlamda İsrail tehlikesi için koruyucu bir kalkan değildir. Dolayısıyla bu tür açıklamaları ciddiye almamak, göz ardı etmek stratejik açıdan doğru bir yaklaşım olmadığı gibi, Türkiye için acil bir güvenlik riskini de ıskalamak anlamına gelmektedir.</p>

<p>Bu yazıda, bu riski vurgulayarak İsrail bağlamında Türkiye'nin nasıl bir tehdit ile karşı karşıya kaldığına dikkat çekmek istenmektedir.</p>

<p>İsrail, Ortadoğu'daki diğer devletler gibi Osmanlı'nın yıkılışı sonrası nispeten bölgesel etnisiteler üzerine kurulmuş doğal bir devlet değildir. Tam tersine, Siyonizmin ortaya çıkmasından sonra bir master plan çerçevesinde tasarlanmış, konjonktürel olarak dönemin mevcut dünya güçlerini diasporadaki güçlü lobileri sayesinde yanına almayı başarmış ve yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir de bu master planının önemli bir parçası olan İsrail Devleti'ni 1947'de kuruluşuyla gerçekleştirmiş bulunmaktadır.</p>

<p>Ama proje, Siyonist fikrin taraftarları için daha tam olarak tamamlanmamıştır. İsrail'in kuruluşu,<em>&nbsp;“Büyük İsrail”&nbsp;</em>vizyonunun bir parçasıdır. İbranice<em>&nbsp;“Erez Yisrael Ha'shlema”&nbsp;</em>olarak bilinen bu kavram,&nbsp;<em>“Denizden Şeria Nehri'ne kadar her şeyin Yahudilere ait olması gerektiği”&nbsp;</em>anlayışını ifade eder.</p>

<p>Bu, Tevrat'taki Arz-ı Mev‘ûd'un siyasi karşılığıdır. Dolayısıyla İsrail'in politikası yalnızca Filistin'i değil, Lübnan'dan Ürdün'e ve Suriye'den Türkiye'nin güneyine kadar uzanan bir bölgesel nüfuz planını kapsamaktadır. Bu planın bir parçası da, bu “Büyük İsrail”e giden yolda kendisine engel olabilecek tüm ülkeleri ya boyun eğdirmek, bir kısım Arap ülkelerine yaptığı gibi, ya da parçalamaktır; Irak'ta başardığı, İran'da da yapmaya çalıştığı gibi. İsrailli yetkililerin Türkiye'yi hedef alan söylemleri de böyle bir planın parçasıdır.</p>

<p>Bu master planı oluşturan ve atılması gereken adımları tasarlayan kişiler, Siyonizmin kurucu babalarıdır ve böyle bir planın varlığını da bunların yazdıkları kitap ve günlüklerden ve İsrail hükümetlerinin bu yazılanları uygulamasından biliyoruz.</p>

<p>Konunun daha iyi anlaşılması için, 19. yüzyılda Kudüs Belediye Başkanlığı ve ilk Osmanlı Meclisi'nde 1876 milletvekilliği yapmış Yusuf Diya el-Halidi'nin, 1901 yılında Filistin'de Yahudi devleti kurulacağı söylentileri gündeme geldiğinde Siyonizmin kurucu babası Theodor Herzl'e yazdığı mektuba, Herzl'in ona verdiği cevaba ve günlüğüne yazdığı gerçek niyetine göz atmakta fayda var.</p>

<p>Mektubunda Yusuf Diya, Herzl'e duyduğu hayranlığı dile getiriyor; onu hem bir insan, hem yetenekli bir yazar hem de&nbsp;<em>"gerçek bir Yahudi vatanseveri"&nbsp;</em>olarak takdir ettiğini belirtiyordu. Yahudiliğe ve Yahudilere duyduğu saygıyı da ifade ediyordu.</p>

<p><em>"Bizim için siz akrabasınız"</em>&nbsp;diye yazıyordu; burada hem Yahudiler hem de Müslümanlar tarafından ortak ata olarak kabul edilen Hz. İbrahim'e atıfta bulunuyordu.</p>

<p>Siyonizmin ortaya çıkış nedenlerini anlayışla karşıladığını ve Avrupa'da Yahudilerin uğradığı zulümden üzüntü duyduğunu da ifade ediyordu.</p>

<p>Yusuf Diya el-Halidi, mektubunun sonraki bölümünde Kudüs'ün belediye başkanı ve milletvekili olarak Filistin'de egemen bir Yahudi devletinin kurulmasının doğuracağı tehlikeler konusunda uyarıda bulunuyordu. Siyonist düşüncenin Hristiyanlar, Müslümanlar ve Yahudiler arasında ayrılık ve düşmanlık yaratacağını söylüyordu. Ayrıca bunun, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda o zamana kadar güven içinde yaşamış olan Yahudilerin konumunu da tehlikeye atacağını belirtiyordu.</p>

<p>Yusuf Diya,<em>&nbsp;"Filistin bugün Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır ve – daha da önemlisi – İsrailoğullarından başka insanlar tarafından meskûn bulunmaktadır"&nbsp;</em>diyerek, Filistin'in zaten yerli bir halkı olduğunu ve bu halkın hiçbir zaman yerinden edilmeyi kabul etmeyeceğini ifade ediyordu.</p>

<p><em>"Ne söylediğimi biliyorum"&nbsp;</em>diye vurgulayan Yusuf Diya, Siyonizmin Filistin'i ele geçirmeyi planlaması hâlinde bunun&nbsp;<em>"tam anlamıyla bir delilik"</em>&nbsp;olacağını söyledi.</p>

<p><em>"Talihsiz ama bu yüzden daha az hak sahibi olmayan Yahudi ulusu için başka bir yerde bir yurt aranmalıdır"</em>&nbsp;diyerek sözlerini şu içten çağrıyla bitirdi:</p>

<p><em>Allah aşkına, Filistin'i rahat bırakın.</em></p>

<p><br />
Yusuf Diya'nın mektubu, adeta bir kehanet gibi son 100 yılda yaşanan süreci öngörmüş bir metin olarak tarihe geçti.</p>

<p>Herzl'in Yusuf Diya'ya cevabı gecikmedi ve bu cevap, adeta o günden bugüne kadar Siyonizmin bir yol haritası, bir master planı gibi okunabilir. Herzl, her dönemde ve dünyanın her yerindeki sömürgecilerin başvurduğu standart savı öne sürdü:</p>

<p>Yahudi göçü, Filistin'in yerli halkının yararına olacaktı:</p>

<p><em>Tam da onların refahını ve kişisel zenginliğini artıracağız; çünkü ülkeye bizimkileri getireceğiz.</em></p>

<p><br />
Daha önce de&nbsp;<em>Der Judenstaat&nbsp;</em>adlı kitabındaki ifadelerine paralel olarak şunları ekledi:</p>

<p><em>Eğer zekâlarını, girişimcilik ruhlarını ve mali imkânlarını bu ülkeye getiren belirli sayıda Yahudinin göç etmesine izin verilirse, bunun sonucunun bütün ülkenin refahı olacağı herkes için açık olmalıdır.</em></p>

<p><br />
Dikkat çekici olan, Herzl'in mektubunda Yusuf Diya'nın hiç gündeme getirmediği bir konuya değinmesidir:</p>

<p><em>Siz Filistin'deki Yahudi olmayan nüfusun varlığında başka bir sorun görüyorsunuz. Onları ortadan kaldırmayı kim düşünür ki?</em></p>

<p><br />
Herzl, el-Halidi'nin dile getirmediği bu soruya mektubunda şüphe uyandırmamak için cevap veriyor. Oysa Herzl'in günlüğünde yer alan&nbsp;<em>"ülkenin yoksul nüfusunu fark ettirmeden sınırların ötesine geçirmek"&nbsp;</em>yönündeki arzusu, o günden bugüne Siyonist hareketin ve İsrail devletinin ana politikası hâline gelmiştir.</p>

<p>Herzl'in ortak yazarlarından biri olduğu 1901 tarihli Yahudi-Osmanlı Toprak Şirketi (JOLC) tüzüğü de bu şirkete Filistin'de toprak satın alma ve toprak sahiplerini imparatorluğun başka vilayetlerine ve başka ülkelere yerleştirme hakkını tanımayı öngörüyordu.</p>

<p>Bu çerçevede, İsrail'in ve Siyonizmin politikası tarihsel olarak hiçbir dönemde gerçek bir barış arayışına dayanmamıştır. Kuruluşundan itibaren benimsenen strateji, Filistinlilerin varlığını tanımak yerine onları aşamalı biçimde topraksızlaştırmak, yerinden etmek ve yaşam alanlarını daraltmak olmuştur.</p>

<p>1948'deki Nakba (Büyük Felaket) sırasında milyonlarca Filistinlinin yerlerinden edilmesi, bu yapısal politikanın erken dönem tezahürlerinden biridir. Bu durum, Herzl'in dışında diğer Siyonist liderlerin ifadelerinde de açık biçimde görülür. Filistin topraklarının önce para yoluyla satın alınmasını öngören Yahudi Millî Fonu'nun 1932'den 1948'e kadar başkanlığını yapan ve İsrail Devleti kurulduktan sonra da bu görevine devam eden Josef Weitz, Filistinlilerin transfer edilmesinin en radikal savunucularından biriydi.</p>

<p>Weitz'e göre, önce para ile, daha sonra ise zorla alınan Filistin topraklarında Yahudilerden başka kimse yaşamamalıdır. Weitz, bu bağlamda Aralık 1940 yılında günlüğüne şunları yazmaktadır:</p>

<p><em>Aramızda açık olmalı ki, bu ülkede iki halk için yer yoktur. … Araplarla birlikte … bu küçük ülkede bağımsız bir halk olma hedefimize ulaşamayacağız. Tek çözüm, Arapların bulunmadığı bir ülkedir… ve başka bir yol yoktur; Arapları buradan komşu ülkelere nakletmek gerekir — hepsini, tek bir köy, tek bir kabile bile geride kalmamalıdır…</em></p>

<p><br />
Bugün Gazze ve Batı Şeria'daki zulmün ve soykırımın arkasındaki bu zihniyet, kısa vadeli hedeflerine vardıkça büyük hedefine ilerlemeye devam edecektir. Günümüzde Lübnan ve Suriye'de yaşanan İsrail politikası,&nbsp;<em>"Büyük İsrail"&nbsp;</em>başlıklı master planın farklı bir aşamasıdır.</p>

<p>Bu tarihsel perspektiften bakıldığı zaman, İsrailli yetkililerin Türkiye ile ilgili yaptığı açıklamaları çok ciddiye alarak Türkiye şimdiden tedbir almalıdır. İsrail, Irak ve İran'a ABD'yi saldırtmadan önce bu ülkelerin liderlerini şeytanlaştırdı.</p>

<p>Avrupa'da ve ABD'de bu ülkeler aleyhine kamuoyu oluşturdu ve bu ülkelere saldırıyı meşru bir zeminde gerçekleştiriyormuş gibi bir izlenim bıraktı. Bu anlamda İsrail, uzun vadeli planlar yapabilen ve uygulayabilen bir ülkedir. Türkiye, İsrail tehlikesini görüp ona göre askerî tedbir aldığını gösteren işaretler vermektedir.</p>

<p>İsrail tehdidine karşı Türkiye iki&nbsp;alanda ayrıca özellikle hazırlıklı olmalıdır. Bunlardan ilki, Türkiye'nin Avrupa ve ABD'de güçlü bir lobi ve imaj çalışması yapmasıdır. İsrail, ABD'de AIPAC isimli lobi örgütü ile çok güçlü faaliyetler yürüterek Amerikan karar alıcıları üzerinde etkili olabilmektedir.</p>

<p>Aynı zamanda ABD medyasında da çok güçlü bir Yahudi etkisi bulunmaktadır. AIPAC'in benzeri bir şekilde İsrail, ELNET isimli bir lobi grubunu da Avrupa'da kurdu. Hâlihazırda özellikle Almanya ve Fransa olmak üzere ELNET, Avrupa'da faaliyetlerde bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca başta Almanya'da Springer Grubu olmak üzere Avrupa medyasında da güçlü bir İsrail destekçisi bulunmaktadır.</p>

<p>Türkiye'nin maalesef söz konusu ülkelerde ne benzer şekilde bir lobi gücü bulunmaktadır ne de medya desteği vardır. Bu amaçla kurulmuş Türkiye'deki siyasi partilerin bu ülkelerde bu anlamda faaliyetleri bulunmadığı gibi, bu teşkilatları partileri adına yöneten sorumluların ve bu teşkilatların yöneticilerinin de bu anlamda yeterli becerileri bulunmamakta, ayrıca kendilerinin de meşruiyet sorunları bulunmaktadır.</p>

<p>Türk diplomatları da bu anlamda, istisnalar hariç, maalesef donanımlı değiller. Yıllardır Avrupa'da yaşayan biri olarak, Türk büyükelçilerinin televizyon programlarına ve think tanklere konuşmacı olarak katıldıklarına nadiren şahit oldum.</p>

<p>Uzmanlar tarafından&nbsp;<em>"Single-Issue Donors"&nbsp;</em>olarak adlandırılan kavram, tek bir konuda sonuca ulaşmak için yüklü miktarda para harcayan insanları tanımlamaktadır. İsrail'in bu çerçevede gönüllü destekçisi olan<em>&nbsp;"gönüllü askerleri"&nbsp;</em>bulunmaktadır. Donald Trump, 13 Ekim 2025'te İsrail Parlamentosu Knesset'te bir konuşma yaptı.</p>

<p>Yaklaşık 1 saat süren konuşmasının sonlarına doğru, ilk başkanlık döneminde ABD Büyükelçiliği'ni Tel Aviv'den Kudüs'e taşıma kararına da değindi. Trump, bu adımı nedeniyle dünya genelinde yoğun eleştirilere maruz kalmıştı. Kudüs'ün statüsü, Ortadoğu çatışmasının en hassas meselelerinden biri olarak kabul ediliyor; hem İsrail hem de Filistin şehir üzerinde siyasi ve dinî hak iddia ediyor.</p>

<p>Video görüntülerinde de görüldüğü üzere Trump, 2025 yılındaki konuşmasında bu eleştirilerin çok da umurunda olmadığını gösteriyordu:</p>

<p><em>Onlarca yıldır her ABD başkanı bunu vaat etti. Aradaki fark şu ki ben sözümü tuttum.</em></p>

<p><br />
İsrail Parlamentosu'nda ayakta alkışlar yükseldi.</p>

<p>Ardından Trump doğrudan salondaki bir kadına döndü:</p>

<p><em>Öyle değil mi, Miriam?</em></p>

<p><br />
ABD Başkanı ayağa kalkmasını istediğinde kadın mahcup bir gülümsemeyle yerinden doğruldu.</p>

<p><em>Şuradaki masum masum oturan Miriam'a bir bakın. Hesabında 60 milyar dolar var. Tam 60 milyar dolar.</em></p>

<p><br />
İşte bu servet, Trump'ın sözünü tutmasının nedenlerinden biri olmuş olabilir ve olmaya da devam edebilir. Çünkü Miriam Adelson ile kumarhaneler kralı eşi Sheldon Adelson, uzun yıllardır Cumhuriyetçi Parti'nin destekçileri arasında yer alıyor.</p>

<p>Nitekim Sheldon Adelson, Trump'ın 2016 seçim kampanyasında ABD Büyükelçiliği'ni Kudüs'e taşıma sözü vermesinin ardından ona 20 milyon dolar bağışlamıştı.</p>

<p>Trump, 2024'te yeniden başkanlığa aday olduğunda, Miriam Adelson Trump'a 100 milyon dolar destek verdi.</p>

<p>Kaynaklara göre günümüzde serveti 40 milyar doların üzerinde olan Adelson, bugün de siyasete çok büyük miktarlarda yatırım yapıyor. ABD Federal Seçim Komisyonu (FEC) verilerine göre Adelson, 2026'nın ilk 6 ayında Cumhuriyetçi kuruluşlara toplam 66,8 milyon dolar bağış yaptı.</p>

<p>Miriam Adelson açısından bu bağışların temel nedeni, ABD dış politikasının İsrail doğrultusunda karar almasını sağlamaktır. Türkiye aleyhine Avrupa ve ABD'de çıkan haberlerde ve uygulanan politikalarda Adelson gibi isimlerin bağışlarının rolü olduğunu herhâlde belirtmeye gerek yoktur.</p>

<p>Bir diğer husus ise, istihbarat alanında İsrail'in faaliyetlerini sadece engellemek değil, aynı zamanda proaktif bir şekilde karşılık vermektir. İsrail'in savaş sırasında İran'daki istihbarat faaliyetleri tüm çıplaklığı ile göz önüne çıktı. Mossad'ın nasıl çalıştığına dair Jonathan Mor müstear isimli eski bir Mossad ajanının yeni yazdığı kitaba göz atmakta fayda var.</p>

<p>Mossad'a ajan olarak kazanmak istedikleri insanların telefon ve diğer iletişim kanallarını aylarca takip edip hedef kişinin zaaflarını ve problemlerini keşfederek bunları nasıl kullandıklarını detaylı bir şekilde anlatıyor. İran'da İsrail'in kurduğu dron depolarının bu tür ajanlar üzerinden yapılan faaliyetlerin sonucu olduğunu belirtmeye gerek yok. Türkiye bu anlamda da aşırı dikkatli olmalıdır.</p>

<p>İsrail, 1967 sınırlarında kalarak varlığını sürdürseydi, muhtemelen bölgede ne bu kadar kan dökülürdü ne de huzursuzluk olurdu. Fakat İsrailli devlet adamları, ideolojik ve fanatik görüşleri ile bölgeyi kan gölüne çevirerek çıkmaz sokağa saplandı.</p>

<p>Bu çıkmaz sokağı yıllar önce bir başka Yahudi olan filozof Hannah Arendt realist bir şekilde anlatmış:</p>

<p><em>Eğer Siyonistler, Akdeniz halklarını görmezden gelmeye ve yalnızca uzaktaki büyük güçlere bel bağlamaya devam ederlerse, onların yalnızca bu güçlerin araçları, yabancı ve düşmanca çıkarların temsilcileri olarak görüneceklerdir.</em></p>

<p><em>Kendi tarihini bilen Yahudiler, böyle bir durumun kaçınılmaz olarak yeni bir Yahudi düşmanlığı dalgasına yol açacağını bilmelidirler. Yarınki antisemitizm, Yahudilerin yalnızca o bölgedeki yabancı büyük güçlerin varlığından yararlandıklarını değil, aynı zamanda bunu planladıklarını ve dolayısıyla sonuçlarından sorumlu olduklarını iddia edecektir.</em></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Bu içerik serbest gazeteci veya konuk yazarlar tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Bu içerikte yer alan görüş ve ifadeler yazara aittir BRUXELLES KORNER in editöryal politikasını yansıtmayabilir.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:58:37 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2022/03/bulent-guven-1648377276.jpg"/>
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                                <item>
                <title>GURBET mi, SILA mı?</title>
                <category>Sait Kose</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gurbet-mi-sila-mi-1278</link>
                <author>skose6826@GMAIL.COM (Sait Kose)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/gurbet-mi-sila-mi-1278</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[GURBET mi, SILA mı?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:36px"><strong>Pazar Yazısı</strong></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><strong><span style="font-size:48px">GURBET mi, SILA mı?</span></strong></em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Her yaz aynı cümleyi duyuyoruz:</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>"Gurbetçiler geldi."</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Peki gerçekten gurbete mi geliyorlar?</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Yoksa sılaya mı?</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Aslında gurbet; insanın vatanından uzakta yaşadığı yerdir.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Sıla ise insanın özlediği, dönmek istediği yerdir.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/756525983_28451459024456551_3979424683833838389_n.jpg" /></strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>O halde yazın Türkiye'ye gelen milyonlarca insan gurbete değil, sılaya geliyor.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Belki de bu yüzden bazı şehirlerimize "Gurbetin Şehri" demek yerine, "Sılanın Şehrii" demek daha doğru olur.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bu düşünce dün akşam ağabeyimin köydeki şark köşesinde, babamdan kalan eski radyoyu görünce aklıma geldi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bir anda çocukluğuma döndüm...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Akşam işten geldiğinde ilk işi o eski radyonun düğmesini çevirmek olurdu.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Önce cızırtılar başlardı...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>"Caaşş... Caaşş...Cıızz. Cızz..."</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Türkiye'nin Sesi Radyosu'nu bulmaya çalışırdı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bazen saatlerce uğraşır, frekansı yakalayamazdı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>O zaman yönünü Budapeşte Radyosu'na çevirirdi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Türkçe yayın yaparlardı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Yıllar sonra anladım ki, o yayınların önemli bir kısmı</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Soğuk Savaş döneminde komünizm propagandası amacıyla yapılıyormuş.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Ama o günlerde bizim için önemli olan siyaset değildi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Türkçe bir ses duymaktı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/756943160_28451458521123268_1133712353386007123_n.jpg" style="height:800px; width:600px" /></strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bugün düşünüyorum da...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Babam aslında bir radyo istasyonu aramıyormuş.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Memleketini arıyormuş,köyünü arıyormuş.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>O yıllar bugünkü gibi değildi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bir telefon etmek bile büyük meseleydi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Mektuplar günlerce, bazen haftalarca yol giderdi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Telgraf gelince herkes telaşlanırdı,şimdi gece 2'de uykunuzu bölen bir telefon sesi gibi düşünün.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Yaz tatili ise başlı başına bir maceraydı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Klimalı arabalar yoktu,navigasyon yoktu.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Eski Yugoslavya yollarında...Belgrad'da...Zagreb'de...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Sınır kapılarında saatlerce beklenirdi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Ama kimse şikâyet etmezdi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Çünkü yolun sonunda sıla vardı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Belki bu yazıyı deniz ya da havuz kenarında okuyorsunuz...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Belki memleketinizde, ailenizle birlikte bir çay içerken...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Belki de bu yıl çeşitli sebeplerle izne gidememenin burukluğunu yaşayarak gurbette...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Nerede olursanız olun, eminim bu satırlarda kendinizden bir parça bulacaksınız.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bugün her şey değişti.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Akıllı telefonlarımız var.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Görüntülü konuşabiliyoruz.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Klimalı arabalarla, konforlu uçaklarla memlekete</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>geliyoruz.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Mesafeler kısaldı..."Brüksel monté Eskişehir tombé"<img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t51/1/16/1f603.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /><img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t51/1/16/1f603.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /></strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Ama bir şey hiç değişmedi.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Memleket özlemi...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Bekleyiş...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Ve kavuşmanın verdiği mutluluk...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Belki de mesele sadece bir kelime değildir.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>İnsan nerede yaşarsa yaşasın, kalbinin bir yarısı hep başka bir yerdedir.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Belki yollar kısaldı...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Ama sılanın değeri hiç azalmadı.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>İyi ki hatıralar eskimiyor...</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Çünkü bazen eski bir radyo, insana bütün çocukluğunu yeniden dinletebiliyor.</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>İyi Pazarlar, iyi tatiller.</strong></span></p>

<p><strong><em><span style="font-size:14px">Sait Köse</span></em></strong></p>

<p><em><span style="font-size:14px">Eskişehir, Pazar 26 Temmuz 2026</span></em></p>

<p><em><span style="font-size:14px">Dipnot : 2.foto Emirdağ Dağılgan köyünden</span></em></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 12:37:28 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>AK Parti ve yurt dışı Türkleri arasında yol ayrımı mı?</title>
                <category>Bülent Güven</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ak-parti-ve-yurt-disi-turkleri-arasinda-yol-ayrimi-mi-1277</link>
                <author>guvenbulent@hotmail.com (Bülent Güven)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ak-parti-ve-yurt-disi-turkleri-arasinda-yol-ayrimi-mi-1277</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[AK Parti ve yurt dışı Türkleri arasında yol ayrımı mı?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>AK Parti ve yurt dışı Türkleri arasında yol ayrımı mı?</h1>

<h2>Dr. Bülent Güven</h2>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/0786a673-1981-44b4-9ff2-d3403fbd28bc.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p><em>Birlikte olması gerekenler bir araya geliyor.</em></p>

<p><em>(Jetzt wächst zusammen, was zusammen gehört!)</em></p>

<p><br />
Bu sözleri, Almanya'nın 1969'dan 1974 yılına kadar başbakanlığını yapmış efsane isim Willy Brandt, 1990 yılında iki Almanya'nın birleşme sürecinde söylemişti.</p>

<p>İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra 40 yıl boyunca birbirinden ayrılmış aynı milletin tekrar bir araya gelmesini daha veciz bir şekilde ifade etmek herhâlde zor olurdu.</p>

<p>Almanya'nın 1990 yılında yeniden birleşmesini bana hatırlatan neden, son yıllarda yurt dışında yaşayan 8 milyon Türkün Türkiye ve Türk toplumundan ayrıştırılmasına yönelik Türkiye'de oluşan toplumsal tepkiler ve bir kısım devlet politikalarıdır.</p>

<p>Willy Brandt bugün yaşasaydı ve Türk toplumunda özellikle Avrupa'da yaşayan Türklere yönelik tepkileri ve son birkaç yıldır uygulanan devlet politikalarını gözlemleseydi, muhtemelen bugün şöyle bir cümle kurardı:</p>

<p><em>Ayrışmaması gerekenler ayrılıyor.</em></p>

<p><br />
Sosyolojik olarak aynı kültürden ve aynı coğrafyadan gelseler de insanlar birbirinden kopuk yaşadıkları zaman gerçekten kültürel ve zihinsel bir kopuş yaşayabiliyor.</p>

<p>Bunu hem, iki Almanya'nın siyasi olarak birleşmesinin üzerinden 36 yıl geçmesine rağmen kültürel ve zihinsel anlamda hâlâ tam olarak birleşememiş olmalarını farklı örneklerle teyit etmek mümkündür.</p>

<p>Aynı şekilde, bundan 100 yıl önce Türkiye açısından bugün Antep ne ise Halep de oydu. İki şehirde yaşayan insanlar aynı ülkenin vatandaşlarıydı.</p>

<p>Günümüzde ise Halep'ten gelen insanlara karşı Türkiye'de bir parti kurulup hatırı sayılır bir oy oranına ulaşılabiliyor.</p>

<p>Asıl konuya gelirsek; son yıllarda, daha önce de belirtildiği gibi, özellikle Avrupa'da yaşayan Türklere yönelik Türk toplumunda ciddi bir tepki oluşmuş durumda.</p>

<p>Bu toplumsal tepkiyi daha önceki bir yazımda ele alarak 2 nedene bağlamıştım:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Birincisi, Avrupa'da yaşayan Türklerin son yıllarda yapılan seçimlerde AK Parti ve Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'a oy vermeleri;</li>
	<li>İkincisi ise yine son yıllarda Türkiye'de yaşanan ekonomik sıkıntılardan dolayı Avrupalı Türklere yönelik kıskançlık olarak tanımlanabilir.</li>
</ul>

<p>Türkiye'de yurt dışında yaşayan Türklere yönelik bu toplumsal tepkinin dışında, devletin de son yıllarda yurt dışındaki Türkleri olumsuz etkileyen bazı yasal düzenlemeleri bulunmaktadır.</p>

<p>Bunlardan biri, bu yazıyı kaleme almama vesile olan bir Avrupalı Türkün aracına Türkiye'de polis tarafından 19 bin avro ceza kesilmesidir.</p>

<p>Araç sahibi araçta olmasına rağmen polis bu cezayı kesmiş. Oysa hukuken araç sahibi araçta bulunduğu hâlde böyle bir cezanın kesilmemesi gerekiyor.</p>

<p>Ancak yurt dışında yaşayan Türklere araçlarını Türkiye'de 2 yıl kullanma hakkı verilmesine rağmen, bu hakkın birçok şarta bağlanıp karmaşık bir mevzuat oluşturulmasından dolayı burada tasvir edilen durumlarla karşı karşıya kalınabiliyor.</p>

<p>Bir diğer olumsuz gelişme ise bedelli askerlik alanında yaşanıyor. 2016 yılında 6 bin avro olan bedelli askerlik ücreti, AK Parti hükümeti tarafından&nbsp;bin avroya düşürüldü.</p>

<p>Fakat daha sonra kademeli olarak önce 4 bine, ardından 6 bine, şimdi ise 8 bin avroya çıkarıldı.</p>

<p>Bu artışla birlikte son yıllarda Avrupa'da yaşayan Türk gençleri artık Türk vatandaşlığından çıkıp bulundukları ülkenin vatandaşlığına geçiyor.</p>

<p>Bu süreç hem yurt dışında bedelli askerlikten yararlananların sayısını düşürüyor hem de Türk vatandaşlığından çıkan gençlerin uzun vadede Türkiye'ye olan aidiyet duygularını kaybetmelerinin önünü açıyor.</p>

<p>Türkiye, bu vesileyle yurt dışındaki güçlü diasporasını zaman içinde kaybederek stratejik bir hataya düşüyor.</p>

<p>Bu konuyu şahsen Türkiye'deki yetkililerle de konuştuğum için onların bakış açısını öğrenme fırsatım oldu.</p>

<p>Onlara göre, Türkiye'de bedelli askerlikten yararlananlar nasıl söz konusu meblağı ödüyorlarsa, yurt dışında yaşayanlar da ödemelidir.</p>

<p>Bu, klasik bir bürokrat bakış açısıdır. Meselenin sosyolojik ve siyasi boyutunu ihmal eden sığ ve teknokratik bir yaklaşım.</p>

<p>Avrupa'da doğup büyümüş bir genç ile Türkiye'de doğup büyümüş bir gence aynı gözle bakmak oldukça sığ bir yaklaşım olur.</p>

<p>Mesele ülkeye faydalı olmak ise içeridekinin faydası farklı bir yoldan, dışarıdakinin faydası ise başka bir boyuttan olur.</p>

<p>Fakat bu durum devam ederse Türkiye, yurt dışında bedelli askerlikten faydalanan gençleri; AK Parti ise kendisine oy verecek seçmenleri bulamayacaktır.</p>

<p>Benzer bir durumu yurt dışında yaşayan Türklerin emekliliğinde de görüyoruz.</p>

<p>Önceki yıllarda yine AK Parti döneminde yapılan bir iyileştirme ile yurt dışında yaşayan Türkler, belli bir ücret karşılığında Türkiye'de yaş şartını doldurduklarında SGK'den emekli olabiliyordu.</p>

<p>Fakat 2019 yılında yapılan yeni bir düzenleme ile yurt dışındaki Türkler artık SGK'den değil, Bağ-Kur'dan emekli olabiliyor.</p>

<p>Bu şu anlama geliyor: Eskiye oranla emekli olmak için ortalama yüzde 30 civarında daha fazla prim yatırılması gerekiyor; bunun karşılığında ise yine eskiye oranla yaklaşık yüzde 30 daha az emekli maaşı alınıyor.</p>

<p>Bu yeni emeklilik sisteminin yurt dışında yaşayan biri için artık bir cazibesi kalmadığı gibi, çoğu insanın 50-60 bin avro civarında bir parayı bir araya getirip emeklilik primi olarak yatırması da çok düşük bir ihtimaldir.</p>

<p>Bu nedenle Türk vatandaşlığında kalmak artık yurt dışında yaşayan bir Türk için çok cazip hâle gelmiyor.</p>

<p>Burada tasvir edilen bu sorunlara, yurt dışındaki Türkleri ilgilendiren başka problemleri de eklemek mümkündür.</p>

<p>Örneğin, yurt dışındaki Türklerin Türkiye'deki banka bilgilerinin yaşadıkları ülkelerdeki maliye idarelerine bildirilmesi ve bu nedenle oradaki insanların finansal açıdan da mağdur edilmeleri gibi.</p>

<p>Yurt dışındaki Türklere yönelik bu olumsuz yasal düzenlemelerin özellikle AK Parti döneminde gerçekleşmesi oldukça ilginçtir.</p>

<p>Uzun yıllardır yurt dışında yaşayan biri olarak yakından biliyorum ki Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ın yurt dışında ve özellikle de Avrupa'da yaşayan Türklere özel bir ilgisi ve muhabbeti var.</p>

<p>Yurt dışındaki Türklere yönelik birçok olumlu yasal düzenleme Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan döneminde hayata geçirildi.</p>

<p>Yurt dışındaki Türkler de Erdoğan'ın kendilerine yönelik bu ilgisine, ona Türkiye ortalamasının üzerinde verdikleri oylarla karşılık verdiler.</p>

<p>Fakat bu gidiş devam ederse, söz konusu nedenlerden dolayı yurt dışında AK Parti'ye gelecek oylar erimeye başlayacak; hatta bu erime başladı bile.</p>

<p>En başta da Türk vatandaşlığının getirdiği maddi külfet nedeniyle orada doğup büyümüş gençlerin bedelli askerlik ücreti sebebiyle Türk vatandaşlığından çıkmaları bunun ilk adımlarından biridir.</p>

<p>Burada asıl sorulması gereken soru, AK Parti'nin aslında ülkeye maddi olarak çok da getirisi olmayan ve kendi oy tabanına da zarar veren bu uygulamaları neden yaptığıdır.</p>

<p>Bu nedenlerin en önemlisi, Türkiye'deki devlet bürokratlarının olaya bakışıdır. Yurt dışındaki sosyolojiyi bilmeyen bürokratlar, bu meselelere bakkal defteri mantığıyla yaklaşmaktadır.</p>

<p>Meseleye<em>&nbsp;"Bu işin maddi getirisi nedir, maddi götürüsü nedir?"</em>&nbsp;perspektifinden bakılıyor; olayın siyasi ve stratejik boyutu ise ihmal ediliyor.</p>

<p>Bir diğer önemli neden ise yurt dışındaki Türklerin temsil sorunudur. AK Parti'nin yurt dışındaki Türklere yönelik iyileştirmelerinde dönemin AK Parti milletvekilleri Metin Külünk ve Mustafa Yeneroğlu'nun payı büyüktür.</p>

<p>Bu 2 isim, bürokratik direnişe rağmen Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan ile bizzat görüşerek söz konusu iyileştirmelerin hayata geçirilmesini sağlamışlardı.</p>

<p>Son yıllarda AK Parti içinde bu alandaki sorumluluğu kim üstlenmişse, yapılan uygulamalara bakıldığında görevini yeterince iyi yerine getirmediği açık ve nettir.</p>

<p>Hâlihazırda bu sorumluluğu taşıyan kişilerin, Külünk ve Yeneroğlu'nun zamanında ortaya koydukları performansı ve cesareti sergileyemedikleri görülmektedir.</p>

<p>Yaşanan tüm bu olumsuz gelişmelere rağmen, bu isimlerin kayda değer bir inisiyatif aldıklarına da tanık olunmamaktadır.</p>

<p>Oysa AK Parti bünyesinde, yurt dışındaki Türklerin sorunlarına hâkim, bölgedeki vatandaşlar nezdinde karşılığı bulunan Oğuz Üçüncü ve Fatih Toprak gibi isimler bulunmaktadır.</p>

<p>Bu kişilere bu konularda daha fazla sorumluluk verilebilir. Aksi takdirde AK Parti, yurt dışındaki seçmen desteğini kaybetmeye devam edecek; yurt dışındaki Türkler de Türkiye'deki hak ve kazanımlarının zayıflaması riskiyle karşı karşıya kalacaktır.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Bu içerik serbest gazeteci veya konuk yazarlar tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Bu içerikte yer alan görüş ve ifadeler yazara aittir Bruxelles&nbsp; Korner'nin editöryal politikasını yansıtmayabilir.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2026 00:37:28 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Zorbalık: En Derin Yaralar Her Zaman Görünmez</title>
                <category>Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/zorbalik-en-derin-yaralar-her-zaman-gorunmez-1276</link>
                <author>YESIMSARIKAYA@bruxelleskorner.com (Doç. Dr. Yeşim Sırakaya)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/zorbalik-en-derin-yaralar-her-zaman-gorunmez-1276</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Zorbalık: En Derin Yaralar Her Zaman Görünmez]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Zorbalık: En Derin Yaralar Her Zaman Görünmez</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hiç bir cümlenin gün boyu aklınızdan çıkmadığı oldu mu? Belki bir öğretmeninizin, belki bir yöneticinizin, belki de hiç tanımadığınız birinin söylediği tek bir söz… Aradan yıllar geçmiş olmasına rağmen hâlâ hatırlıyorsunuz. Çünkü bazı yaralar bedende değil, zihinde iz bırakır. Üstelik bu izler çoğu zaman dışarıdan fark edilmez. İşte zorbalık tam da böyle bir olgudur. Çoğu insan zorbalığı yalnızca okul çağındaki çocukların yaşadığı bir problem olarak düşünür. Oysa gerçek bundan çok daha geniştir. Zorbalık; okulda, iş yerinde, aile içinde, sosyal medyada ve günlük yaşamın birçok alanında karşımıza çıkabilen, insanın psikolojik iyi oluşunu derinden etkileyen bir davranış biçimidir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/13edabdf-ff63-4332-b2e8-ed46c80a0012.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peki neden son yıllarda zorbalığı daha fazla konuşuyoruz? Gerçekten zorbalık mı arttı, yoksa artık görünmeyen yaraları fark etmeye mi başladık?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Eskiden zorbalık denildiğinde akla çoğunlukla fiziksel şiddet gelirdi. Oysa bugün biliyoruz ki bir insanı sürekli küçümsemek, dışlamak, alay etmek, yok saymak, yaptığı işi değersiz göstermek ya da onu toplum içinde utandırmak da en az fiziksel şiddet kadar yıkıcı sonuçlar doğurabiliyor. Üstelik psikolojik zorbalığın en zor tarafı, çoğu zaman kanıtlanmasının güç olmasıdır. Bir tokadın izi görülebilir; fakat küçümsenen bir insanın özgüvenindeki kırılmayı ölçmek o kadar kolay değildir. İnsan beyni sosyal bir organdır. Kabul görmek, ait hissetmek ve saygı görmek temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarımız arasındadır. Bu nedenle dışlanmak ya da aşağılanmak yalnızca duygusal bir deneyim değildir. Psikoloji ve nörobilim alanındaki araştırmalar, sosyal reddedilmenin beyinde fiziksel acıyla benzer sinir ağlarını harekete geçirebildiğini göstermektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle, "Sadece bir şakaydı." diyerek geçiştirilen bazı davranışlar, maruz kalan kişi için hiç de şaka olmayabilir. Belki siz de buna benzer bir olaya tanıklık etmişsinizdir. Bir toplantıda sürekli sözü kesilen bir çalışan… Sınıfta arkadaşlarının alay ettiği bir öğrenci… Sosyal medyada görünüşü nedeniyle yüzlerce yorum alan bir genç… Ortak noktaları yalnızca incinmiş olmaları değildir. Ortak noktaları, zamanla kendilerini değersiz hissetmeye başlamalarıdır. Çünkü insan, sürekli maruz kaldığı mesajlara bir süre sonra inanmaya başlayabilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İlginç olan ise zorbalığın her zaman yüksek sesle yapılmamasıdır. Bazen en ağır zorbalık sessizlikle gerçekleşir. Bir kişiyi sürekli toplantılara çağırmamak, fikirlerini görmezden gelmek, başarılarını yok saymak ya da sosyal çevreden bilinçli şekilde dışlamak da zorbalığın farklı biçimleridir. Bu davranışlar tek başına küçük görünebilir. Ancak sürekli tekrarlandığında kişinin aidiyet duygusunu, motivasyonunu ve psikolojik dayanıklılığını ciddi biçimde zedeleyebilir. Endüstri ve örgüt psikolojisi alanında yapılan çalışmalar da bu durumu desteklemektedir. Çalışanlar yalnızca iş yükü nedeniyle tükenmişlik yaşamıyor. Sürekli eleştirilen, değersiz hissettirilen veya dışlanan bireylerde stres düzeyi yükseliyor; iş doyumu azalıyor, yaratıcılık ve performans olumsuz etkileniyor. Çünkü beyin tehdit altında hissettiğinde enerjisinin önemli bir bölümünü kendini korumaya ayırıyor. Böyle bir ortamda üretmek, öğrenmek ve yenilik geliştirmek giderek zorlaşıyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bir başka önemli soru da şu: İnsanlar neden zorbalık yapar?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İlk bakışta bunun nedeni güç gibi görünebilir. Oysa psikolojik açıdan tablo daha karmaşıktır. Araştırmalar, bazı zorba davranışların altında yetersizlik duygusu, düşük özsaygı, empati eksikliği, öğrenilmiş davranış kalıpları ya da kontrol ihtiyacının bulunabileceğini göstermektedir. Elbette bu durum zorbalığı haklı çıkarmaz. Ancak sorunun yalnızca mağduru değil, davranışın nedenlerini de anlamadan kalıcı çözümler üretmek kolay değildir. Son yıllarda dijital dünyanın gelişmesiyle birlikte zorbalık yeni bir boyut kazandı. Eskiden okuldan ya da işten eve dönen kişi en azından bulunduğu ortamdan uzaklaşabiliyordu. Bugün ise telefon ekranı cebimizde taşınan yeni bir sosyal alana dönüştü. Anonim hesaplar, aşağılayıcı yorumlar, alaycı paylaşımlar ve dışlayıcı içerikler günün her saatinde karşımıza çıkabiliyor. Üstelik dijital ortamda yapılan bir paylaşım saniyeler içinde binlerce kişiye ulaşabiliyor. Bu da psikolojik etkinin çok daha geniş ve kalıcı olmasına neden olabiliyor.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peki zorbalık karşısında ne yapabiliriz?</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Her şeyden önce zorbalığı normalleştirmemeliyiz. "Bizim zamanımızda da olurdu.", "Biraz güçlü olsun." ya da "Şaka kaldırmayı öğrensin." gibi ifadeler, çoğu zaman sorunu çözmek yerine görünmez hâle getiriyor. Oysa mizah ile aşağılamayı, eleştiri ile küçük düşürmeyi birbirinden ayırabilmek sağlıklı ilişkilerin temelidir. İkinci olarak sessiz kalmanın her zaman tarafsızlık olmadığını unutmamalıyız. Bazen tek bir destek cümlesi bile zorbalığa maruz kalan kişinin yalnız olmadığını hissettirebilir. Yapılan araştırmalar, çevresinden sosyal destek gören bireylerin zorbalığın olumsuz psikolojik etkileriyle daha iyi başa çıkabildiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle bazen büyük çözümler değil, küçük ama samimi destekler en güçlü etkiyi oluşturabilir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kendimize de şu soruyu sormamız gerekiyor: Günlük hayatımızda istemeden de olsa başkalarını inciten davranışlarımız olabilir mi? Birini konuşurken sürekli bölmek, fikirlerini küçümsemek, başarılarını görmezden gelmek ya da sosyal çevreden dışlamak çoğu zaman zorbalık olarak adlandırılmasa da karşı tarafta derin izler bırakabilir. Empati, yalnızca başkasının ne hissettiğini anlamaya çalışmak değil; kendi davranışlarımızın onda nasıl bir etki oluşturabileceğini de fark edebilmektir. Belki de asıl güç, başkalarını susturabilmekte değil; onların kendilerini güvende hissedebileceği bir ortam oluşturabilmektedir. Çünkü insanlar korktukları yerde yalnızca susarlar; kendilerini güvende hissettikleri yerde ise düşünür, üretir ve gelişirler.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Unutmamak gerekir ki zorbalık çoğu zaman birkaç saniyede gerçekleşir; etkisi ise yıllarca sürebilir. Söylenen bir söz unutulabilir ama o sözün insanda bıraktığı duygu uzun süre yaşamaya devam eder. Bu nedenle hepimiz, kullandığımız kelimelerin ve sergilediğimiz davranışların başkalarının hayatında nasıl izler bırakabileceğini düşünmeliyiz.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Belki de bugün kendimize sormamız gereken en önemli soru şudur: İnsanların bizden uzaklaşmasının nedeni söylediklerimiz mi, yoksa onlara hissettirdiklerimiz mi? Çünkü gerçek güç, korku uyandırmakta değil; güven verebilmektedir. Ve bazen bir insanın hayatını değiştiren şey, büyük bir iyilik değil; küçük ama incitmeyen bir davranıştır.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Doç. Dr. Yeşim SIRAKAYA</span></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 22:15:47 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Eskişehir\&#039;den Sint-Niklaas\&#039;a uzanan yolculuk.</title>
                <category>Nerkiz Sahin</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/eskisehirden-sint-niklaasa-uzanan-yolculuk-1275</link>
                <author>nrkiz@bruxelleskorner.com (Nerkiz Sahin)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/eskisehirden-sint-niklaasa-uzanan-yolculuk-1275</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Eskişehir\'den Sint-Niklaas\'a uzanan yolculuk.]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:28px"><strong>Eskişehir'den Sint-Niklaas'a uzanan yolculuk.</strong></span></p>

<p>Yunus'un izinde adım adım deyip yazmakla kalmayıp, yol alıp Yunus'un izinde sevgiyle ve hoşgörüyle yürüyerek, tabii ki yürüyerek burada mecazi oldu biraz, İdil hanım uçak yolculuğu yaparak Eskişehirden buralara kadar geldi.&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e224e3eb-739f-4f07-adc7-09072f51f6d9.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /><br />
Belçika'ya gelen İdil hanım ile Yunus Emre'yi ve çıkmış olan kitabımızı konuşmak güzeldi. Daha önce çıkmış olan kitabımız olsun, Eskişehir serüvenimiz olsun bahsetmiştim köşemde kısa da olsa. Bu defa İdil hanımı ve yaptıklarını tanımanızı istedim.&nbsp;<br />
Böylece köşemde de bir farklılık olacak aslında.&nbsp;</p>

<p>İdil Çeliker, Hatay’ın İskenderun ilçesinde doğup, ilk ve orta öğrenimini İskenderun’da tamamlamış. Bir yandan da rahmetli babası Şahap BAĞIRSAKÇI’ nın teşvikleri ile Türk Müziği Korolarına katılıp, Türk müziği nazariyatı ve ud dersleri almış. 2002 yıllında Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fizik bölümünden mezun olan İdil hanım, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü’ nde Fizik Tezli Yüksek Lisans (2005), Eğitim Bilimleri Fizik Öğretmenliği Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans (2004) ve Konya Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesinde Türk Müziği Devlet Konservatuarında Tezli Yüksek Lisans (2025) programlarını tamamlamış.</p>

<p>Uzun yıllar eğitmenliğe ve müziğe hayatında yer vermiştir ve son olarak 2020- 2023 yılları arasında Ömer Faruk BAYRAKÇI’dan kanun sazı icrası eğitimi almıştır. 2021 itibariyle Göksel BAKTAGİR, 2025 itibariyle &nbsp;Emre TÜRE ile kanun icrası eğitimleri devam etmektedir. Ayrıca, bilinçaltının insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri, kuantum şifa üzerine araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Bioenerji, Access Bars, Access Facelifting, Access Foundation, JAAS ve Thetahealing &nbsp;ARUS alanlarında çalışmaları devam etmektedir.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Benim tanıştığım gün koro şefliği yaptığı koro'nun önünde tüm kalbiyle işine bağlı olarak çalışan bir kadındı. Konuştukça ve tanıştıkça katman katman katları olan bu kadının her seferinde insanı bilgisiyle şaşırtması mümkün.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Bilim, sanat ve tasavvuf alanında araştırmaları devam etmekte olup eskisehirdenhaber.net ve avrupapress.com da yazıları yayınlanmaktadır.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Bizim yolumuz ise tasavvuf ile birleşti. Böylece İdil hanımın Yunus Emre üzerinde yaptığı araştırmalarının küçük bir kısmını kitabımız için tercüme etme şansını yakaladım. Bana da yep yeni bir dünya açıldı bu karşılaşmayla birlikte.&nbsp;</p>

<p>İlerleyen zamanda kitabımızın tanıtımının yanı sıra İdil hanımla bir atölye çalışmamızda olacak. Müziğin ve şiir'in buluşmasında katılabilen Eskişehirli dostlarımızda bizlerle sahneyi paylaşıp Yunus'un izinde barış, sevgi ve hoşgörü ile şimdilik hoşcakalın deyip yeni sezonda görüşmek dileğiyle...</p>

<p>İyi okumalar.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 20:28:44 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>​​​​​​​BEKLEMEK ve SABIR</title>
                <category>Sait Kose</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/beklemek-ve-sabir-1273</link>
                <author>skose6826@GMAIL.COM (Sait Kose)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/beklemek-ve-sabir-1273</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[​​​​​​​BEKLEMEK ve SABIR]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:36px"><strong>Pazar Yazısı</strong></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:36px"><strong>BEKLEMEK ve SABIR</strong></span></p>

<p>Yaz geldi...</p>

<p>Aylarca okulların kapanmasını bekledik.</p>

<p>Yıllık izinlerimizi bekledik.</p>

<p>Bavullar hazırlandı, arabalar yüklendi...</p>

<p>Kimimiz havaalanlarında uçağını bekliyor,</p>

<p>kimimiz ise sevdiklerine kavuşabilmek için gümrük kapılarında saatlerce sıra bekliyor.</p>

<p>Aslında düşündüğümüzde hayatımızın büyük bir kısmı beklemekle geçiyor.</p>

<p>Doğmayı bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Büyümeyi bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Okulu bitirmeyi bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>İşe girmeyi bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Maaşı bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Çocukların büyümesini bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Otobüsü bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Doktoru bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Belediyede Konsoloslukta bekliyoruz...</p>

<p>Bazen de sadece sevdiğimiz bir insanın "Geldim." demesini bekliyoruz.</p>

<p>Beklemek, saatin işlemesidir.</p>

<p>Bazen boşa geçer, bazen de sonunda öyle güzel bir sonuç verir ki, beklediğiniz her ana değmiştir.</p>

<p>SABIR</p>

<p>Sabır ise insanın sahip olabileceği en büyük erdemlerden biridir.</p>

<p>Çünkü beklemek herkesin yapabileceği bir şeydir.</p>

<p>Ama sabretmek...</p>

<p>İşte onu herkes başaramaz.</p>

<p>Hayat bize her gün aynı dersi verir.</p>

<p>Gümrük kapısında da...</p>

<p>Havaalanında da...</p>

<p>Hastane koridorunda da...</p>

<p>İş hayatında da...</p>

<p>Her şeyin bir zamanı vardır.</p>

<p>Belki de sabır, zamanı hızlandıramayacağını bilen insanın, yine de umudunu kaybetmeden yoluna devam edebilmesidir.</p>

<p>Unutmayalım ki, beklemek elimizde olmayabilir.</p>

<p>Ama beklerken sabırlı olmak tamamen bizim elimizdedir.</p>

<p>Özellikle Türkiye trafiğinde lütfen sabırlı olun, bir yol verdin vermedin bir neden klakson çaldın diye başlayan tartışmaların sonucu bazen çok kötü olabiliyor.</p>

<p>Hepimize sabırla beklediğimiz güzel günlerin en kısa zamanda gelmesi dileğiyle...</p>

<p>İyi Pazarlar,iyi tatiller .</p>

<p>Sait Köse</p>

<p>Brüksel,5 Temmuz 2026</p>

<p>Bu arada Türkiye dünya kupasına erken veda etti Belçika ve Fas ile devam <img alt="??" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t94/1/16/1f1e7_1f1ea.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /><img alt="??" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t83/1/16/1f1f2_1f1e6.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /><img alt="⚽️" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/taf/1/16/26bd.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /><img alt="⚽️" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/taf/1/16/26bd.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 15:43:29 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>From Ambition to Action: Kazakhstan Launches Its Largest Wind Energy Project</title>
                <category>Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/from-ambition-to-action-kazakhstan-launches-its-largest-wind-energy-project-1272</link>
                <author>AbdulhamidamidAlKba@GMAIL.COM (Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/from-ambition-to-action-kazakhstan-launches-its-largest-wind-energy-project-1272</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[From Ambition to Action: Kazakhstan Launches Its Largest Wind Energy Project]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:48px"><strong>From Ambition to Action: Kazakhstan Launches Its Largest Wind Energy Project</strong></span></p>

<p><em><span style="font-size:18px">By Abdul Hamid Hamid Al-Kaba</span></em></p>

<p><em>Opinion writer specializing in Central Asia and Azerbaijan affairs</em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/738937894_996964789908495_5229268569641034165_n.jpg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></em></p>

<p>For years, I have closely followed the transformations taking place in Central Asia, observing how the countries of the region are striving to move beyond their traditional dependence on fossil fuels toward a more sustainable energy future.</p>

<p>In this context, Kazakhstan stands out today as the most ambitious and one of the most advanced countries in the region. According to data from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Central Asian countries achieved notable progress between 2015 and 2024, although fossil fuels continue to dominate their energy mix. By 2023, the region’s installed renewable energy capacity had exceeded 17.3 gigawatts, representing significant growth.</p>

<p>Kazakhstan has distinguished itself by setting the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 while successfully attracting substantial investments in solar and wind energy. According to the Ministry of Energy, electricity generated from renewable sources accounted for 6.43% of the country’s total electricity production by the end of 2024, compared with just 3% in 2020, reflecting steady and sustained growth. Installed renewable energy capacity has increased more than seventeenfold over the past decade, reaching approximately 3,082 megawatts.</p>

<p>The Kazakh government aims to increase the share of renewable electricity generation to 15% by 2030 through dozens of new projects.</p>

<p>On the sidelines of the Regional Environmental Summit (RES-2026) in Astana, Torar Alimzhan, Director of the Renewable Energy Sources Department at the Ministry of Energy, announced plans for a 500 MW wind farm in the Karaganda Region with Chinese investment, scheduled to become operational before 2029. He also revealed that feasibility studies are underway for an even larger 1 GW project in the Pavlodar Region. However, these initiatives now appear to have been only a prelude to a far more significant development.</p>

<p>On June 29, 2026, Kazakhstan officially launched construction of the largest wind farm in its history: a 1 GW facility in the southern Zhambyl Region with an investment of $1.4 billion, led by the UAE-based renewable energy company Masdar.</p>

<p>The Kazakh Ministry of Energy announced the launch following an official groundbreaking ceremony conducted via video conference between Astana and the project site in Zhambyl.</p>

<p>The ceremony was attended by Deputy Minister of Energy Sungat Yesimkhanov, Chairman of the Board of Samruk-Kazyna Nurlan Zakupov, and Masdar CEO Mohamed Jameel Al Ramahi. Bringing together senior representatives from both Kazakhstan and the United Arab Emirates, the virtual ceremony reflected the strategic depth of the partnership and demonstrated the strong level of coordination between both sides throughout the project’s implementation.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/740741172_28049409191331162_9061571056373509135_n.jpg" style="height:500px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>According to the Ministry of Energy, the $1.4 billion investment is expected to help alleviate electricity shortages in Kazakhstan’s southern regions, accelerate the development of renewable energy, and support the country’s long-term carbon neutrality strategy.</p>

<p>Deputy Minister Yesimkhanov stated:</p>

<p>“The partnership with Masdar contributes to the development of renewable energy and advances Kazakhstan’s progress toward carbon neutrality. This project will strengthen regional energy security and introduce advanced technologies to the renewable energy sector. We highly appreciate our partners’ commitment to investing in the country’s sustainable development, and we will provide all the necessary support to ensure the successful implementation of every stage of the project.”</p>

<p>One of the project’s most notable technological features is the integration of wind power generation with a large-scale Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) featuring 300 MW of power capacity and 600 MWh of storage capacity. This system is expected to improve grid reliability, stabilize electricity supplies despite fluctuations in wind generation, and better manage electricity demand during evening peak hours.</p>

<p>The investment consortium consists of Masdar (40%), W Solar (40%), Kazakhstan’s Qazaq Green Power—affiliated with the Samruk-Kazyna Sovereign Wealth Fund—(18%), and the Kazakhstan Investment Development Fund (KIDF) (2%).</p>

<p>On the same day, Masdar also signed a roadmap agreement with Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Digital Development to explore clean energy solutions for powering data centers and supporting artificial intelligence infrastructure.</p>

<p>This is where the broader strategic dimension of the partnership becomes evident. Kazakhstan seeks to build a modern digital economy powered by reliable and sustainable energy. Masdar, whose global renewable energy portfolio exceeds 65 GW and is expected to reach 100 GW by 2030, brings both international expertise and long-term investment capacity to support Astana’s ambitions.</p>

<p>As someone who closely follows developments across Central Asia, I view this project as a bold and commendable step. Nevertheless, it also presents challenges that should not be overlooked.</p>

<p>On the positive side, the project strengthens Kazakhstan’s energy security, facilitates the transfer of advanced technologies, and creates opportunities for additional foreign investment. While Emirati and Chinese investments provide considerable financial resources and technical expertise, they also require prudent management to ensure that national interests remain protected over the long term.</p>

<p>The strategic location of the Zhambyl Region, near Kazakhstan’s southern borders, makes it particularly well suited to meeting growing regional electricity demand. More broadly, Kazakhstan’s vast territory, abundant wind resources, and extensive areas suitable for solar energy provide exceptional natural advantages that position renewable energy as a strategic pillar of the country’s future development. These assets not only help address electricity shortages but also contribute to economic diversification and reduce dependence on traditional energy resources.</p>

<p>Another factor strengthening investor confidence is the package of constitutional reforms approved through the constitutional referendum of March 15, 2026. These reforms represent an important step toward reinforcing political stability, institutional modernization, and good governance.</p>

<p>Today, Kazakhstan is widely regarded as the leading country in Central Asia in terms of policy consistency, institutional stability, and long-term strategic vision, sending positive signals to international investors seeking predictable investment environments.</p>

<p>Based on my observations of developments across the region, including Azerbaijan, I believe that the success of renewable energy projects depends not only on the scale of investment but also on a country’s ability to develop domestic expertise, build supporting industries, and modernize electricity transmission networks and energy storage infrastructure. Although Kazakhstan has made remarkable progress, renewable energy still represents a relatively modest share of total electricity production. Achieving the country’s 2030 targets will therefore require continued investment in infrastructure alongside the development of national technical capabilities.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/739165165_1007600368551445_3422103044036561254_n.jpg" style="height:500px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>From an environmental perspective, the Zhambyl wind farm is expected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 2.5 million tonnes annually, making a substantial contribution to Kazakhstan’s climate objectives. Full commercial operation of the facility is scheduled to begin during the third quarter of 2029.</p>

<p>Despite the challenges ahead, the Zhambyl project and Kazakhstan’s partnership with Masdar represent a powerful indication of the country’s determination to pursue a genuine energy transition. Kazakhstan is working to build a development model that integrates clean energy, digital transformation, and environmental sustainability.</p>

<p>The road ahead will undoubtedly be long and demanding, but the objective is attainable if Astana succeeds in transforming its ambitions into concrete achievements that benefit both its citizens and the wider Central Asian region.</p>

<p>I continue to follow these developments with great interest because the success of this project would represent more than a national achievement for Kazakhstan. It could become a model for renewable energy transformation throughout Central Asia.</p>

<p>If Astana delivers the project according to the announced timetable, Kazakhstan will have successfully moved from the stage of ambition to the stage of implementation.</p>

<p>I also recommend changing the title slightly for a more natural newspaper style:</p>

<p>From Ambition to Action: Kazakhstan Launches Its Largest Wind Energy Project</p>

<p>or</p>

<p>From Vision to Reality: Kazakhstan Launches Its Largest Wind Energy Project</p>

<p>Both read more naturally in English while preserving the intended meaning.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 15:30:26 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>J’ai été interdit dans mon rêve</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/jai-ete-interdit-dans-mon-reve-1271</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/jai-ete-interdit-dans-mon-reve-1271</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[J’ai été interdit dans mon rêve]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:48px"><strong>J’ai été interdit dans mon rêve</strong></span></p>

<p><em>Kadir Duran</em></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Hier soir, j’ai été détenu. J’ai été condamné. J’ai été poursuivi. J’ai même été interdit.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Pourtant, tout cela ne s’est passé que dans un rêve.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/WhatsApp%20Image%202026-07-05%20at%2013_08_41.jpeg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Ces derniers temps, on parle de plus en plus de liberté d’expression. À force d’entendre cette expression, on finit par croire que cette liberté est infinie, qu’elle ne connaît aucune frontière. Or, c’est précisément l’inverse.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Hier soir, j’ai découvert que même mes rêves avaient des limites.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Je pensais être libre de penser.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Je me trompais.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Dans mon rêve, chaque fois que je voulais réfléchir à l’Histoire, j’étais arrêté.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Chaque fois que je voulais penser à la religion, j’étais interrompu.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Chaque fois que je voulais réfléchir à la politique, j’étais stoppé.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Au réveil, une évidence s’est imposée : qu’il s’agisse de la réalité ou du rêve, nous vivons toujours à l’intérieur de frontières invisibles.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Nous avons l’impression d’être libres, mais nous évoluons dans un espace délimité par la morale dominante, par les normes sociales et surtout par l’opinion publique.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Aujourd’hui, il reste parfois l’humour pour franchir ces frontières. Longtemps, le rire a permis de remettre en question les certitudes, de provoquer, de faire réfléchir.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Mais même l’humour semble désormais soumis à une règle nouvelle : l’intolérance.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Nous sommes entrés dans une époque où l’on ne plaisante plus avec l’opinion publique.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Cette opinion publique repose sur trois piliers : son histoire, ses croyances et sa capacité à être orientée.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Le jour où vous remettez en question l’un de ces trois piliers, vous entrez dans une zone sensible. Et lorsque ceux qui influencent cette opinion n’apprécient pas votre manière de penser ou de faire rire, les conséquences peuvent être rapides : l’interdiction, la poursuite, parfois même la sanction légale.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Alors une question se pose.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Qui fabrique réellement cette opinion publique ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Comment naît-elle ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Qui la façonne ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Dans quel but ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Est-elle destinée à protéger la société ou à contrôler ceux qui la composent ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">On nous répète que chacun est libre d’exprimer sa pensée. C’est le fondement même de la philosophie.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Mais la philosophie est-elle encore totalement libre ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Peut-on réellement penser sans limites lorsque certaines idées deviennent impossibles à exprimer ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Il existe beaucoup de personnes qui vous encouragent à prendre la parole.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Mais lorsque les difficultés arrivent, lorsque les critiques deviennent des poursuites ou des condamnations, ces mêmes personnes disparaissent souvent.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Dès lors, quelle est la meilleure façon de s’exprimer ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Faut-il parler devant une foule qui vous applaudit aujourd’hui mais vous abandonnera demain ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Ou faut-il se taire, jusqu’à ne même plus oser penser certaines choses dans ses propres rêves ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Les méthodes diffèrent selon les pays.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Les mécanismes changent.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Mais, au fond, le problème reste identique partout : aucune société n’accepte totalement l’anarchie des idées.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Même lorsque vous pensez défendre le bien commun, transmettre une bonne morale ou formuler une réflexion utile, ce qui est considéré comme « bon » dépend finalement de ceux qui possèdent le pouvoir de définir ce qui est acceptable.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Comme le dit l’adage, peut-être que, pour vivre heureux, il faut vivre caché.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Pour ma part, je crois qu’avant de vouloir changer les autres, il faudrait commencer par vivre soi-même le changement que l’on souhaite voir apparaître.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Il y a vingt ou trente ans, de nombreuses personnalités publiques — acteurs, chanteurs, réalisateurs, célébrités — ont parfois commis des actes qui étaient connus sans pour autant être poursuivis.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Aujourd’hui, les mêmes comportements provoquent des scandales immenses.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Des scientifiques, des artistes, des acteurs, des réalisateurs, des personnalités extrêmement puissantes voient leur réputation s’effondrer malgré leur fortune, leur influence ou leur célébrité.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Pourquoi ?</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Parce que le politiquement correct a changé.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Et il continuera de changer.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Le politiquement correct n’est pas une vérité absolue.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">C’est un mouvement permanent.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Il évolue chaque jour, chaque année, chaque décennie.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Il suit les transformations de l’opinion publique, laquelle évolue elle-même au rythme de la politique menée dans un État.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">En réalité, l’opinion publique devient progressivement une force capable de définir ce que chacun pourra penser, dire ou faire demain.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Avec les réseaux sociaux, cette puissance est encore plus considérable.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Pourtant, ceux qui contrôlent réellement cet espace ne sont pas les citoyens.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Ce sont ceux qui disposent du pouvoir politique, économique, médiatique ou technologique.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">La politique ne suit plus toujours le citoyen.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">De plus en plus souvent, c’est elle qui façonne le citoyen.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Nicolas Machiavel rappelait déjà qu’il fallait être à l’intérieur du pouvoir pour pouvoir agir efficacement sur les institutions et sur l’État.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Cette idée demeure d’une étonnante actualité.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Le politiquement correct n’est donc pas une vérité universelle.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">C’est une notion relative, mouvante, qui évolue avec son époque.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Et puisque les époques changent, les limites de la liberté changent elles aussi.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">C’est pourquoi, avant d’agir, avant de parler, avant de juger, il faut toujours réfléchir.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Car, à défaut, le risque est grand de devenir solitaire, d’être progressivement effacé de l’espace public, abandonné par ceux qui vous applaudissaient hier.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Le pouvoir, lui, demeure rarement entre les mains de ceux qui contestent. Il reste presque toujours entre les mains de ceux qui définissent ce qui est acceptable.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size:14px">Cette version conserve votre message tout en lui donnant le ton d’une chronique philosophique et politique, avec un style proche d’un éditorial de presse ou d’une tribune d’opinion.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:24px"><strong>Aujourd’hui, être correct peut demain être déclaré incorrect.</strong></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 15:01:32 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>KIBRIS TÜRKLERİNİN UĞRADIĞI KATLİAMLAR</title>
                <category>Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kibris-turklerinin-ugradigi-katliamlar-1270</link>
                <author>ProfDrHilmiozden@bruxelleskorner.com (Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/kibris-turklerinin-ugradigi-katliamlar-1270</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[KIBRIS TÜRKLERİNİN UĞRADIĞI KATLİAMLAR]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">KIBRIS TÜRKLERİNİN UĞRADIĞI KATLİAMLAR</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Hilmi Özden<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></a></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Giriş</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kıbrıs adası, Osmanlıların 1571 yılında fethinden önce Mısırlılar, Hititler, bazı kolonilere sahip olmak üzere Yunanlılar, Fenikeliler, Persler, Büyük İskender, Romalılar, Bizanslılar, İngilizler, Şövalyeler, Lüzinyanlar <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">(Frank Hanedanlığı-1192-1489)</span></span>, Cenevizliler, Memluklar ve Venedikliler tarafından idare edilir. Osmanlılar 1571 yılında adayı ele geçirdikten sonra, adanın savunmasını kolaylaştırmak, kalkınmasını sağlamak amacıyla 5720 haneden oluşan Türk halkını Anadolu’dan Kıbrıs’a göç ettirirler. Bu dönemde özellikle Karaman, Yozgat, Alanya, Antalya, Teke ve Manavgat’tan çok sayıda çiftçi ve sanatkâr Kıbrıs’a yerleştirilir. 17. Yüzyılın sonlarında adaya yerleşenlerin sayısı 30.000 dolaylarına erişir (Aylanç, 2011: 30). Ancak <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">birtakım bilimsel çalışmalarda Kıbrıs’ta Osmanlı öncesi Türk varlığı olduğu da ortaya konmuştur. Kayıtlar, Osmanlı öncesinde adada pek çok farklı sınıfa mensup Türk’ün çok uzun süre adada bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu Türk gruplarını sivil Türkler ve asker Türkler şeklinde iki ana grup altında tasnif etmek mümkün görünmektedir. Sivil Türkler; Haçlı Krallıkları döneminde adada yaşayan sıradan Türkler, Lüzinyan dönemin &nbsp;başından itibaren adada bulunan Türk ticaret kolonisi, Türk esirler ve köleler şeklindedir. Asker Türkler ise Karamanlı askerler, Türkopoller (Türközler), Tatarlar, Bulgarlar, Macarlar, Suriyeliler, Memluklular ve Türkmenler olarak sınıflandırılabilir (Peler, 2020: 133).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/d57dcbac-38bd-4b60-8dde-53a094292ff8.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Osmanlı devleti, 1878 tarihinde Ruslarla yaşadığı savaşta ağır darbeler alması nedeniyle, İngilizlerle bir ittifak antlaşması imzalamıştır. Bu doğrultuda da İngilizlerin yardımına karşılık adayı geçici suretle İngiltere’ye kiralamıştır. Kıbrıs, 1960 yılına kadar İngiliz idaresinde kalır. İngiltere, 1960’ta Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasıyla adanın idaresini Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan Rum ve Türklere bırakır. Türk-Rum ortak cumhuriyetinin ömrü uzun olmamıştır. 1963 yılında Rumlar adanın yönetimini tek taraflı olarak ellerine almak isterler. 1963 yılında başlayan Türk-Rum sıcak çatışmalarında Türkler belirli bölgelerde toplanırlar. 1967’de Geçici Kıbrıs Türk Yönetimi’ni oluştururlar (Aylanç, 2011: 30). Bu tarihe kadar ve sonrasında Kıbrıs Türkleri birçok katliama uğramıştır. Bunları şu şekilde hatırlamak/hatırlatmak mümkündür:</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Baskerville,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">I-</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kıbrıs’ta 1955-1959’da Türklere Yapılan Katliamlar</span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong>ENOSİS'i (Kıbrıs başta olmak üzere adaları Yunanistan’a bağlama ideolojisi) gerçekleştirmek amacıyla Rum-Yunan ikilisinin kurduğu tedhiş örgütü EOKA kısa zamanda örgütlenmesini ve<em> </em>militanlarının eğitimini tamamlamıştır. EOKA (Kıbrıs Rum Terör Örgütü) ENOSİS hedefini gerçekleştirmek üzere öncelikle 1 Nisan 1955 tarihinde İngiliz Sömürge yönetimine karşı ilk eylemini gerçekleştirmiştir. Ancak EOKA terör örgütü, Rum-Yunan ikilisinin ENOSİS'in önünde gerçek engel olarak gördükleri Türklere karşı çok kısa bir süre sonra, terör eylemlerini başlatmıştır. Vasilya, Litrangomi, İnönü ve Aytotro köylerine yapılan planlanmış ve önceden programlanmış saldırılar sonunda çok sayıda Kıbrıslı Türk katledilmiştir (Bulunç, 2005: 52-53). EOKA'nın Kıbrıs Türklerine düzenledikleri saldırılara karşı ise Burhan Nalbantoğlu, Rauf Denktaş ve Kemal Tanrısevdi tara­fından 1957'de Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı (TMT) kurulmuştur. TMTnin ama­cı Rum saldırılarına karşı Kıbrıs Türklüğünü korumak olmuştur. Nitekim bu teşkilat EOKA mensuplarının Türklere yaptığı gibi Rum yerleşim birimlerine saldırmamış, sadece Kıbrıs Türklerini Rum saldırılarından korumuştur( Kanalga, 2024 :266).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Baskerville,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>II-Kıbrıs’ta 1963-1974’te Türklere Yapılan Katliamlar</strong></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Baskerville,sans-serif"><span style="color:black"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Akritas Planı</span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Türkleri imha ederek Kıbrıs'ı Yunanistan ilhak etme girişimi Akritas Planı ile uygulamaya konmuştur. Rum yayın organı Patris gazetesinde 21 Nisan 1966 tarihinde yayınlanan çok gizli kodlu Akritas Planı'na göre Kıbrıs Türk halkı ani bir saldırı ile tamamıyla yok edilecek ve Ada Yunanistan'a bağlanacaktı. Akritas Planı'nı, Cumhurbaşkanı Makarios, AKRİTAS kod adlı İçişleri Bakanı Yorgacis, Temsilciler Meclisi Başkanı Klerides ve GKRY(Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi)'nin daha sonraki Başkanı, o günkü Çalışma Bakanı Papadopulos hazırladılar, fiilen yönettiler ve yönlendirdiler (Bulunç, 2005: 54). Kıbrıs siyasal tarihine Kanlı Yılbaşı olarak geçen 21 Aralık 1963 tarihinde Rumların başlattığı Türkleri katliam harekâtının acımasızlık boyutları her türlü vicdani değerlendirmeyi aşmaktadır. Kanlı Yılbaşı'nda hapishanelerde bulunan Türk tutuklular çok ağır işkencelere tabi tutulmuşlar ve<em> </em>bir kısmı katledilmiştir. Rum-Yunan askerleri Aralık 1963-1964 tarihleri arasında kadın ve<em> </em>çocukların da dâhil olduğu yüzlerce Türk'ü tutuklamışlar <em>ve </em>hapishanelerdeki Türk mahkûmlar yanında bu Türklere de işkence yapmışlar, bir kısmını öldürmüşler, işkencelerde bazı Türkleri engelli hale getirmişler (sakatlamışlar), Rum mahkûmları silahlandırmışlar, Türk mahkûmları koğuşlardan alarak hücrelerde kapalı tutmuşlardır (Bulunç, 2005: 56). Kanlı Yılbaşı saldırılarında önemli ilk kitle katliamlarından biri de bir Türk yerleşim birimi olan ve 800 kadar Türk'ün yaşadığı Küçük Kaymaklı'da yapılmıştır. Bu katliam sırasında öldürülen çok sayıdaki Türklerin arasında eli ayağı tutmayan (engelli) bir Türk genci ile başından vurularak öldürülen 70 yaşındaki bir imam da bulunuyordu. Lefkoşa'da Küçük Kaymaklı ve yüzün üstünde Türk ailesinin yaşadığı Çağlayan bölgelerine yapılan katliam sal­dırıları sırasında binlerce Türk evi boşaltılmıştır. Küçük Kaymaklı köyü tamamen yakılıp yılmıştır. Köy bugün halen yakılmış ve tahrip edilmiş hali ile bir ibret abidesi halinde durmaktadır. Küçük Kaymaklı'dan göç etmek zorunda kalan Türkler hemen ya­kındaki Hamit Köye sığınmışlar ve orada Türkiye'den Kızılay'ın gönderdiği çadırlarla oluşturulan “çadır mahallesinde” yıllarca yaşamışlardır. Çağlayan bölgesinden göç eden Türkler Lefkoşa'nın Türk kesimindeki surlar içine sığın­mışlardır (Bulunç, 2005: 57). Akritas Planı ile Rum-Yunan ikilisinin Kıbrıs'ta başlattığı soykırım harekâtı soykırım tanımları bağlamında bütün türleri içeren bir niteliktedir. Kıbrıs Türk halkının 21 Aralık 1963-20 Temmuz 1974 tarihleri arasında geçen on bir yıl içerisinde yaşam şartları ağırlaşarak bir varoluş ve<em> </em>direniş müca­delesi vermiştir. Bu dönemde Ada'daki Türk nüfusun yarısı Türk Kızılayı’nın yardım kayıtlarında kalmıştır. Bu sayının yarısı göçmen olarak sınıf­landırılmıştı. Silah zoruyla göç ettikleri köylerine <em>ve </em>terk ettikleri evlerine dönmeleri imkânsız olan on binlerce Türk, on bir yıl boyunca insanlık dışı şartlarda <em>ve </em>Rum ablukası ile ambargosu altında göçmen kamplarında, çadır kentlerde yaşamıştır. Rum saldırıları sonucunda boşaltılan 103 köyün ve<em> </em>terk edilen binlerce evin<em> </em>büyük bir çoğunlu bombalanmış veya<em> </em>kundaklanma sonucunda tamamıyla veya<em> </em>kısmen tahrip edilmiş, yağmaya uğramış <em>ve </em>içinde yaşanamayacak bir duruma getirilmiştir(Bulunç, 2005: 59).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>İfestos Planı-1974</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İfestos Planı, Rum Millî Muhafız Ordusu (RMMO)'nun Türkleri 1974 yılında yok etme planıdır. Rumlardan 1974 Barış Harekâtı’nda ele geçirilen "RMMO belgeleri, Ada'nın Türk nüfusunu bütünüyle yok etmeyi amaçlayan, tüyleri diken diken edecek planların ortaya çıkmasını sağladı. Bu belgeler “temizlenecek” Türk bölgelerini ve köylerini detaylı olarak gösteriyor. Bütün detaylar, içinde yaşayanlarla birlikte imha edilecek köyler, özel bölgelere ve görevlere tahsis edilen birlikler, hatta Türk cesetlerinin nereye gömüleceği, hepsi planlarda vardı. Okumak korku vericiydi ve belki de hepsinden korkunç olanı da, Kıbrıslı Rum sivillerin katliamlara katılmaları amacıyla organize edileceklerinin ve bu yönde beyinlerinin yıkanacağının ortaya çıkmasıydı. Bunlar Soykırım Dos­yalarıydı. Bu Soykırım Dosyaları, Yunanistan'ın Kıbrıs'ta yaptığı hükümet darbesine kadar geçen aylar içerisinde gönderilen yığınlarca emirden sadece küçük bir parça idi. Fakat bu özel belgeler, Girne'den, Lefkoşa'nın kuzeyinden, Ada'nın kuzeybatısındaki Güzelyurt Koyu'na kadar olan bölgelerle ilgiliydi. Gerçekler ışığında bu dosyalar, Yunanistanlı ve Kıbrıslı Rumlar'ın, Kıbrıs Türklerini Ada'dan silme niyetinde olduklarını açıkça gösteriyordu (Bulunç, 2005: 60-61). 15 Temmuz 1974 günü EOKA’cı Nikos Sampson Kıbrıs Cumhurbaşkanı Makarios’a karşı sözde bir darbe yapmıştı. Makarios İngilizlere sığınarak adadan kaçtı. Darbe neticesinde Cumhurbaşkanlığına getirilen EOKA'CI Nikos Sampson “Kıbrıs Elen Cumhuriyeti”ni ilan etti. Bu, ismi söylenmemiş olan ENOSİS idi. Bundan maksat Türkiye'nin müdahalesini önlemek ve dünya halk efkârını aldatmaktı. Nikos Sampson çok kısa bir süre içinde Türkleri imha edecek ve böylece ENOSİS fiilen gerçekleşmiş olacaktı. Durumun ciddiyetini ve vehametini bilen Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti Ada'daki Türklerin imha edilmesine seyirci kalamazdı. Garanti Andlaşmasının 4'üncü maddesine göre müdahale edilmesi için Garantör Devletlerden biri olan İngiltere'ye başvurdu, fakat müsbet bir cevap alamayınca, tek başına müdahale etmek kararı aldı ve uyguladı (Alaysa, 1977: 180-181). Garanti Andlaşmasının IV. Maddesi şunları içeriyordu: “Bu Andlaşmanın hükümlerine bir riayetsizlik halinde, Yunanistan, Türkiye ve Birleşik Krallık bu hükümlere riayeti sağlamak için gereken teşebbüsler veya tedbirler hakkında birbirleri ile istişare etmeyi taahhüt ederler. Müşterek veya anlaşarak hareket mümkün olmadığı takdirde, garanti veren üç devletten her biri, bu Andlaşma ile ihdas edilen nizamı tekrar kurmak münhasır maksadı ile harekete geçmek hakkını muhafaza eder” (Alasya, 1977: 174).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1974 Barış Harekâtı sürecinde Rumların gerçekleştirdikleri Murat­ağa, Atlılar, Sandallar, Dohni katliamları <em>ve </em>yabancı gazetecilerin gözlem­ledikleri olaylar, Rum-Yunan soykırımının en güçlü kanıtlarıdır. İfestos Planı'nın uygulama sonuçları 1974 Barış Harekâtı’ndan sonra ortaya çıkarılan toplu katliam mezarlarıdır. Muratağa, Atlılar ve Sandallar Katliamları bunun en korkunç örnekleridir. Bir Türk çobanın 1 Eylül 1974 tarihinde toprak üzerinde fark ettiği bir el, Muratağa ve Sandallar köylerinin sakinlerinin akıbetlerinin ne olduğunu acı bir şekilde ortaya çıkar­mıştır. Yirminci yüzyılın en kanlı soykırımcıları Rum-Yunan ikilisi 15 Ağustos 1974 günü, 88 Türk'ü vahşice öldürerek topluca bu vahşet çukuruna gömmüşlerdi. Atlılar Köyü, Magosa'nın 15 km uzağında, tamamen Türklerle meskûn bir köydü. Rumlar köyde yaşayan 27 Türk'ü katlederek toplu mezara gömdüler. Atlılar toplu mezarı 21 Ağustos 1974 tarihinde ortaya çıkarıldı. Rumlar 15 Ağustos 1974 günü kurşuna dizdikleri kadın-erkek, çoluk-çocuk toplam 57 Türkü çukura üst üste atmışlar <em>ve </em>üzerlerini buldozerlerle ka­patmışlardı (Bulunç, 2005: 62-63). 20 Temmuz 1974'te başlayan Barış Harekâtı Şanlı Türk Ordusu ve Kıbrıs Türk Mücahidinin zaferi ile neticelendi. Türkler onlarca yılın ıstırap ve felaketinden kurtarılmış oldu.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>Kaynaklar:</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Alaysa H F. (1977). Kıbrıs tarihi ve Kıbrıs’da Türk Eserleri, Türk Kültürü Araştırma Enstitüsü, Ankara. </span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Aylanç M. (2011). <em>Kıbrıs Türk Romanında Göç (1963-2010), </em>T.C. Marmara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı Yeni Türk Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul. </span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bulunç, A.Z. (2005). Kıbrıs’ta Rumların Enosis Mücadelesinde İşledikleri Katliamlar ve İnsanlık Suçları, <em>Yakın Tarihimizde Türkler’e Karşı İşlenen Katliam ve Sürgünler</em>, Edit: Mustafa Kahramanyol, Ankara. </span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kanalga, R. (2024). <em>Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı’nın Türk Basınına yansıması: Adalet Gazetesi Örneği,</em> Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın İstirdadının 50. Yılı Anısına Kıbrıs Çalışmaları, Edit: Gökçe Yükselen Peler, Zeki Akçam, Ergenekon Savrun, Hiperyayın, İstanbul.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Peler G Y. (2020). <em>Kıbrıs’ta Osmanlı Öncesi Türk Askerî Varlığı</em>, Kıbrıs’ta Osmanlı Öncesi Türkler Sempozyumu I.Uluslararası Bildiri Tam Metin Kitabı, 13/15 Mayıs 2019 Haspolat/Lefkoşa, Editör Yrd. Doç. Dr. Zeki Akçam, s. 129-160, &nbsp;Hiperyayın, 1.Baskı: İstanbul.</span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[1]</span></span></a> Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (ESTÜDAM) Kurucu Müdürü</span></span></p>
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                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 14:47:21 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>ABD-İRAN ANLAŞMASI</title>
                <category>Tonyukuk Boran (Uluslararası  Stratejist)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/abd-iran-anlasmasi-1269</link>
                <author>Tonyukuk@bruxelleskorner.com (Tonyukuk Boran (Uluslararası  Stratejist))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/abd-iran-anlasmasi-1269</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[ABD-İRAN ANLAŞMASI]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:48px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>ABD-İRAN ANLAŞMASI</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><em>Tonyukuk BORAN</em></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:right">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">28 Şubat 2026’da İran’a karşı başlayan ABD ve İsrail saldırısı başlayan ve aralıklı ateşkesler ile devam eden savaş nihayete ermiş gibi gözükmektedir. ABD İran arasında imzalanan İslamabat Momerandumu (Mutabakat Muhtırası) ile barışa bir kapı aralanmıştır. Ancak anlaşma metinleri dikkate alındığında bunun İran zaferi olarak tanımlanması gerçekçi olacaktır.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/59a55f1f-70db-4259-8047-767500ae283f.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Askeri Açıdan:</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İran askeri olarak; komuta kontrol sistemini Devrim Muhafızlarını bölgelere ayırarak geniş inisiyatif tanıması ile komuta kontrol sisteminin çökmesini engellemiştir. Tanker uçakları ve yakın bölgedeki hava üslerini hedef alarak ABD’nin kullandığı hava üslerini güvensiz hale getirmiş ve tanker uçaklarını İran’a üzerinde ve yakınında kullanılmasını kısıtlamıştır. ABD savaş uçaklarının (F – Fighter - serisi) İran coğrafyasına tam anlamı ile nüfuz edecek menzile sahip olmaması nedeni ile savaş boyuncu İran üzerinde hava üstünlüğünü sağlamış, ancak hava hâkimiyetini sağlayamamıştır. </span></span><a href="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/abdnin-iran-saldirisi-nasil-ve-ne-zaman-1192" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">28 Şubat 2026 tarihli yazıda</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> belirtildiği üzere ABD hava gücünün daha uzak üslerden harekâta katılmasını sağlayarak daha çabuk yıpranmasını ve uzun menzilli füzelerini kullanmasını sağlamıştır. Taaruz kabiliyetini ise derin yeraltı sığınaklarda koruması, dağıtması ve komutanlara inisiyatif tanıması ile muhafaza etmiş ve etkin olarak kullanmıştır. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ABD ve İsrail ilk hedef olarak hem dini hem de devletin başı olan Hamaney’i öldürmesi ile savaşın İran için varoluşsal bir şekle bürünmesini ve İran kamuoyunu tek çatı altında birleşmesine neden olmuştur. İran’ın taarruz gücünü oluşturan balistik füze ve kamikaze İHA kabiliyeti ise İran’ın aldığı tedbirler ile yok edilememiştir. Hava gücünün etkisiz kalması üzerine kara harekâtı değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Ancak; 2. Dünya Savaşı dâhil kamuoyunun insan kaybına hassasiyeti karar üzerinde etkili olmuştur.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Siyasi Açıdan </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Anlaşma metinleri dikkate alındığında ABD ve İsrail’in mağlup olduğu açıktır. Zira İran’ı zayıflatan ve petrolünü düşük fiyat ile satmasına neden olan ambargoların kaldırılması, dondurulmuş varlıkların serbest bırakılması ve 300 milyar dolarlık İran’ın yeniden inşası için fon planlanması en büyük işaretlerdir. Bu maddeler İran’ın orta vadede sahip olduğu kuvveti artıracak bir faktördür. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">ABD açısından; İran’a karşı net bir askeri üstünlük elde edilememesi dünya kamuoyunda sorgulanan bir süpergüç olması, olası bir askeri hareketlilikte Çin’e karşı ihtiyaç duyacağı üretilmesi zaman alan mühimmatını kullanması ve kamuoyunu yeterince inandıramaması en büyük eksiklikler olarak görülmektedir. Ancak bu eksiklikleri giderici tedbirler alması durumunda gücünü artıracağı da dikkate alınmalıdır.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İran açısından; son dönemde vekil güçlerinin etkisizleştirilmesi nedeni ile kaybettiği moral üstünlüğü kazanması, ambargolar nedeni ile halk hareketlerine neden olabilecek ekonomik problemlerini azaltması, ABD güçlerinin yakın bölgelerden uzaklaşmasını sağlayarak etkisini artırması büyük kazanç olarak okunmalıdır. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İsrail başlangıçta İran ile sınırlı olan harekâtı ilerleyen günlerde Lübnan’a da yaymış ve kara operasyonlarında üstünlük sağlayamamıştır. Ancak İsrail’in en büyük kayıbı; dünya kamuoyunda özellikle Holokost’u kullanarak elde ettiği sempatinin Gazze saldırıları ile başlayan süreçte antipatiye dönüşmesidir. İran’ın İsrail’e fırlattığı füzelerin isabeti neticesinde ciddi hasarlar alması İsrail vatandaşlarının Demir Kubbe’ ye güvenerek dokunulmaz oldukları inancını yok etmiştir. Yahudilerin tarih boyunca yok edilme korkusu altında yaşaması nedeni ile İsrail nüfusunda ciddi oranda bir düşme beklenmelidir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Kürt gruplar ise ABD’nin talebine rağmen İran’ın saldırı gücü karşısında savaşa dâhil olmakta duraklamışlar devamında ise Türkiye’nin Kürt hareketi karşısında gerekli tedbirleri alacağını belirtmesi nedeni ile ABD tarafından da Kürtlerin kullanılmama kararı ortaya çıkmıştır. Trump tarafından silahlar kapsamında hırsız ifadesine varan söylemler ile aşağılanmıştır.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ortadoğu ülkeleri ise ABD’nin kendilerini koruma gibi bir önceliğinin olmadığı, ABD üslerinin ise kendilerinin hedef olmasına neden olduğunu, ABD’de bulunan mali yatırımlarının ise istenildiğinde geri alınamayacağını görmüş olmaları gerekmektedir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Çin; gözlem gemileri ve İran’a verdiği radarlardan elde ettiği bilgiler ile ABD ile olası bir çatışmada özellikle elektronik harp konusunda çok ciddi istihbarat toplamıştır. Ayrıca ABD’nin kritik mühimmatını kullanması nedeni ile askeri denge lehine değişmiştir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Gelecek günler ilginç ittifaklar, şu anda söylendiğinde olasılık dahilinde olmadığı düşünülen gelişmeler gösterecektir.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">DÜNYA KUPASI NOTU:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Top yuvarlak ise Dünya Kupası’nın kimin alacağı oynanan futbol ile kararlaştırılacaktır. Ancak topta en ufak bir köşe varsa (İran’ın ilginç bir skor ile elenmesi bunun işareti olabilir), Arjantin Başkanı </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Javier Milei’nin açıklamaları ve Patagonya Bölgesindeki gelişmeler dikkate alındığında <strong>Arjantin favoridir</strong>.</span></span> </span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 02:55:44 +0300</pubDate>
                <enclosure type="image/jpeg" url="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/images/kullanicilar/2025/04/tonyukuk-boran-uluslararasi-stratejist-1744136572.jpeg"/>
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                                <item>
                <title>DEVLET-İ EBED-MÜDDET</title>
                <category>Ahmet Urfali</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/devlet-i-ebed-muddet-1268</link>
                <author>ahmeturfali@bruxelleskorner.com (Ahmet Urfali)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/devlet-i-ebed-muddet-1268</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[DEVLET-İ EBED-MÜDDET]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>DEVLET-İ EBED-MÜDDET<br />
&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Devlet-i ebed-müddet tabiri; sonsuza kadar sürecek devlet demek olup tarih boyunca kurulan "Türk Devleti"ni ifade eder. Bu konuda H. Nihal Atsız; "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti gökten zembille inmemiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun devamıdır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İlhanlı Devleti’nin uç beyliğinden doğmuştur; demek ki onun devamıdır, İlhanlı Devleti Anadolu’daki Selçuklu devletinin devamıdır. Anadolu’daki Selçuklu Devleti ile Batı Türkistan ve İran’daki Harzemşahlar Devleti Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin devamıdır. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti; Karahanlıların, Karahanlılar Uygurların, Uygurlar Gök Türklerin, Gök Türkler Aparlar, Aparların Siyenpilerin, Siyenpiler Kunların devamıdır. Bu devamlar kesintisiz, aralıksız bir tarihin kadrosudur. Yani biz, biri yıkılıp biri kurulan ayrı ayrı devletlerin değil, bir bütün halinde sürüp gelen bir devletin milletiyiz."<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Devlet-i ebed-müddet kavramı, bu sözlerden daha güzel nasıl açıklanabilir? Türk devleti tarihte tektir, zira hanedanlar değişmiş, ancak devletin dayandığı millet hep aynı kalmıştır. Devlet-i ebed-müddet tabiri aynı zamanda ‘’devletin bekası ‘’ kavramıyla da ilgilidir. Devletin bekası; devletin ölümsüzlüğü, kalıcılığı, devamı anlamındadır.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/46a4f263-4e27-490c-9c81-f547e2e13ebf.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Türk’ün devlet düşüncesi, bütün ayrıntılarıyla Göktürk Yazıtları’nda dile getirilmiştir. Yazıtlarda düşmanlara karşı uyanık olmak gerektiği, şayet bu hususta dikkatli olunmazsa felâkete uğranacağı defalarca ikaz edilmiştir: "Türk milleti, vazgeç, pişman ol. Disiplinsizliğinden dolayı, beslemiş olan bilgili kağanınla, hür ve müstakil iyi iline karşı kendin hata ettin, kötü hâle soktun. İlli millet idim, ilim şimdi hani, kime ili kazanıyorum der imiş. Kağanlı millet idim, kağanım hani.." (Kül Tigin- Doğu Yüzü -09)<br />
"Zamanı Tanrı yaşar. İnsan oğlu hep ölmek için türemiş. Öyle düşünceye daldım. Gözden yaş gelse mani olarak, gönülden ağlamak gelse geri çevirerek düşünceye daldım. Müthiş düşünceye daldım. İki şadın ve küçük kardeş yeğenimin, oğlumun, beylerimin, milletimin gözü kaşı kötü olacak diyip düşünceye daldım.." (Kül Tigin- Kuzey Yüzü -10)<br />
Göktürk Yazıtları’daki Bilge ve Gültekin Kağanların devlet üzerine taşıdıkları endişe, uyarı ve ümitlerle Atatürk’ün Nutuk’nda yer alan konuların örtüşmelerini devlet-i ebed-müddet, devletin bekası kavramlarının dışında başka bir nokta ile açıklamak mümkün değildir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Türk yöneticilerin birinci görevi devletin bekası sağlamak ve korumaktır. Devletin bekası da ancak milletimiz tarafından kutsal sayılan değerlerle sağlanır. Bunlar; vatan, hâkimiyet, hürriyet, bağımsızlık, adalet, güvenlik, erdem gibi değerlerdir. Bu değerleri; cihan devleti, kızıl elma, nizam-ı alem, turan idealleri destekler. Maalesef bugünkü nesil, Türk’ü Türk yapan bu ülkülerden habersiz yetişmekte, popüler eğlence kültürünün çıkmazında bocalamaktadır. Kültür insanlarımızın ve eğitimcilerimizin çok azında devletin bekası konusunda kaygıları bulunmaktadır.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Ülkemizin içinden geçmekte olduğu terör ve darbe girişimlerine karşı verilen mücadele de yine devlet-i ebed-müddet, devletin bekası içindir. Bu uğurda kahramanlarımızın, yiğitlerimizin Çanakkale, Sakarya, Dumlupınar Savaşları’nda olduğu gibi cansiperane vuruşmaları yine bu yüzdendir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Türk devleti üzerine değişik düşünceler ortaya koyan Dündar Taşer, tasavvufta geçen fena-fillah kavramından ilham alarak "fena fi’d-devle ve mille" söyleyişlerini kültür dünyamıza getirir. Bu kavram, devlet ve millet için kendi öz benliğini eritme anlamına gelmektedir. Dündar Taşer’in günümüz kaos ortamına uygun düşen şu sözlerine katılmamak mümkün değildir: "Toplum kendini zayıf, aciz, yoksul ve çaresiz hissetmekten kurtulup arkasında büyük bir mirasın varlığını hissederse, kendine yönelmeyi başarır." Biz şanlı geçmişimizden hız ve ilham alarak geleceğe doğru daha güvenli adımlarla yürümeyiz. Elimizde imkân olsa Yahya Kemal’in "Her halde tarih boyunca pek büyük hamleler yapan, çok yüksek bir idare kabiliyetine, pek ulvi bir adalete sahip, teşkilatlı ve velûd bir milletin miskin ve atıl oturması mümkün değildir. Ve yine herhalde kavim olarak tarihen söyleyecek sözümüz, yapacak işimiz vardır. Büyük düşünen, inanan, büyük heyecanlar duyan milletler büyük olabilirler.’" sözüne bütün Turan yurtlarının yüce dağlarına yazdırsaydık, bu tarihi uyarıyı bütün gençlerimize daha etkili duyurabilirdik.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Bu sözler Türk gençlerinin ışıklı alınlarında parlasa, devlet ve millet ülküsü ile çarpan yüreklerinde bir sevda olsa her halde ülkemizin durumu daha farklı bir durum arz ederdi. Her şeye rağmen yaşadığımız zorluklar aşılacaktır. Türk milletinin cevherinde var olan devlet-i ebed-müddet kavramı ve diğer kutsal değerlerimiz yeni kuşaklar tarafından özümsenerek sonsuzluğa kadar yürünecektir. Darbe girişimleri, kumpaslar, dış müdahaleler, yerli işbirlikleri; Türk’ün titreyip kendine dönmesine vesile olacaktır.</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 02:13:02 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>Ommegang de Bruxelles : derrière les cafés et les brasseries, l’histoire d’une des plus anciennes traditions de Belgique</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran French</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ommegang-de-bruxelles-derriere-les-cafes-et-les-brasseries-lhistoire-dune-des-plus-anciennes-traditions-de-belgique-1267</link>
                <author>lineacasa@hotmail.be (Kadir Duran French)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ommegang-de-bruxelles-derriere-les-cafes-et-les-brasseries-lhistoire-dune-des-plus-anciennes-traditions-de-belgique-1267</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Ommegang de Bruxelles : derrière les cafés et les brasseries, l’histoire d’une des plus anciennes traditions de Belgique]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><span style="font-size:36px">Ommegang de Bruxelles : derrière les cafés et les brasseries, l’histoire d’une des plus anciennes traditions de Belgique</span></h1>

<p><strong>Par Kadir Duran – Bruxelles Korner</strong></p>

<p><em><span style="font-size:24px"><strong>Ommegang de Bruxelles : sept siècles d’histoire au cœur de la Grand-Place</strong></span></em></p>

<p>Chaque Bruxellois connaît au moins un café ou une brasserie portant le nom <strong>Ommegang</strong>. Pour beaucoup, ce mot évoque une bière belge réputée, une terrasse de la Grand-Place ou encore une ambiance médiévale. Pourtant, derrière ce nom se cache l’une des traditions les plus anciennes et les plus prestigieuses de Bruxelles, dont les origines remontent au XIVᵉ siècle.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/76d65b79-ab8c-45c7-9169-a9cbdecd08b1.jpg" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Chaque année, les premiers mercredi et vendredi du mois de juillet, la Grand-Place de Bruxelles se transforme en un immense théâtre à ciel ouvert. Plus de 1 400 figurants en costumes d’époque, des dizaines de chevaux, des géants, des arbalétriers, des musiciens et des chevaliers font revivre le Bruxelles de Charles Quint devant des milliers de spectateurs venus du monde entier.</p>

<p>Mais qu’est-ce que l’Ommegang, au juste ?</p>

<h2>Une procession religieuse née en 1348</h2>

<p>Le mot <strong>Ommegang</strong> vient du néerlandais et signifie littéralement « marcher autour ». Il désigne une procession solennelle qui effectue un parcours autour d’un lieu sacré.</p>

<p>À Bruxelles, cette tradition naît en <strong>1348</strong> à la suite d’un événement considéré comme miraculeux.</p>

<p>Selon la tradition, une jeune Anversoise, <strong>Béatrice Soetkens</strong>, reçoit à deux reprises la visite de la Vierge Marie en songe. Celle-ci lui demande de transporter discrètement une statue de la Vierge depuis Anvers jusqu’à Bruxelles.</p>

<p>Aidée par un batelier, Béatrice remonte les voies d’eau jusqu’à Bruxelles où la statue est accueillie par le duc de Brabant, les arbalétriers et les autorités de la ville.</p>

<p>La statue est ensuite installée dans la chapelle du Sablon et devient rapidement la protectrice de Bruxelles sous le nom de <strong>Notre-Dame des Victoires du Sablon</strong>.</p>

<p>Cette arrivée marque la naissance d’une tradition qui traversera près de sept siècles.</p>

<h2>La plus grande fête de Bruxelles</h2>

<p>Très rapidement, l’Ommegang devient la grande fête officielle de la cité.</p>

<p>Chaque année, le dimanche précédant la Pentecôte, toute la société bruxelloise participe à cette immense procession.</p>

<p>On y retrouve notamment :</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>les arbalétriers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les archers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les arquebusiers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les corporations de métiers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les Lignages de Bruxelles ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les magistrats ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>le clergé ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les géants ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les chars historiques ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les jongleurs ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les cavaliers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les animaux.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>L’ordre du cortège est soigneusement codifié : plus les participants se rapprochent de la statue de la Vierge, plus leur rang social est élevé.</p>

<p>L’Ommegang est alors bien davantage qu’une cérémonie religieuse. Il constitue une démonstration de puissance, de prospérité et d’unité de Bruxelles.</p>

<h2>Charles Quint entre dans la légende</h2>

<p>L’année <strong>1549</strong> marque l’épisode le plus célèbre de l’histoire de l’Ommegang.</p>

<p>Cette année-là, Bruxelles accueille l’empereur <strong>Charles Quint</strong> et son fils <strong>Philippe</strong>, futur <strong>Philippe II d’Espagne</strong>.</p>

<p>Pour célébrer cette visite, la ville organise un Ommegang d’une richesse exceptionnelle.</p>

<p>Des milliers de participants défilent devant l’empereur dans un spectacle fastueux destiné à démontrer la puissance des Pays-Bas sous domination espagnole.</p>

<p>C’est précisément cette journée historique qui est aujourd’hui reconstituée lors du spectacle contemporain.</p>

<h2>Une tradition interrompue</h2>

<p>Les guerres de Religion du XVIᵉ siècle mettent un terme à cette tradition.</p>

<p>Entre <strong>1580 et 1585</strong>, durant la période calviniste à Bruxelles, la procession est supprimée.</p>

<p>Elle renaît ensuite sous les Archiducs <strong>Albert et Isabelle</strong>, avant de décliner progressivement au XVIIIᵉ siècle.</p>

<p>Le dernier Ommegang traditionnel est célébré en <strong>1785</strong>.</p>

<p>Quelques années plus tard, la Révolution française met définitivement fin aux anciennes processions religieuses.</p>

<h2>Une renaissance en 1930</h2>

<p>À l’occasion du centenaire de la Belgique, le folkloriste <strong>Albert Marinus</strong>, avec le soutien du bourgmestre <strong>Adolphe Max</strong>, décide de redonner vie à cette tradition.</p>

<p>Plutôt que de restaurer la procession religieuse médiévale, les organisateurs choisissent de recréer le prestigieux Ommegang offert à Charles Quint en <strong>1549</strong>.</p>

<p>Cette formule rencontre immédiatement un immense succès.</p>

<p>Elle devient le spectacle historique que Bruxelles présente encore aujourd’hui.</p>

<h2>Un spectacle vivant au cœur de Bruxelles</h2>

<p>Aujourd’hui, l’Ommegang débute sur la place du <strong>Grand Sablon</strong>.</p>

<p>Le cortège effectue d’abord une marche symbolique autour de l’église Notre-Dame du Sablon avant de rejoindre la Grand-Place où se déroule la grande reconstitution historique.</p>

<p>Le spectacle rassemble notamment :</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p>environ 1 400 figurants ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>plusieurs dizaines de cavaliers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>des chevaux richement caparaçonnés ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les Serments royaux d’arbalétriers ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les Lignages de Bruxelles ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les géants traditionnels ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>le cheval Bayard ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les échasseurs ;</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>les fanfares historiques.</p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p>Chaque costume, chaque arme, chaque bannière et chaque détail sont reconstitués à partir des archives historiques afin d’offrir au public une immersion fidèle dans le Bruxelles de la Renaissance.</p>

<h2>Un patrimoine reconnu par l’UNESCO</h2>

<p>En décembre <strong>2019</strong>, <strong>« L’Ommegang de Bruxelles, cortège historique et fête populaire annuels »</strong> est inscrit sur la <strong>Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité de l’UNESCO</strong>.</p>

<p>Cette reconnaissance internationale récompense plusieurs siècles d’histoire ainsi que l’engagement de centaines de bénévoles qui entretiennent costumes, chevaux, traditions et savoir-faire.</p>

<h2>Plus qu’un spectacle : l’âme de Bruxelles</h2>

<p>L’Ommegang n’est pas une simple attraction touristique.</p>

<p>Il raconte la naissance de Bruxelles, ses institutions, ses corporations, ses traditions militaires, son héritage religieux et son rôle au cœur de l’Europe de Charles Quint.</p>

<p>Pendant quelques heures, les pavés de la Grand-Place retrouvent leur fonction première : accueillir la plus grande célébration de la cité.</p>

<p>Alors, la prochaine fois que vous franchirez la porte d’une brasserie baptisée <strong>Ommegang</strong> ou que vous entendrez ce nom, souvenez-vous qu’il ne désigne pas seulement une bière ou un établissement emblématique.</p>

<p>Il évoque près de sept siècles d’histoire, une tradition née en <strong>1348</strong>, transformée au fil des siècles et devenue aujourd’hui l’un des plus beaux symboles du patrimoine vivant de Bruxelles.</p>

<h1>Conclusion – L’Ommegang, sept siècles d’histoire toujours en marche</h1>

<p>Aujourd’hui, l’Ommegang n’est plus la procession religieuse qu’il était au Moyen Âge. Il est devenu l’un des plus grands rendez-vous culturels de Belgique, offrant chaque été aux Bruxellois comme aux visiteurs du monde entier une immersion spectaculaire dans l’histoire de la capitale.</p>

<p>Le cortège relie symboliquement le Grand Sablon à la Grand-Place avant de laisser place à la reconstitution de l’entrée solennelle de l’empereur Charles Quint et du prince Philippe, futur Philippe II d’Espagne, à Bruxelles en 1549. Plus de 1 400 figurants, des cavaliers, des arbalétriers, des géants, des fanfares, des artisans et des associations historiques recréent avec une remarquable fidélité l’atmosphère de la Renaissance.</p>

<p>Au-delà du spectacle, l’Ommegang demeure un puissant vecteur de mémoire. Il rappelle les racines chrétiennes de Bruxelles, nées autour de la dévotion à Notre-Dame du Sablon, tout en mettant en lumière les corporations de métiers, les Lignages de Bruxelles, les Serments royaux et toutes les institutions qui ont façonné la ville au fil des siècles.</p>

<p>Grâce à l’engagement de centaines de bénévoles, de passionnés d’histoire et de traditions, ce patrimoine vivant continue d’être transmis de génération en génération. Chaque costume, chaque bannière, chaque cheval et chaque musique participent à préserver une mémoire collective qui dépasse largement le simple cadre folklorique.</p>

<p>L’inscription de « L’Ommegang de Bruxelles, cortège historique et fête populaire annuels » sur la Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité de l’UNESCO en 2019 est venue consacrer cette richesse exceptionnelle et reconnaître son importance bien au-delà des frontières belges.</p>

<p>À une époque où les villes évoluent à un rythme toujours plus rapide, l’Ommegang rappelle qu’une capitale se construit autant par son patrimoine que par son avenir. Bruxelles n’est pas seulement la capitale politique de l’Europe ; elle est aussi l’héritière d’une histoire vieille de plusieurs siècles, façonnée par le duché de Brabant, les Pays-Bas bourguignons et espagnols, ainsi que par l’héritage de Charles Quint.</p>

<p>Pendant quelques heures, chaque été, les pavés de la Grand-Place cessent d’être un simple lieu de passage. Ils redeviennent le théâtre vivant de l’histoire de Bruxelles. L’Ommegang n’est donc pas seulement une fête historique : il est l’expression d’une identité bruxelloise toujours vivante, où patrimoine, mémoire, traditions et transmission continuent de défiler ensemble, près de sept siècles après la naissance de cette célébration devenue l’un des plus beaux symboles de la Belgique.</p>

<p><em><strong>CREDITS PHOTOS MULTIPLES CONTRIBUTEURS ANONYMES , MERCI POUR LEURS CONTRIBUTIONS POUR REALISER L'ALBUM PHOTO</strong></em></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 19:15:27 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Can Azerbaijan Become an Islamic Finance Hub?</title>
                <category>Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/can-azerbaijan-become-an-islamic-finance-hub-1266</link>
                <author>AbdulhamidamidAlKba@GMAIL.COM (Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/can-azerbaijan-become-an-islamic-finance-hub-1266</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Can Azerbaijan Become an Islamic Finance Hub?]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Can Azerbaijan Become an Islamic Finance Hub?</h1>

<p><strong>By Abdulhamid Hamid Al-Kba</strong><br />
<em>Opinion Writer Specializing in Central Asian and Azerbaijani Affairs</em></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><em><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/72f47b1c-8f96-42f2-b90b-74e42d864c74.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></em></p>

<p>One of the key messages from the 14th Private Sector Forum of the Islamic Development Bank Group in Baku is that Islamic finance is no longer just a tool for funding projects. It has become a broader platform for enhancing regional integration, connecting investments, and supporting sustainable development.</p>

<p>Hosting the forum in Baku for the second time since 2010 is no coincidence. It clearly reflects Azerbaijan’s growing role as a genuine bridge between the Gulf, Central Asia, and Europe. Thanks to its strategic location on the Middle Corridor and major investments in infrastructure and logistics, the country is seriously aiming to become a regional hub for trade and investment.</p>

<p>The report <em>Rise of Azerbaijan: Economic and Investment Outlook</em>, issued by ICCD Holding, presented encouraging figures. GDP grew from around $47.1 billion in 2018 to more than $76 billion in 2025. More importantly, the non-oil sector’s contribution reached 63%, compared to 52% seven years ago. This indicates tangible progress in economic diversification, even though the road ahead remains long.</p>

<p>Additionally, investments in fixed assets reached approximately $12.5 billion in 2025, while investments in the first quarter of 2026 rose by 14.9%. Positive expectations are focused on sectors such as logistics, agriculture, information technology, and tourism — precisely the areas that align with Azerbaijan’s vision of becoming a multi-dimensional regional center.</p>

<p>The partnership with the Islamic Development Bank is deep and ongoing. Since 1992, around $1.8 billion has been financed across 84 projects. On the sidelines of the forum, important agreements were signed, including the rehabilitation of the irrigation canal in Karabakh and a memorandum for a multi-year partnership strategy.</p>

<p>A noteworthy report by the IsDB Institute (IsDBI) and the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC) highlighted that GCC countries are the most likely source of foreign direct investment in Azerbaijan’s emerging Islamic banking and finance sector. This is not only due to the massive size of Islamic assets exceeding one trillion dollars, but also due to strategic factors: growing economic ties, Azerbaijan’s position on the Middle Corridor, and the increasing need for Sharia-compliant trade finance tools.</p>

<p>From an analytical perspective, if Azerbaijan succeeds in attracting a significant portion of these investments, the impact will not be limited to the financial sector. It could transform the country into a regional hub for Islamic finance, linking the Gulf, Central Asia, and the South Caucasus, adding a new financial and geo-economic dimension to its diversification efforts.</p>

<p>At the broader level, IsDB Group financing approvals reached $16 billion in 2025. A significant number, no doubt. However, the real challenge lies not in the volume of financing but in the ability to turn these figures into real projects on the ground that create jobs and generate tangible impact.</p>

<p>The launch of the Global Islamic Economists Program (GIEP) in Baku reflects an important realization: finance alone is not enough; building human capacities and connecting knowledge with practical policies are equally essential for sustainable development.</p>

<p>In this context, Azerbaijan is increasingly seen as having growing potential to play a pivotal role in regional cooperation in trade, investment, and sustainable development, especially amid declining financial flows from developed economies to the Global South.</p>

<p>Furthermore, the launch of a new platform for financing Sharia-compliant SMEs is an important step. It focuses on institutional capacity building, expanding the use of the national currency, and developing risk-sharing mechanisms. This reflects the evolution of Islamic finance toward more integrated models that support the productive sector.</p>

<p>No one can deny that Azerbaijan’s political and economic stability remains one of the strongest factors enhancing its attractiveness to foreign investment. In a region often affected by geopolitical uncertainty, this stability has enabled the country to develop modern infrastructure, implement investment-friendly policies, and strengthen its position as a reliable destination for regional and international capital.</p>

<p>Ultimately, the significance of the Baku 2026 Forum extends beyond the agreements signed during its sessions. It reflects Azerbaijan’s broader ambition to position itself at the intersection of trade corridors, investment flows, and emerging Islamic financial markets. Whether this ambition translates into long-term influence will depend on the country’s ability to convert its strategic advantages into sustainable economic partnerships that connect the Gulf, Central Asia, and the South Caucasus.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/6829ca53-53ad-4121-8662-87a8a473971e.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 23:53:33 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA KERBELA  2</title>
                <category>Ahmet Urfali</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turk-edebiyatinda-kerbela-2-1265</link>
                <author>ahmeturfali@bruxelleskorner.com (Ahmet Urfali)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turk-edebiyatinda-kerbela-2-1265</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA KERBELA  2]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA KERBELA&nbsp;</strong></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Kerbela; üzüntü gam, bela, belalı yer, kahramanlık makamı anlamındadır. Kerbela, Hicri 10 Muharrem, Miladi 10 Ekim 680’de 73 canın zalimler tarafından hunharca şehit edildiği yerin adıdır. Âşıkların matem günü olarak anılan Kerbela, İslam’ın önemli kırılma noktalarından biri olarak tarihte yer almıştır.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/365b4a45-5f13-4f73-b456-b4ce18ff0b88.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p><br />
Türk Edebiyatında Kerbela matemini ve Ehl-i Beyt sevgisini işleyen şiirlere; muharremiye, maktel, firkatname, taziyetname, mersiye, ağıt ve sagu denilmektedir. Kerbela hadisesi; Maktel-i Hüseyin, Vaka-yi Kerbela, Kitab-ı Kerbela, Kerbela-name, Dastan-ı Kerbela ve Muharrem-name adlarıyla kitaplara başlık olmuştur.<br />
Kerbela Olayı, Türk Edebiyatında 1362’de Kastamonulu Şazi tarafından Dasitan-ı &nbsp;Maktel-i Hüseyin adiyle ilk defa yazılmıştır. Türk halk ve divan edebiyatında pek çok şair ve yazar tarafından ele alınan bu konu, günümüzde de işlenmektedir. Kerbela, sadece edebiyatta değil, sanatın pek çok alanında konu olarak seçilmektedir.<br />
Barış ve esenlik manasında bulunan İslam, maalesef gözünü hırs, intikam, kin, nefret bürümüş, iktidar zalimleri tarafından kana bulanmıştır. Türk edebiyatında mazmun, halk dilinde kalıp olarak yer bulan Hüseyin masumiyetin, Yezit ise zalimliğin sembolü olmuştur.<br />
Kerbela, zulme biat etmek değil başkaldırmaktır. Kerbela, ihanete karşı sonu ölüm de olsa bağlılık göstermenin yeridir. Kerbela, aç ve susuz bırakılmaktır.<br />
Türklerin müslüman olmadan önce cereyan eden Kerbela olayı, Müslüman olduktan sonra milletimizi derinden etkilemiştir. Mazlum ve masum olanların yanında yer almayı her zaman önde tutan atalarımız, bu olayda da Hz. Hüseyin’den yana davranışını göstermişlerdir. Türk milleti, ‘’İnsan sevdikleriyle beraberdir.’’ ilkesi uyarınca Ehl-i Beyt sevgisini izhar etmişlerdir.<br />
Bu cümleden olarak Divan Edebiyatımızın büyük şairi Fuzuli;<br />
’’ Benem Fâris ol Türk-i hancer-güzâr<br />
Ki Behrâm’a tîgümdür âyîne-dâr’’ ( Ben, hançerle vuran Türk, Fâris’im; kılıcımla, Behrâm’a bile yokluğu gösterebilirim.) diyerek &nbsp;Hadikatü’s-Süeda (Erenler Bahçesi) adlı eserini yazmıştır. Eser, öğretici bir özellik taşımakla beraber &nbsp;Fuzuli bu kitabını yetkin şiir anlayışına uygun olarak yazmıştır. Bu eser, 10 Muharrem’in anma günlerinde okunmuş, gözyaşlarıyla dinlenmiştir. Eserde yer yer Türk yas tutma geleneğine temas edilmiştir. Keza ağıt yakmadan esinlenerek ağıtlar söylenmiştir.<br />
Fuzuli, Erenler Bahçesi eserinde Kerbela’yı şöyle tanımlar :<br />
‘’Sehl sanman Kerbela kavgasın ey ehl-i hıred<br />
Arsa-i bi-dad ü meydan-ı beladır Kerbela<br />
Sorsalar kim kangı menzildir mesa’ib mecmaı<br />
Ün verir kasr-ı felek Kerbela’dur Kerbela’’<br />
(Ey akıl erleri, Kerbela Savaşının basit olduğunu sanmayın. Kerbela, adaletsizlik alanı, bela meydanıdır. Musibetlerin toplandığı yer neresidir diye sorsalar, feleğin köşkünden ‘Kerbela’dır Kerbela’ sesi gelir.)<br />
Fuzuli, kitabın son kısmını Kerbelâ Şehîdi’ne Ağıt başlıklı şiiriyle &nbsp;bağlar. Bu ağıttan bir bölüm aşağıdadır:<br />
Mâh-ı Muharrem oldı şafakdan çıkup hilâl<br />
Kılmış azâ töküp kad-ı ham birle eşk-i al<br />
Evlâd-ı Mustafâ’ya meded kılmamış Fırât<br />
Giçürmesün mi yerlere anı bu infi’âl<br />
Çokdur hikâyet-i elem-i Şâh-ı Kerbelâ<br />
Elbette çok hikâyet olur mucîb-i melâl<br />
Fehm eylesen gam-ı şühedâ şerhin itmege<br />
(Muharrem ayı geldi de, güneş battıktan sonra, hilâl görünüp yas tuttu; boynunu bükerek kanlı gözyaşı döktü. Fırat ırmağı, Hazret-i Muhammed Mustafâ’nın çocuklarına yardımcı olmadı; bu kızgınlık, bu öfke, onu yere göçürmesin mi?<br />
Sıkıntı verici hikayeler, elbette çoktur; bu bakımdan Kerbelâ Şâhı Hüseyin’in hikayesi de uzundur. Şehîdlerin halini anlatmak istersen, Kerbelâ’daki her yeşillik parçası dile gelir de, yardımcı olur. Zaman şehidler için yas töreninin yenilenmesini sağladı; sen de elden geldiğince, ağla ey gönül!)<br />
Yazımızı şehitlerimize rahmet dileyerek Keçecizade İzzet Molla’dan bir beyitle bitirelim:<br />
‘’Dideden su yerine kan akacak dem geldi<br />
Kerbela günleridir ağla Muharrem geldi’’ Ahmet Urfalı<br />
[03:41, 21/06/2026] Ahmet urfali: KERBELA…SU…BİR HÜZNÜN HİKAYESİ….&nbsp;<br />
‘’Su hayattır.’’ diye başlanır söze. Su hayrı yaptıranlar , ‘’Su gibi aziz olanlardır.’’ Dedem Korkut, suya övgüler dizer:<br />
&nbsp;‘’ Çağnam çağnam kayalardan çıkan su<br />
Büyük büyük ağaç gemileri oynatan su<br />
Hasan ile Hüseyin''in hasreti su<br />
Bağ ile bostanın ziyneti su<br />
Ayşe ile Fatma''nın nikâhı su<br />
Şahbaz atlar içtiği su<br />
Ak koyunlar gelip çevresinde yattığı su.’’<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; “Biz her şeyi sudan yarattık (Enbiya-30)”. Allah kelamındadır suyun sırrı. Su, Zemzem’dir, bebeğin ağzına ilk damlatılan ve son nefesinde insanlara verilen. Hacıların en kıymetli armağanıdır Zemzem. Dünyanın dört bir yanına götürülür bu kutsal su. Ayakta, kıbleye dönerek besmeleyle içilir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Eski edebiyatımızda su ekmekle birlikte kullanılır. Cömertliğin sembolüdür. Eskiler kendilerine su verildiğinde bardağı iade ederken suyu veren kişiye “Su gibi aziz olasın” derlerdi. Aziz; yüce, kıymetli, mukaddes demektir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; Fuzulî, Hz. Peygamber’e duyduğu derin saygı ve sevgiyi ’’Su Kasidesi’ nde &nbsp;dile getirmiştir:<br />
‘’Hak-i pâyine yetem der ömürlerdir muttasıl<br />
Başını taştan taşa vurup gezer âvâre su<br />
Zerre zerre hâk-i dergâhına ister sala yol<br />
Dönmez ol dergâhtan ger ola pâre pâre su ‘’<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Mevlana, suyla ağacı mukayese eder: “Mana ve suret diyelim ki, su ile ağaca benzer. Su ve ağaç hakikatte birbirinden ayrı şeylerdir, aralarında bir benzerlik de yoktur. Fakat ne susuz ağaç olur, ne de su bir ağaca hulûl etmedikçe meyve haline gelir. Demek ki ağaç suretse su da manadır. Mana hangi ağaca nüfuz ve hulûl ederse o ağaçta yeşermeler görülür ve meyveler belirir. Suyun ağaçta zuhuru meyve olduğu gibi, mananın bir vücutta zuhuru da hayat olur, kudret olur, ilim irfan olur ve kişi büyük hakikate bu irfan yoluyla varır.”<br />
&nbsp; “Susayan suyu arar, Su da susayanı." Sözüyle bağlar su bahsini Mevlana.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Medeniyetler su kenarlarında hayat bulmuş ve su ile şekillenmiştir. Saflık, sadelik, duruluk ve bilgelik sembolü olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ruh ve beden temizliğini su sağlamıştır.Çeşmeler, köprüler, sebiller, şadırvanlar, sarnıçlar, kuyular, hamamlar…suyun sanatsal eserleridir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Bilge Kağan Orhun; “Türk Milleti… Yerinden, suyundan ayrılmazsan iyilik göreceksin.” diyerek &nbsp;su ve vatan sevgisinin önemini vurgulamıştır. Dede Korkut, elinde kopuzuyla ölümü Sirderya üzerine serdiği seccadede beklemiştir. &nbsp;Batı Hun Hakanı Attila, Thies nehrinin değiştirilen yatağına gömülmüştür.<br />
Bengi su ölümsüzlük suyudur. Bengi su; Âb-ı hayat, Hayat suyu ya da Dirilik suyu, birçok söylencede adı geçen, içen kişiye ölümsüzlük kazandırdığına inanılan efsanevî sudur. Farklı Türk diyeleklerinde Mengüsuv, Bengüsub olarak da söylenir. Bengi su içenlere ölümsüzlük ve gençlik sağlar. Hayat ağacının köklerinden çıkar. Bir ırmak veya dere şeklinde akar. Bazen köpük şeklinde gelir.Köroğlu destanında bir ırmaktan üç köpük şeklinde gelir. Bengi su; bilgeliği, kalıcı eserler bırakmayı, iyiliği simgeler. Uluğ Kayın’ın dibindeki bir çukurdan kaynaklanır. Başında bir bekçi ruh bulunur. İçenlere güç ve kuvvet verir. Hastaları iyileştirir. Ayrıca Bengi adlı bir halk oyunu da mevcuttur<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Mimar Sinan’ın her biri ayrı bir abide olan eserleri arasında, su yoları, su kemerleri ve şadırvanlar ayrı güzelliklere sahiptir. Su sesinin doyumsuz bir musiki gibi duyulduğu Türk evlerinden her an mutluluk şarkıları yükselmiştir. &nbsp;Farabî ve İbn-i Sina, akıl ve ruh hastalarını musiki eşliğinde, su sesi ile tedavi tekniğini bulmuşlardır. Kuşluk, ikindi ve yatsı vakitlerinde icra edilen rast, saba, hicaz gibi değişik musiki makamlarına şiddeti ayarlanabilen fıskiyelerden açılan su sesi, &nbsp;hastaların hem ruhuna hem de gönüllerine hitap ederek şifa vermişlerdir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;Su; berekettir, rahmettir, nimetlerin bolluğudur, afet olmadığı sürece. Su toprakla buluşunca nice güzellikler fışkırır yeryüzünde. Kara bulutlardan berrak damlalar düşer. Her damla, çiçeklerin can suyudur.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; Arif olanlar, damlada deryayı görür. Ve her su, önce ırmağa, ardından da ummana kavuşmak ister. Bu durum bir olmaya, birlik olmaya koşmaktır.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; Su; güzelliktir, yeşilliktir.<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; Su, Kerbela’da seraptır. Yezitleşen dünyada bütün insanlığa Hz. Hüseyince hoşgörü ve sevgi bakışıdır su. Hüzünlü zamanların kuruyan dudaklarında bir sevdanın adıdır su.</p>

<p><br />
<span style="font-size:16px"><strong>AHMET URFALI</strong></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 18:20:49 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA KERBELA </title>
                <category>Ahmet Urfali</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turk-edebiyatinda-kerbela-1264</link>
                <author>ahmeturfali@bruxelleskorner.com (Ahmet Urfali)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/turk-edebiyatinda-kerbela-1264</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA KERBELA ]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:24px"><strong>TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA KERBELA&nbsp;</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:24px"><strong><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ChatGPT%20Image%2021%20juin%202026%2C%2017_10_22.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></strong></span></p>

<p><br />
Kerbela; üzüntü gam, bela, belalı yer, kahramanlık makamı anlamındadır. Kerbela, Hicri 10 Muharrem, Miladi 10 Ekim 680’de 73 canın zalimler tarafından hunharca şehit edildiği yerin adıdır. Âşıkların matem günü olarak anılan Kerbela, İslam’ın önemli kırılma noktalarından biri olarak tarihte yer almıştır.<br />
Türk Edebiyatında Kerbela matemini ve Ehl-i Beyt sevgisini işleyen şiirlere; muharremiye, maktel, firkatname, taziyetname, mersiye, ağıt ve sagu denilmektedir. Kerbela hadisesi; Maktel-i Hüseyin, Vaka-yi Kerbela, Kitab-ı Kerbela, Kerbela-name, Dastan-ı Kerbela ve Muharrem-name adlarıyla kitaplara başlık olmuştur.<br />
Kerbela Olayı, Türk Edebiyatında 1362’de Kastamonulu Şazi tarafından Dasitan-ı &nbsp;Maktel-i Hüseyin adiyle ilk defa yazılmıştır. Türk halk ve divan edebiyatında pek çok şair ve yazar tarafından ele alınan bu konu, günümüzde de işlenmektedir. Kerbela, sadece edebiyatta değil, sanatın pek çok alanında konu olarak seçilmektedir.<br />
Barış ve esenlik manasında bulunan İslam, maalesef gözünü hırs, intikam, kin, nefret bürümüş, iktidar zalimleri tarafından kana bulanmıştır. Türk edebiyatında mazmun, halk dilinde kalıp olarak yer bulan Hüseyin masumiyetin, Yezit ise zalimliğin sembolü olmuştur.<br />
Kerbela, zulme biat etmek değil başkaldırmaktır. Kerbela, ihanete karşı sonu ölüm de olsa bağlılık göstermenin yeridir. Kerbela, aç ve susuz bırakılmaktır.<br />
Türklerin müslüman olmadan önce cereyan eden Kerbela olayı, Müslüman olduktan sonra milletimizi derinden etkilemiştir. Mazlum ve masum olanların yanında yer almayı her zaman önde tutan atalarımız, bu olayda da Hz. Hüseyin’den yana davranışını göstermişlerdir. Türk milleti, ‘’İnsan sevdikleriyle beraberdir.’’ ilkesi uyarınca Ehl-i Beyt sevgisini izhar etmişlerdir.<br />
Bu cümleden olarak Divan Edebiyatımızın büyük şairi Fuzuli;<br />
’’ Benem Fâris ol Türk-i hancer-güzâr<br />
Ki Behrâm’a tîgümdür âyîne-dâr’’ ( Ben, hançerle vuran Türk, Fâris’im; kılıcımla, Behrâm’a bile yokluğu gösterebilirim.) diyerek &nbsp;Hadikatü’s-Süeda (Erenler Bahçesi) adlı eserini yazmıştır. Eser, öğretici bir özellik taşımakla beraber &nbsp;Fuzuli bu kitabını yetkin şiir anlayışına uygun olarak yazmıştır. Bu eser, 10 Muharrem’in anma günlerinde okunmuş, gözyaşlarıyla dinlenmiştir. Eserde yer yer Türk yas tutma geleneğine temas edilmiştir. Keza ağıt yakmadan esinlenerek ağıtlar söylenmiştir.<br />
Fuzuli, Erenler Bahçesi eserinde Kerbela’yı şöyle tanımlar :<br />
‘’Sehl sanman Kerbela kavgasın ey ehl-i hıred<br />
Arsa-i bi-dad ü meydan-ı beladır Kerbela<br />
Sorsalar kim kangı menzildir mesa’ib mecmaı<br />
Ün verir kasr-ı felek Kerbela’dur Kerbela’’<br />
(Ey akıl erleri, Kerbela Savaşının basit olduğunu sanmayın. Kerbela, adaletsizlik alanı, bela meydanıdır. Musibetlerin toplandığı yer neresidir diye sorsalar, feleğin köşkünden ‘Kerbela’dır Kerbela’ sesi gelir.)<br />
Fuzuli, kitabın son kısmını Kerbelâ Şehîdi’ne Ağıt başlıklı şiiriyle &nbsp;bağlar. Bu ağıttan bir bölüm aşağıdadır:<br />
Mâh-ı Muharrem oldı şafakdan çıkup hilâl<br />
Kılmış azâ töküp kad-ı ham birle eşk-i al<br />
Evlâd-ı Mustafâ’ya meded kılmamış Fırât<br />
Giçürmesün mi yerlere anı bu infi’âl<br />
Çokdur hikâyet-i elem-i Şâh-ı Kerbelâ<br />
Elbette çok hikâyet olur mucîb-i melâl<br />
Fehm eylesen gam-ı şühedâ şerhin itmege<br />
(Muharrem ayı geldi de, güneş battıktan sonra, hilâl görünüp yas tuttu; boynunu bükerek kanlı gözyaşı döktü. Fırat ırmağı, Hazret-i Muhammed Mustafâ’nın çocuklarına yardımcı olmadı; bu kızgınlık, bu öfke, onu yere göçürmesin mi?<br />
Sıkıntı verici hikayeler, elbette çoktur; bu bakımdan Kerbelâ Şâhı Hüseyin’in hikayesi de uzundur. Şehîdlerin halini anlatmak istersen, Kerbelâ’daki her yeşillik parçası dile gelir de, yardımcı olur. Zaman şehidler için yas töreninin yenilenmesini sağladı; sen de elden geldiğince, ağla ey gönül!)<br />
Yazımızı şehitlerimize rahmet dileyerek Keçecizade İzzet Molla’dan bir beyitle bitirelim:<br />
‘’Dideden su yerine kan akacak dem geldi<br />
Kerbela günleridir ağla Muharrem geldi’’</p>

<p><strong>Ahmet Urfalı</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 18:07:46 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Biz Bitti Demeden Bitti…</title>
                <category>Kadir Duran</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/biz-bitti-demeden-bitti-1263</link>
                <author>duranskynetbe@hotmail.com (Kadir Duran)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/biz-bitti-demeden-bitti-1263</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Biz Bitti Demeden Bitti…]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Biz Bitti Demeden Bitti…</h1>

<p>Takım olarak, millet olarak, futbolseverler olarak Dünya Kupası maceramız sona erdi. Ancak turnuva bitti, tartışmalar bitmedi.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/d9109e71-8ccc-4841-8ab3-120e553e7b3b.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Herkes konuşuyor, herkes bir değerlendirme yapıyor. Ben ise yazmadan önce biraz beklemek, olanları sindirmek istedim. Çünkü öfkeyle yapılan yorumlar çoğu zaman gerçeği gölgeleyebilir. Bugün ise duygularla değil, akılla konuşma zamanı.</p>

<h2>Türkiye Neden Başaramadı?</h2>

<p>Dünya Kupası formatı oldukça nettir. Dört takımdan oluşan gruplarda ilk iki sırayı alan ekipler yoluna devam eder. Böyle bir organizasyonda en önemli şey, maç kaybetmemek ve kriz anlarını yönetebilmektir.</p>

<p>Ne yazık ki Türkiye bunu başaramadı.</p>

<p>Avustralya karşısında alınan sonuç, turnuvanın kaderini belirledi. Kâğıt üzerinde daha zayıf görünen rakibe karşı sahada üstünlük kurulamadı. Paraguay maçında ise takımın üzerinde kazanma baskısından çok, puan hesaplarının yarattığı psikolojik yük vardı.</p>

<p>Daha da önemlisi, rakibin 10 kişi kaldığı bölümlerde bile gol bulunamaması, Türkiye'nin hücum organizasyonlarındaki eksikliği açıkça ortaya koydu.</p>

<p>Gerçekçi olmak gerekirse, böyle oynayan bir takımın üst turlarda çok daha güçlü rakiplere karşı başarılı olması zaten oldukça zordu.</p>

<p>Belki de erken vedanın en acı yanı budur:</p>

<p>Türkiye, bu Dünya Kupası'nda çok koşan, çok deneyen, çok şut atan ama sonuca ulaşamayan takım olarak hatırlanacak.</p>

<h2>Birinci Sebep: Hazırlıksız Yakalanmak</h2>

<p>Türkiye turnuvaya doğrudan katılım hakkı elde ederek gelmedi. Play-off sürecinden geçerek son anda bileti aldı.</p>

<p>Bu durum aslında önemli bir uyarıydı:</p>

<p>Takımın fiziksel ve zihinsel olarak rakiplerinden daha fazla hazırlanması gerekiyordu.</p>

<p>Ancak kamp sürecine bakıldığında, odaklanma yerine dağınıklık dikkat çekti.</p>

<p>Sosyal medya paylaşımları, YouTube içerikleri, reklam çalışmaları ve dış dünyayla yoğun temas devam etti. Oysa Dünya Kupası gibi organizasyonlarda oyuncuların tamamen futbola odaklanması gerekir.</p>

<p>Büyük başarılar, büyük fedakârlıklar ister.</p>

<p>Disiplin zayıfladığında, konsantrasyon bozulduğunda ve hedef bulanıklaştığında bunun sahaya yansıması kaçınılmazdır.</p>

<h2>İkinci Sebep: Teknik Heyetin Hataları</h2>

<p>Bir diğer önemli sorun teknik heyetin tercihleri ve hazırlık süreciydi.</p>

<p>İki yıldır çalıştırılan bir takımın kadro yapısı son güne kadar netleşmemeliydi.</p>

<p>Hangi rakibe karşı nasıl oynanacağı, hangi oyuncuların hangi görevleri üstleneceği ve alternatif planların ne olacağı çok önceden belirlenmiş olmalıydı.</p>

<p>Özellikle Avustralya karşısında yapılan tercihler ciddi soru işaretleri yarattı.</p>

<p>Rakibin fiziksel gücü, oyun tarzı ve kontra atak planı biliniyordu. Buna rağmen sahaya çıkan yapı bu gerçeklere tam anlamıyla uygun görünmedi.</p>

<p>Futbol artık yalnızca yetenek oyunu değil.</p>

<p>Modern futbol; analiz, planlama, veri, disiplin ve organizasyon oyunudur.</p>

<p>Bu noktada yalnızca teknik direktörü değil, federasyonu ve teknik yapılanmayı da sorgulamak gerekir.</p>

<p>Dünya Kupası'na hazırlık sürecinde kimler görev aldı?</p>

<p>Hangi uzmanlardan destek alındı?</p>

<p>Rakip analizleri ne kadar sağlıklı yapıldı?</p>

<p>Bu soruların cevapları mutlaka verilmelidir.</p>

<h2>Üçüncü Sebep: Aşırı Beklenti ve Medya Baskısı</h2>

<p>Türk futbolunun kronik sorunlarından biri de budur.</p>

<p>Bir galibiyetten sonra takım dünya şampiyonu ilan edilir.</p>

<p>Bir mağlubiyetten sonra ise herkes hedef tahtasına konur.</p>

<p>Turnuva öncesinde de benzer bir tablo yaşandı.</p>

<p>Hazırlık maçlarında takımın eksikleri görülmesine rağmen gerçekçi değerlendirmeler yerine aşırı iyimser veya aşırı karamsar yorumlar yapıldı.</p>

<p>Turnuva başladıktan sonra ise eleştiriler sertleşti.</p>

<p>Bazı oyuncular hedef gösterildi, bazıları gereğinden fazla övüldü.</p>

<p>Bu durum ister istemez takımın üzerindeki baskıyı artırdı.</p>

<p>Oysa büyük turnuvalarda başarı için sakinlik, sabır ve birlik gerekir.</p>

<h2>Asıl Sorun: Planlama Kültürünün Eksikliği</h2>

<p>Bana göre meselenin özü burada yatıyor.</p>

<p>Biz hâlâ birçok şeyi son dakikada yapmaya çalışıyoruz.</p>

<p>Dünya Kupası dört yılda bir oynanıyor.</p>

<p>Bir sonraki Dünya Kupası'nın planlaması, bir önceki turnuva biter bitmez başlamalıdır.</p>

<p>Altyapıdan teknik kadroya, iletişim stratejisinden kamp programına kadar her şey yıllar öncesinden hazırlanmalıdır.</p>

<p>Başarılı ülkeler bunu yapıyor.</p>

<p>Onlar günü kurtarmaya değil, geleceği inşa etmeye çalışıyor.</p>

<p>Biz de bunu başardığımız gün, Dünya Kupası'na katılmayı başarı olarak görmek yerine, çeyrek finali, yarı finali ve hatta kupayı konuşmaya başlayacağız.</p>

<p>Bugün yaşanan hayal kırıklığından çıkarılacak en büyük ders budur.</p>

<p>Allah ülkemizi daha büyük hayal kırıklıklarından korusun.</p>

<p>Şimdi ise futbolun geri kalanını izleme ve gerçek favorilerin mücadelesini takip etme zamanı.</p>

<p>Küçük Hatırlatma, <img alt="?" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tdf/1/16/1f51c.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /> Fransa,<img alt="??" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t74/1/16/1f1eb_1f1f7.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /> Belçika <img alt="??" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t94/1/16/1f1e7_1f1ea.png" style="height:16px; width:16px" /> .. Maçlarımız var, şimdiden analizini yapalım</p>

<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><strong>Kadir Duran</strong></em></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 14:40:14 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>“SUMUD”  ONURLU FİLİSTİN HALKININ ÖZGÜRLÜK MÜCADELESİ </title>
                <category>Ferda (Boz) Güneri</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sumud-onurlu-filistin-halkinin-ozgurluk-mucadelesi-1262</link>
                <author>FerdaGuneri@bruxelleskorner.com (Ferda (Boz) Güneri)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/sumud-onurlu-filistin-halkinin-ozgurluk-mucadelesi-1262</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[“SUMUD”  ONURLU FİLİSTİN HALKININ ÖZGÜRLÜK MÜCADELESİ ]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>“SUMUD”&nbsp;<br />
ONURLU FİLİSTİN HALKININ ÖZGÜRLÜK MÜCADELESİ&nbsp;</strong></span></p>

<p><strong><em>GALA GECESİ ARDINDAN</em></strong></p>

<p>Geçtiğimiz günlerde SUMUD dizisinin gala programına katılma fırsatı bulduk. Bu anlamlı organizasyonda dizinin oyuncuları ve yapım ekibiyle bir araya gelerek sohbet etme imkanı yakaladık. Kendilerine çalışmalar sürecindeki duygu ve düşüncelerini sorduk, ortaya koydukları emek dolayısıyla tebriklerimizi ilettik.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%202026-06-17%20133024.jpg" style="height:306px; width:409px" /></p>

<p>SUMUD, yalnızca bir yapım olmanın ötesinde; direnişi, sabrı, umudu ve insanlık vicdanını ekrana taşıyan önemli bir çalışma olarak dikkat çekiyor. İzlerken zaman zaman hüzünlendiren, zaman zaman düşündüren, siyonizmin gayri insani yönünü anlatan sahneleriyle izleyiciyi derinden etkileyen bir anlatım sunuyor.</p>

<p>Gala gecesinde sanatçılarımızın samimiyeti ve projeye olan inançları da dikkat çekiciydi. Her biri, böylesine anlamlı bir çalışmanın parçası olmaktan duydukları memnuniyeti dile getirdi. Bizler de kendilerini tebrik ederek başarılarının devamını diledik.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%202026-06-17%20132906.jpg" style="height:309px; width:262px" /></p>

<p>Toplumsal meselelere duyarlılık kazandıran, farkındalık oluşturan ve güçlü mesajlar veren yapımların değerli olduğuna inanıyoruz. SUMUD da bu yönüyle izlenmeyi hak eden, emek verilmiş kıymetli bir dizi çalışması olmuş.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%202026-06-17%20132925.jpg" style="height:433px; width:240px" /></p>

<p>Bu anlamlı yapımın hayata geçirilmesinde emeği bulunan TRT ve TRT TABİİ’yi de ayrıca tebrik ediyoruz. Böylesine önemli bir projeye verdikleri destek ve katkılardan dolayı teşekkür ediyor, toplumsal hafızaya dokunan, insanı düşündüren ve değerlerimizi yansıtan daha nice nitelikli yapıma yer vermelerini temenni ediyoruz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%202026-06-17%20132944.jpg" style="height:486px; width:427px" /></p>

<p>Başta oyuncular ve yapım ekibi olmak üzere emeği geçen herkesi gönülden kutluyor, SUMUD’un geniş kitlelere ulaşmasını ve hak ettiği ilgiyi görmesini diliyoruz.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%202026-06-17%20133043.jpg" style="height:550px; width:388px" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 14:31:44 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>DÜNDAR TAŞER’İN DEVLET ANLAYIŞI</title>
                <category>Ahmet Urfali</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/dundar-taserin-devlet-anlayisi-1261</link>
                <author>ahmeturfali@bruxelleskorner.com (Ahmet Urfali)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/dundar-taserin-devlet-anlayisi-1261</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[DÜNDAR TAŞER’İN DEVLET ANLAYIŞI]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:36px"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>DÜNDAR TAŞER’İN DEVLET ANLAYIŞI</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/e4d4d876-f7d1-47ad-9c04-06707e3087c0.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>“Biz çadırımızı sırtlanların yolu üzerine kurmuşuz.” &nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dündar Taşer</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>&nbsp; </strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bozkırın yaz gecelerinde yıldızlara bakıp ‘’Dündar Taşer’in Büyük Türkiyesi’’ni okurduk inançla.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ülker’e el uzatıp hayâller kurardık muhteşem maziden ümitvâr istikbâle. Ulubatlı Hasan’la beraber şanlı bayrağı dikerdik kale burçlarına. Karayel yanığı çehrelerimiz aydınlanırdı “fena fi’d devle ve’l mille” sözünü her duyuşumuzda. Bir hümanın kanadında ulu gökyüzününden engin ufuklara uçardık, dilimizde, gönlümüzde ‘’Kelime-i Tevhid’’ zikri. Diz kırıp boyun yatırırdık kalp atışlarımızın anlamı üstüne. Saçlarımız ağarsa da “her dem yeniden doğarız, bizden kim usanası.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Bekleyedursun çağ, gözleyedursun insanlık, yine geliriz “nizam-ı âlem” üzere harap beldeleri abad eylemeye, yaralı gönüllere merhem olmaya…</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Bozkırın yaz gecelerinde yoksul kasabaların tozlu yollarında türküler çığırırdık, Yemen’den, Cezayir’den, Kırım’dan. Ah! Neredeydi bu memleketler? Neydi bizi çekip götüren uzaklara? Suallerde bulunurdu bilmecelerin cevapları. Oğuz Kağan’ın buyruğu olduğunu söylemişti Horasan erenleri; doğudan batıya, kuzeyden güneye egemenlik kurmanın gereğini. Türk’ün meddinin Sakarya’dan tekrar başladığını müjdeliyordu Türkmen Beyi; “Türkün meddi Osmanlı’yla, Sakarya boylarından (Söğüt-Domaniç yaylalarından) başlayıp Viyana kapılarına, Atlas ve Hint Okyanuslarına kadar yükselmiş, 1774’ten sonra ise, çekile çekile 1922’de Sakarya boylarına kadar gerilemiştir. Fakat bu defa tekrar yükseliş, yine bu Sakarya boylarından başlamış, Millî Mücadeleyle Trakya’da Edirne’ye, Hatay’ın ilhakıyla 1939’da Suriye’ye doğru yükselme devam etmiştir… Bunu durdurmak tarihin akışına aykırıdır ve bu yükseliş Türk gençlerinin, ülkücü nesillerin gayret ve fedakârlıklarıyla devam edecektir.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fütuhatın sevincini, yenilginin acısını Türkmen Beyi’nin hâkimane ifadelerinde bulurduk; “Yemen’den Belgrad’a, Bağdat’tan Bükreş’e kadar hiçbir yeri mantık ve müzakere ile terk etmedik. Kurduğumuz düzeni nutuklarla bozdurmadık. Bu vatanı da birkaç teoricinin safsatasına, birkaç hainin hesabına, birkaç ahmağın aymazlığına kurban etmeyeceğiz. Ne hürriyet, ne demokrasi, ne insan hakları, ne de başka bir şey ülke bütünlüğünden daha aziz, bağımsızlıktan daha değerli değildir. Türk milletinin kaderi için hiçbir zaman saklamadığı gücü kanıdır!”&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp; Bozkırın yaz gecelerinde ‘’devlet-i ebed-müddet’’ düşleri kurardık. Türkmen Beyi’nin sözlerini düşünerek; “Biz bir cihan devleti kalıntısı üstünde, cihan hâkimlerinin evlatları olarak oturuyoruz. Sokaktan mektebe, kahveden fabrikaya koşmalıyız. Sanayimizi kurmalı, büyük milletin imkânlarını büyük geleceği kurmak için seferber etmeliyiz.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp; Ne Eflâtun’un “Devlet”i ne Machiavelli’n “Prens”i ne de Hitler’in “Kavgam”ı değildi onun anlayıp anlattığı. Tarihten süzülüp gelen, geldikçe gelişen, geliştikçe destanlaşan bir devlet pratiğiydi söylediği; “Niçin devlet?&nbsp;&nbsp;Önce; tarih boyunca Türklüğün yaşama gücünü ve üstün vasıflarını belirten yüce mefhum olduğu için… Milletin henüz tamamen yıkılmamış köklü bir geleneğe bağlılığını ifade ettiği için… Sonra, Milliyet, Vatan, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet gibi isimlerin, bu kelimelerin gerçek manalarına yabancı, hatta düşman yayın vasıtaları tarafından benimsenmesine karşılık, devlet’ in başına böyle bir felaket gelmediği için…”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Türkmen Beyi Dündar Taşer’in bütün “Mesele”si varoluşundan bu yana adalet, sevgi, hoşgörü anlayışı üzerine kurulan Türk devlet yapısını tekrar canlandırmak ve dünyaya hâkim kılmaktı. Bugün dünyada adaletsizlikler, haksızlıklar oluyorsa bu bizim bir cihan devleti olamayışımızdan kaynaklanıyordu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp; Bozkırın yaz gecelerinde biz yıldızlara bakıp hayâller kurardık Türklüğün geleceğine…</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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                <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 14:58:55 +0300</pubDate>
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                                <item>
                <title>“CİNS-İ LATİF”</title>
                <category>Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/cins-i-latif-1260</link>
                <author>ProfDrHilmiozden@bruxelleskorner.com (Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/cins-i-latif-1260</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[“CİNS-İ LATİF”]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">“CİNS-İ LATİF”</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">Hilmi Özden<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></strong></a></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">Cins-i Latif</span></strong><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black">, <strong>Naciye Tekerek</strong>’in kıymetli eserlerinden birinin ismidir. </span>Cins-i Latif ifadesi bugünlerde fazla kullanılmasa da klasik edebiyatımızda ve lügatlerde “<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#0f1729">Lâtif, zarif ve hoş cins (cinsiyet), nevini ifade eder. İnsanlar nev’inde kadın” tanımı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Tamlamanın Latif kısmı </span></span>Esma-ül Hüsna’daki <strong>El-Latîf isminden uygun bir ödünçleme olarak alınmıştır: </strong>“lütuf ve ihsan sahibi, en ince detayları bilen anlamına gelir. </span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/abdf3d72-c603-401d-9d9c-fb911e04bb5d.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Kitap şu cümlelerle başlar “<strong>erkek geceye benzer, kadın ise aya, her erkeği aydınlatan bir kadın vardır</strong>”. Sonra Hz Peygamberin(O’na selam olsun) bir hadisini girişe alır.&nbsp; “<strong>Allah (c.c) sizden kadınlara karşı iyi ve hayırlı olmanızı ister. Çünkü onlar sizin analarınız, kızlarınız veya teyzelerinizdir”</strong>. Eserin ilk hikâyesi Hz. Meryem’indir. Sonra cahiliye devrinde kadına bakış gelir. Erkek mi&nbsp; üstün diye sorar yazar. Sonra atasözlerimizde ve deyimlerimizde kadınlara yüklenen olumsuz kavramları ele alır. Gelinlere bağlanan kırmızı kurdelenin anlamını yorumlar. Kadın cinayetleri ve çocuk istismarı ile devam eden kitap çocuk gelinlere kadar gelir. Eserin bundan sonraki kısmında rengârenk kadınlarımız başlığı altında Merhaba diye başlayan ve ben diye devam eden <strong>rengârenk kadınlarımızı sıralar; kırmızı, sarı, mor, kahverengi, turuncu, siyah, gri, füme, lacivert, ebru ve beyaz. “Merhaba Ben Beyaz”ın haricinde bütün renkler trajik kadın hikâyeleridir.&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">Tüm bu trajik hikâyeler yazar ve okuyucunun içini titretir.</span></strong><span style="color:black"> Nasıl da mahvolmuş yaşamlar olduğunu ortaya koyar. Hikâyeleri yazarken bir hayatı sonlandıran etkenlerin asırlar boyu değişmediğini görmüştür: “<strong>vicdandan ve merhametten yoksun insanların masum tertemiz hayatları ve hayalleri sonlandırılmaları</strong>”.&nbsp; Nice hayatlar bir hiç uğruna son bulmuştur. Aramızda yaşayan nice canlı cenazelerin olduğunu söyler. Son hikâyesi Merhaba Ben Beyaz’da:&nbsp; “masumiyetin ve berraklığın rengi olarak mutlu bir evliliği ve eşine karşı sevgiyle bağlı bir erkeğin duygularını içermektedir”. Bu hikâye ise diğerlerinden nazaran kısacıktır. Adeta sevinç ve mutlulukların keder ve dertlere göre daha kısa oldukları gibi. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Eser'in giriş hikâyesi Hz. Meryem'in ki demiştik. Yazar “ annelik denilince hafızamdan çıkmayan her okuduğumda içimi titreten bir kıssadan bahsetmek istiyorum; evet sizlere cennetle müjdelenen o mübarek Hazreti Meryem'in yaşadığı zorluklardan bahsedeceğim” der.&nbsp; Fakat “ <strong>Hz. Meryem Allah'ın ipini tuttuğu halde insanoğluyla mücadelesi bitmemiştir. Ömrünün sonuna kadar hayatını ibadetle geçiren bir kadının nasıl olur da iffetinden şüphelenilirdi</strong>” (s.15) sorusu asırlardır erkek egemen dünyanın anaerkil toplumlarını dikkate almazsak kronolojik zamanın çok büyük bir kısmını işgal ettiği görülür.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cahiliye devrinde kadına bakış (s.17) başlıklı yazısı Peygamber Efendimizin öncesinde cahiliye devrinde Kız çocuklarının diri diri toprağa gömülmesini anlatmaktadır. O dönemde kız çocuklarına söylenen “<strong>dayıya gitmek” deyimi ölümle buluşturmanın örtülü ifadesi</strong>dir. Böyle bir toplumda peygamberimiz Veda hutbesinde “ <strong>Kadınlar size emanettir</strong>” demiş olsa da&nbsp; vefatından sonraki yaşanan hadiseler Arap toplumu bu geleneğini yok etmesine rağmen bilinçaltında kadına ikinci sınıf bakışının kaybolmadığı da görülmektedir. Maalesef birçok toplum İslam'ı anlamak yerine Arap hatta cahiliye Arap adetlerini benimsemeyi de İslamlaşmak sanmıştır. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bunun en acı örneği Türk töresince kadının toplumdaki değeri asırlar içinde aşınarak bugünlere gelinmesidir. Batı toplumlarında ise kadın haklarını savunduğunu iddia edenler Avrupa'nın&nbsp;feodal yapısındaki tarihi tortudan kurtulamamıştır. Cenab-ı Allah kadın erkek ayırmadan yaratılanların üstünü (eşrefi mahlûk) demesine rağmen nasıl bir idrak kırılması olduysa erkekler kendilerini üstün oldukları gibi bir zanna/vehime kaptırmışlardır. Zaman içerisinde atasözlerimizde ve deyimlerimizde kadınlar (s.20).&nbsp; <strong>Kızını dövmeyen dizini döver, kız kısmı konuşmaz, gelinlikle girdin kefenle çıkarsın, saçı uzun aklı kısa, eksik etek</strong> gibi&nbsp; insan onuruyla bağdaşmayan sözler toplumun sosyal genetik hafızasına işlenmiş ve kanıksanmıştır.&nbsp; Yazar “ <strong>örnek olun onlara, Sevginizi gösterin yavrularınıza</strong>”(s. 22) başlığı altında “ <strong>kız olsun erkek olsun öyle bir sevgi verin ki onlar şiddete meyilli birer birey olarak yetişmesin</strong>” cümleleri ile bir yudum sevginin bir tutam sevginin topluma vereceği merhameti vicdanı hatırlatmaktadır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“ 1926'da Medeni Kanunu, 1934'te Kadınlara seçme ve seçilme hakkını getiren Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk bu kanunlarla kadınların değerini yükseltmiştir. Bu kanunlarla beraber kadın erkek eşitliği sağlanmıştır. Kadınlar istedikleri meslekleri yapabilme hakkına sahip olmuşlardır. Bunun yanı sıra erkeklere tek eşlilik esası getirilmiştir.&nbsp; Getirilen kanunlar kadınlar için çok önemlidir. Onların özgürleşmelerini sağlamıştır”(s. 25). </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Naciye Tekerek “ olumsuzlukları&nbsp; ortadan kaldırmak için kız çocuklarımızı okumaya yazmaya teşvik edelim. Özgürlüğün yolunun okumaktan, meslek sahibi olmaktan geçtiğini kızlarımıza aşılayalım” “ kızlarımıza herhangi bir meslek sahibi olmadan evlenmeye teşvik etmeyelim”&nbsp; “Kadın zekidir, erkek her zaman kadının zekâsını baskı altına almıştır zekâsını kullanmasına izin vermemiştir. Erkek her koşulda üstünlüğü kendinde görmüştür” cümleleriyle &nbsp;yazarın haklı tespitlerine katılmamak mümkün değildir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Hatta burada <strong>Atatürk'ün ifadesi ile “ yeryüzünde gördüğünüz her şey kadının eseridir”</strong> gerçeğini&nbsp; anaokulundan, ilkokuldan,&nbsp; üniversite sıralarına kadar insanlığa öğretilmesi gerekmektedir. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yazar şöyle bir öneride bulunur “okullara kadın adıyla bir ders konulmasını talep ediyorum”. Bu teklif seçici bir bakış izlenimi vermektedir. Bunun yerine “Yurttaşlık Bilgisi” derslerinin genişletilmiş şekli olarak okullara; insan, insanlık, akıl, zekâ, ahlak vb. başlıkları içeren daha bütüncül olabilecek “Beyin ve Beyni Kullanmak” dersi daha isabetli olacaktır. Beyin ve Beyni Kullanmayı bilmeyen nesillerin yapay zekâ esirleri olacağı da unutulmamalıdır. Bilenler için böyle bir sorun olmayacaktır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Her şey doğru bir şekilde insan doğasına uygun olarak beyin ve beyni kullanmaktan başlar. Çocukluktan itibaren insanlığa ve uygarlıklara yön veren en önemli organımızın beyin olduğunu anladığımızda yanlış giden birçok şeyin farkına varmakla düşüncelerimizi ve eylemlerimizi değiştirmek mümkün olacaktır. 21. yüzyılda kadın cinayetleri, çocuk gelinler ve çocuk istismarı yeryüzünde&nbsp;ve yurdumuzda oluyorsa Türk halkının gerçekle yüzleşmesi açısından toplumsal beynini kullanma ve gelişim aynasına bakıp kendisini sorgulaması ve düşünmesi gerekmektedir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bilindiği gibi Mâtürîdî, <em>“<strong><u>Düşünmemeyi</u> size telkin eden her türlü his şeytan işidir</strong>”</em> diyen ve akılcılığı savunan Türk asıllı bir din âlimidir<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></a>. Asırlardır Türklerin Ahmet Yesevi’ye dayanan “hoşgörülü” inanç anlayışı ve “fıkıhta Hanefi, itikatta Mâtürîdî” çizgisinde olması unutulmuş yerine Türk milletine yabancı bir anlayış getirilmiştir. Hâlbuki Hanefi- Mâtürîdî -Yesevî anlayışı, halifeliğin getirilişine kadar Osmanlı devlet yönetiminde de etkilidir.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></a> Anadolu bacılarının (Bacıyan-ı Rum) Ertuğrul Gazi’den itibaren devlet yönetimi ve orduda etkinliği de bilinmektedir. “Fakat Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, halifeliğin İslami kurallara göre daha iyi uygulanmasına destek olacakları düşüncesiyle, Kahire’den dönerken iki bin kadar Eş’arî Arap din hocasını da İstanbul’a getirmiştir. Bunların arasında son Halife III. Mütevekkil ile din uleması kabul edilen önemli kişiler de vardı ve tamamı “kaderciliği” esas alan “Eş’arî” anlayışında olan insanlardı. İstanbul’a getirilen ve din uleması kabul edilen bu Eş’arî Arap hocalar yüksek maaşlarla devlet kadrolarına alındı, kimi saraya yerleştirilirken kimine de büyük konaklar tahsis edildi. Devletin üst kademelerinde görev yapan bürokratlara emir verilerek Arap hocalarla yakın temas kurmaları istendi. Arap hocalar artık Osmanlı devlet bürokrasisinde ağırlık kazanmış, devletin bir parçası olmuştu. Kısa zamanda Eş’arî Arap hocaların ve onların çevresinde toplananların, devlet bürokrasinin üzerinde etkileri öylesine arttı ki şeyhülislamlar devlet protokolünde çok gerilerdeyken hızla yükselerek sadrazamların da önüne geçtiler.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Şeyhülislamların, devlet protokolünde bu hızlı yükselişi, devlet yönetim tarzını da etkiledi. Öyle ki fetva almadan devlet karar alamaz, kanun çıkaramaz hale geldi. Padişahlar bile şeyhülislamlardan fetva/olur almadan ferman yayınlamaz oldular. Bu durum devletin yazışmalarını ve dilini de etkilemiş, resmi yazışmalarda adeta Arapça kelimeleri kullanma yarışı başlamıştı. İşte bu gidiş, Osmanlının kuruluşundan bu yana geçen “üç yüz yıllık devlet anlayışını” temelinden değiştirdi. Kaderciliği esas alan Eş’arî düşüncenin etkisiyle “akıl” rafa kaldırıldı, sonuçta Osmanlı Devleti, şeyhülislamlardan fetva almadan karar alamayan bir “din devleti” haline geldi<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></a>. Sırf bu anlayış nedeniyle, matbaa gibi hayati önemi olan bir konuda bile, “Dinen uygun değildir.” denilerek olumlu fetva verilmediği için üç yüz yıla yakın bir süre beklemek zorunda kalındı. Benzeri bir olay da, dünyanın en önemli rasathanelerinden biri olma yolundaki İstanbul Rasathanesi’nin “akıl almaz” nedenlerle yerle bir edilmesidir. O günlerde, İstanbul’da zelzele, kıtlık gibi felaketler yaşanmaktadır. Bu olumsuzlukları rasathaneye bağlayan zamanın şeyhülislamı Kadızade Ahmet Şemsettin Efendi, Padişah III. Murat’a giderek <em>“Yıldızları gözlemenin felaket getireceğini, göklerin sırlarını örten perdeyi kaldırmanın uğursuz bir haddini bilmezlik olduğunu, böyle bir gözlemevinin kurulduğu hiçbir devletin varlığını sürdüremeyeceğini”</em> söyledi. Bunun üzerine padişah III. Murat'ın emriyle 21 Ocak 1580 gecesi rasathane topa tutularak yerle bir edildi.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Hâsılı kadının giyim kuşamı ve sosyal hayatıyla hiç ilgilenmeyen devlet, halifeliğin getirilmesinden sonra kadınların giyim kuşamı ve sosyal yaşamıyla yakından ilgilenmeye, bu konuda fermanlar çıkarmaya başladı. Bu fermanlardan bazı örnekler verelim:</span></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Kadınların, muhallebici dükkânına girmesi yasaklanmıştır.” Tarih 1573.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Kadınların, mesire yerlerine gitmeleri yasaklanmıştır.” Tarih 1751.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Kadınlar, ancak haftanın dört günü sokağa çıkabilirler.” Padişah II. Osman’ın fermanı.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Müslüman kadınların sokağa çıkması yasaklanmıştır.” Padişah III. Mustafa’nın fermanı,</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Kadınların, sokaklarda erkeklerle dolaşamayacağına dair II Mahmut’un fermanı,</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Kadınların sokakta babaları ve oğulları olmadan yürümeleri ve ayrı arabalara binmeleri ve belli meydanlardan geçmeleri yasaktır.” Tarih 1861. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Yüze yapışan yaşmak takmak yasaktır.” 15 Eylül 1881<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Böylece Osmanlı toplumunda da kadının cinsiyeti, toplum için “bir kültür”, “bir medeniyet”, “bir ahlak”, “bir dindarlık” konusu haline getirilmiştir. Başka bir deyişle, toplumun düzen ve ahlakının merkezine, tam odak noktasına “kadının cinsiyeti” oturtulmuştur<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bir başka çalışmada<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></a> Osmanlı toplumunda kadınlar hangi dine, sınıfa mensup olursa olsun, sosyal hayatın içerisinde belirli kurallara göre hareket etmek zorundadır. Kadınların kılık kıyafeti, sosyalleşme mekânları, ulaşım için kullandıkları vesaitlere kadar hemen her konuda sınırlamalara tabi tutulduklarını padişah fermanlarında görülmektedir. Fermanların sayısı kadınların sosyal hayatın içindeki varlığına paralel olarak artmıştır. Nitekim 18. yüzyıldan itibaren saraylı ve şehirli kadınların kamusal alan içerisinde daha fazla görülmesi ve sosyalleşme mekânı olarak mesire yerlerine gitmeye başlaması ile birlikte, arka arkaya çıkarılan fermanlar ile toplumsal düzen korunmaya çalışılmıştır. İncelenen fermanlarda kadınlara yönelik doğrudan mekânsal sınırlamalar ve yasaklar getirildiği görülmektedir. Sultan II. Selim’e ait 1573 tarihli fermanda kadınların kaymakçı dükkânlarına girmelerinin yasaklandığı ifade edilmektedir. Eyüp kadısına gönderilen hükümle, Eyüp semtinde kadınların kaymak yemek bahanesiyle kaymakçı dükkanlarında oturduklarını, buralarda kendilerine namahrem olan erkekler ile ahbaplık ettiklerini, bu sebepten dolayı kadınların bu dükkanlara girmelerinin yasak olduğu ilan edilmiştir (BOA, A. DVN.MHM.d: 22-42).&nbsp; Kadınların erkekler ile kayık içerisinde uygunsuz davranışlarda bulunmalarını önlemek amacıyla çıkarılan, kadınların yağlı kayığa binme yasağına Sultan III. Selim’e ait 9 Eylül 1790 tarihli hattı hümayunda rastlanılmaktadır. Padişahın kadınları söz konusu yasakları çiğnememesi için, “Mecmû‘u iskelelere tenbîh idesiniz bu günden sonra karılar yağlı kayığa binmesün ve hangi kayıkcı yağlı kayığa karı bindirir ise katl iderim ve kayığın batırırım hem Muslimân karıları Frenk gibi şemsiye ile geziyorlar tenbîh idesüz hele ben kimseyi görür isem öldürürüm bir sıkı tenbîh idesüz hem İstanbul᾽da sokaklarda cengâneler çalub çağırırlar imiş tenbîh idesün çalub gezmesünler bu yazdıklarım birisini bu da bu günden sonra da görür işidir isem sizi tekdîr iderim” diyerek oldukça sert bir dille uyardığı görülmektedir (BOA, HAT: 195-9735)<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sultan II. Mahmut dönemi kadınlara yönelik sık sık ferman çıkarılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki kadınların mesire alanlarında dolaşmasını yasakladığı fermanıdır. Padişahın bu fermanı ilan etmesinde Bostancı başı ağanın, “Vak‘a-i fesâdın zuhûrundan berü ricâl ve nisvanın gerek piyade ve gerek araba ile seyr yerlerinde geşt ü güzârları muktezâ(y)-i irâde-i seniyye-i şâhâneleri üzre men‘ olunmuş iken geçen ‘îd-i şerîfde Dolma-Bağce᾽de zîb-i efzâ(y)-i sâha-i yumn ü iclâl olan biniş-i humâyûnlarda ‘îd-i şerîfe hurmeten ricâl ve nisâ ‘umûmen ruhsat-yâb-ı temâşâ olduklarına mebnî bu günlerde ba‘zı seyr mahallerinde yine kemâ-fi᾽s-sâbık tecemmu‘a başlamış olduklarından ba‘de-ezîn dahi bunlara ne vecihle mu‘âmele olunmasını bostancı başı ağa kulları bu def‘a takdim eyledigi bir kıt‘a tezkiresiyle su᾽âl ve istîzan itmiş olmağla…” diye yazdığı tezkiresi etkili olmuştur. Bostancı başı, kadınların yaya ya da araba ile seyir yerlerinde dolaşmaları padişah hazretlerinin iradesi ile yasaklanmışken, bayram gününün hürmetine seyir etmelerine izin verilmesinden dolayı, bugünlerde de yine eskisi gibi bazı seyir yerlerinde toplanmaya başladıklarının görüldüğü ve bunlara nasıl muamele edileceğini padişaha sormuştur. Sultan II. Mahmut bu tezkire üzerine ilan ettiği 27 Eylül 1821 tarihli hattı hümayununda “İş bu takrîrin ve bostancı başı ağanın tezkiresi me᾽âlleri ma‘lûm-i humâyûnum olmuşdur nisâ tâ᾽ifesi arabayla ve yayan hiçbir vecihle mesîrelere gitmesünler zukûrdan kendü ırz ve edebleriyle gezenler râkiben ve mâşiyen gezenlere be᾽s yokdur ve nisâ ta᾽ifesi dahi fakat mesîreden men‘ olunub musâferet ve maslahatları içün bir mahalle gitdiklerinde araba ve kayığa binmelerini men‘ iktizâ itmez bend-i evvel-i tıbk-ı tahrîrin vechile icrâ oluna… ve fakat bir maslahat veyahud musâferet içün bir mahalden bir mahalle ‘azîmetleriyle yollarda arabalara binmelerine bir şey denilmeyüb ancak bu vesîle ile seyr yerlerine uğrayub arabalarını durdurmak murâd idenler derhâl def‘ itdirilmesi ve iş bu mesîre ve araba yasağı fakat nisvân hakkında olub ırzıyla mukayyed olan tâ᾽ife-i zukûrun kendü hâlleriyle piyade ve süvari geşt ü güzâr itmelerine nâsı pek sıkmamak içün ruhsat virilmesi”(BOA, HAT: 300-17864) diyerek <strong>kadınların mesire alanlarına yaya ya da arabayla hiçbir şekilde gitmeyeceklerini, erkeklerin ise edepleriyle gezdikleri sürece yaya ya da arabayla gezmelerinde bir sakınca görmemiştir.</strong> Sultan II. Mahmut, kadınların gezinti amaçlı mesireye gitmelerini yasaklamıştır ancak misafirlik ya da işlerini halletmek için bir yere gidecekleri zaman ulaşım aracı olarak kayığa ve arabaya binmelerinde sakınca görmemiştir. Ancak işini ya da misafirliğe gitmeyi bahane ederek seyir yerlerine uğrayıp buralarda durmak isteyenlerin hemen uzaklaştırılmasını buyurmuştur. İlave olarak da bu yasağın yalnızca kadınlar için geçerli olduğunu, namusuna mukayyet olan erkeklerin gezip dolaşmalarına, halkı sıkmamak için müsaade edileceği bildirilmiştir<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></a>.&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu gelişmeler sonucu kadınlar için kullanılan, “Bacağını kırsın, evinde oturup namusunu korusun.” deyimi Osmanlı toplumunda adeta bir slogan haline gelmiştir. Artık Osmanlı erkeğinin ahlak anlayışına göre kadının namuslu olmasının, namusunu korumasının tek yolu vardır, o da evinden dışarı çıkmaması, bacağını kırıp evinde oturmasıdır. Görüldüğü gibi güçlü ve söz sahibi kadınların yerine, her işi erkeklerin istediği gibi yapmaya alıştırılmış, evinde bile söz hakkı ve ağırlığı olmayan, sömürülen, ezik bir kadın tipi ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Kadınların bu duruma düşmesinin en önemli nedeni de zaman içinde, Türk erkeğinin de değişerek kadına, “Arap erkeği gözüyle” bakan, yeni bir erkek tipi haline gelmiş oluşudur<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Kendi muhasebesini yapmayan toplumların asırlar geçse de değişmesi mümkün değildir. Söz sırası geldiğinde kendisinin İslam toplumu olduğunu söyleyen halklarda suç oranlarının ve kadına bakışın problemli olmasının diğer toplumlara göre açık ara öndeliğinin izahı nasıl yapılacaktır. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Atatürk’ün büyük gayretlerine ve devrimlerine rağmen varlığın başlangıç noktası ve anlamlandırıcısı kadın nasıl olmuşta tekrar erkeklerin zihin ve hukuk dünyasında kazandığı onurdan tekrar uzaklaştırılmıştır. İşin özü ve özeti burada yatmaktadır. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk “Millî Mücadele’de Türk Kadınının” başarılarını hafızalara kazıyarak onları hak ettikleri maddi ve manevi şeref madalyasına kavuşturmuştur. Türk kadını olmadan asla Türk Milletinin istiklal ve istikbalinin olamayacağını cumhuriyet kuşaklarına öğretmiştir. Milletçe tekrar hafızalarımızı tazelemeli toplumsal nevrozdan kurtulmalıyız. Atatürk Millî Mücadele'nin sonunda da milletçe zafere ulaşmayı şu cümleleriyle dile getirmiştir:&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“<em>Millî Mücadeleyi yapan, doğrudan doğruya milletin kendi­sidir, milletin evlatlarıdır. Millet analarıyla, babalarıyla, hemşi­releriyle mücadeleyi kendisine ülkü edindi. Biliyorsunuz ki, asır­larca vuku bulan mücadeleler ve bunların neticeleri olarak da yüksek tarihi zaferler vardır. Fakat </em>o <em>zaferlerin amilleri kendi ülküleri olarak değil, şunun bunun hırsı peşinde kul köle olarak bulunmuşlardır. Hâlbuki Milli Mücadele'de kişisel hırs değil, millî ülkü, millî izzet-i nefis hakiki müessir olmuştur<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></strong></a>.”</em></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:2px; margin-right:1px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Atatürk'ün bu cümlelerinde geçen ana ve hemşireler, Millî Mücadele'ye hazırlanış günle­rinde miting düzenleyen ve bu mitinglerde konuşup, milleti bu mukaddes mücadeleye yöneltenler, “Millî Mücadele”de kadınla­rın kurduğu dernekler, cephede ve cephe gerisinde kadınlarımı­zın hizmetleri, işgal altındaki bölgelerdeki kadınlarımızın fedakârlıklarını anlatmaktadır. Şu paragraflar ise Atatürk’ün <strong>Millî Mücadelede Türk kadının şahikalarına</strong> dikkat çekmektedir: </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;“Bu son senelerin devrim yaşamında, ateşli özverilerle dolu mücadele yaşamında, milleti ölümden kurtararak kurtuluşa ve bağımsızlığa götüren gayret ve faaliyet yaşamında her millet bireyinin çalışması, çabası, yardımı, özverisi olmuştur. Bu arada en fazla kutlanarak anılması ve daima gönül borcuyla tekrar edilmesi gereken bir yardım vardır ki o da, Anadolu kadınının göstermiş olduğu çok yüce, çok yüksek, değerli özveridir. Dünyanın hiçbir yerinde, hiçbir milletinde, Anadolu köylü kadınının üstünde kadın çalışmasından söz etmek imkânı yoktur ve dünyada hiçbir milletin kadını “Ben Anadolu kadınından daha fazla çalıştım, milletimi kurtuluşa ve zafere götürmekte Anadolu kadınından daha fazla çalıştım, milletimi kurtuluşa ve zafere götürmekte Anadolu kadını kadar emek verdim' diyemez<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></a> ”.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“Belki erkeklerimiz, memleketi istila eden düşmana karşı süngüleriyle, düşmanın süngülerine göğüs germekle düşman karşısında hazır bulundular. Fakat erkeklerimizin oluşturduğu ordunun hayat kaynaklarını kadınlarımız işletmiştir. Memleketin yaşama araçlarını hazırlayan kadınlarımız olmuş ve kadınlarımız olmaktadır. Kimse inkâr edemez ki, bu savaşta ve ondan önceki savaşlarda milletin, yaşama yeteneğini tutan, hep kadınlarımızdır. Çift süren, tarlayı eken, ormandan odunu, keresteyi getiren, ürünleri pazara götürerek paraya çeviren, aile ocaklarının dumanını tüttüren, bütün bunlarla beraber, sırtıyla, kağnısıyla, kucağındaki yavrusuyla, yağmur demeyip, kış demeyip, sıcak demeyip cephenin savaş gereçlerini taşıyan hep onlar, hep o yüce, o özverili, o kutsal Anadolu kadınları olmuştur. Bu nedenle hepimiz, bu büyük ruhlu ve büyük duygulu kadınlarımızı gönül borcu ve teşekkürle sonsuza dek analım ve kutlayalım<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></a>”.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Sözün sonunu <strong>Cins-i Latif</strong>’in “<strong>Merhaba Ben Siyah</strong>” renginde bir ananın oğlunu/ciğer paresini şehit vermesi üzerine dile gelen mısralarla tamama erdirelim. Her ne kadar ana sözü/kadın sözü tamama ermese de. Çünkü o ana dili oluşturur. Kadın/ana olmasaydı muhakkak ki lisan/dil de olamayacaktı. <strong>Cins-i Latif</strong> yeryüzünün hafıza santralleridir. Gökler ve yer unutsa <strong>Cins-i Latif</strong> asla unutmaz. <strong>Kadınlar olmasaydı Pir-i Türkistan Ahmet Yesevi’nin hikmetlerini asırlarca bebeklerin beyaz kundağına şehitlerin beyaz kefenine nefeslerinden üfleyerek, hafızalarına nakış nakış işleyerek, çeyiz sandıklarında saklaya saklaya bize kimsecikler getiremeyecekti. </strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">“ŞEHİT”</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">“<strong>Kundak beyaz, kefen beyaz</strong>/ <strong>Bu kara yazgı niye?</strong>/ Ama kara renkte lazım/ Hangi renk örtebilir ki kara geceleri?/ <strong>Gecelerden de karası var mıydı?/</strong> Vardı…/ <strong>Gecelerden de karası katran karasıydı/ Kaç şehit analarına hamile kaldı?/ Kaç şehit anası kara yazma bağladı başına?/ Kan kokulu topraklara…./ </strong>Gecelerden de karası katran karasıydı/ <strong>Ay’ı yüreklerine ışık tutsalar analar/ Aydınlatmazdı yürekleri/Katran karasıydı…/</strong> Artık hayra çıksın/ Gecenin sabaha karşı gebelikleri/ Şehitlerimiz ölmesin zaten ölmediler/ Çünkü emir büyük yerden: “<strong>Allah yolunda öldürülenler için “ölüler” demeyin. Hayır, onlar diridirler fakat siz bilemezsiniz</strong> (Bakara suresi/ 154. Ayet)”(s.93).</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">Cins-i Latif</span></strong><span style="color:black"> &nbsp;“gecelerden de kara katran karası” yazgıları ak nefesiyle yıkmaya/yakmaya çalıştı.&nbsp; O asırlardır kız olsun oğul olsun tüm insanlığa ilk çığlıklarında “<strong>Rahmanın nefesini</strong>” öğreten ilk mürebbiye oldu. Tanrı “ol” dediğinde <strong>Cins-i Latif</strong> hayat ağacının ilk meyvesini tattı. Çünkü o hayat ağacının tüm yükünü taşıyacak güç ve iradeyle donatılmıştı. Yoksa dünyanın yükünü milyonlarca yıldır kadın nasıl taşımakta taşıyabilmektedir. Çünkü o cins-i latif’tir. Latif olan cins, latif olan varlık, varlığın latif olanı kesif olmayanı. Nur/ışık olanı nar/ateş olmayanı odur. <strong>Karanlıkları aydınlatan Tanrı’nın “Rahim” isminin emanetçisi, <span style="background-color:white">nezaket,</span></strong></span><strong> <span style="color:black">&nbsp;<span style="background-color:white">zarafet, sevgi, hilm (sabırlı, yumuşak huylu), letafet,</span></span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black">şefkat ve merhametin mabedi, Cennet ırmağından beyaz sütü yeryüzünde kendi bedeninden bebeğe tattırabilen yegâne yaratılmıştır</span></strong><span style="color:black">. <strong>Cins-i Latif Beytullah’ın duvarı dibinde ebedî istirahatında asırlardır insanların tavaf ettiği Hz. İbrahim’in eşi, Hz. İsmail’in annesi Hacer validemizdir. </strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Süleyman Çelebi’nin Vesîletü’n-Necât adlı mevlidiyle yaygınlık kazanan ve birçok şair tarafından benzeri yazılan mevlid geleneği eserler ana hatlarıyla; Hz. Peygamber’in nurunun yaratılması, bu nûrun peygamberler aracılığıyla intikali, Âmine Hatun’un hamileliği ve bu esnada vuku bulan olağanüstü hadiseler, Hz. Peygamber’in doğumu anında ve sonrasında gerçekleşen olağanüstü hadiseler, Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvveti, mucizeleri, miracı ve vefatı gibi konulardan oluşmaktadır<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Mevlidlerdeki Hz. Peygamber’in doğum sahnesi tasvirleri incelendiğinde birtakım olağanüstü hadiselere yer verildiği görülmektedir. Peygamberlerin, vahiy almadan önce yaşadıkları ve nübüvvetlerine işaret eden bu olağanüstü hadiseler irhâsât olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Mevlid metinlerinin doğum sahnelerinde genel hatlarıyla Âmine Hatun ve diğer ulu kadınlar ile ilgili olağanüstü hadiseler tasvir edilmiştir: “Gök kapılarının açılması ve meleklerin Âmine Hatun’un önünde saygıyla durmaları. Âmine Hatun’un evinin kıble yönündeki duvarının yarılması ve Hz. Asiye, Meryem, Havva ve Hacer’in Hz. Peygamber’in doğumu için yardıma gelmeleri. Gökten üç alem inmesi ve birinin şarka, birinin garba ve birisinin de Kâbe’ye dikilmesi. Âmine Hatun’un evinde bir nur hâsıl olması ve âlemin nurla kaplanması. Gökten inen meleklerin Âmine Hatun’un evini tavaf etmesi. Meleklerin ve hurilerin doğum için sündüs döşek döşemeleri. Doğumun yaklaştığı an Âmine Hatun’da hararet zuhur etmesi ve kendisine şekerden tatlı, sütten ak, buzdan soğuk bir şerbet sunulması. Âmine Hatun’un doğum sancısı çekmemesi. Doğum yaklaştığında, beyaz bir kuşun gelip kanadıyla Âmine Hatun’un arkasını sıvazlaması ve nihayet Hz. Muhammed’in doğması. 10. Bir bölük atlı meleğin Âmine Hatun’un evini tavaf etmesi”<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Görüldüğü gibi Mevlid-i Şeriflerde </span>Hz. Musa'yı himaye eden Asiye,<strong> </strong><span style="color:black">Hz. İsa’nın annesi Meryem, Hz. Âdem’in eşi Havva ve Hz. İbrahim’in eşi Hacer Hz. Peygamber’in doğumu için Âmine Hatuna yardıma gelmişlerdir. İnsanlığın ister peygamberleri ister düşünürleri isterse geçmiş gelecek tüm insanları olsun, kadın elinden berrak/ “anasının ak sütü gibi helal” olan suyu içmiştir. Fakat erkeklerin önemli bir kısmı gücü ellerine geçirdikleri günden beri kadına/ annesine/eşine katran suyu içirmektedir. <strong>Kız çocuğuna ve kadına yapılan negatif ayrımcılık ile haksızlık devam ettiği müddetçe insanlık hak ve hakikat güneşiyle asla buluşamayacaktır. Bu konuda Cins-i Latif eseri uyarıcı hatta sarsıcı bir nitelik taşımaktadır.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kaynaklar</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Naciye Tekerek, Cins-i Latif, Kutlu Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2021. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><span style="color:black">Ahmet Vural, Diren Bitsin Karanlıklar, <em>Orta Asya'dan Bugüne Türk Kadını, </em>Önka Matbaa, Ankara, 2021.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hacer Yılmaz ve Ahmet Aksın (2022). Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kadınların Mekânsal Sınırlılıkları: 1850 Tarihli Tenbihat Örneği, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32, 3(1267-1278).</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sedat Şenermen, Atatürk ve Türk Kadını, Nergiz Yayınları, İstanbul, 2018.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zeynep Kayapınar, Türkçe Mevlidlerde Hz. Peygamber’in&nbsp; Doğum Sahnesi Tasvirlerine Dair Tespitler, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Türk Kültüründe Mevlit Geleneği Uluslararası Sempozyum, Editör: Prof. Dr. Hakan Yekbaş, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 261, Sivas 2023, s. 885-889.</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<div>&nbsp;
<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (ESTÜDAM) Kurucu Müdürü</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Naciye Tekerek, Cins-i Latif, Kutlu Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2021. </span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"> Ahmet Vural, Diren Bitsin Karanlıklar, <em>Orta Asya'dan Bugüne Türk Kadını, </em>Önka Matbaa, Ankara, 2021, s. 92. Editörlüğünü H.Şule Albayrak'ın yaptığı “Kadın Olmak” kitabındaki Doç. Dr. Hülya Terzioğlunun “Rahmet ve Bereket Kaynağı Kadını Maturidi 'den Okumak” makalesi, s. 56.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"> Ahmet Vural, a. g. e., s. 93.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Ahmet Vural, a. g. e., s. 93.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:black"> Ahmet Vural, a. g. e., s. 94-95., <em>&nbsp;Nermin Abadan Unat, Türk Toplumunda Kadın, sayfa 8.</em></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Ahmet Vural, a. g. e., s. 95., <em>Nilüfer Göle, Modern Mahrem, Medeniyet ve Örtünme, sayfa 48.</em></span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hacer Yılmaz ve Ahmet Aksın (2022). Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kadınların Mekânsal Sınırlılıkları: 1850 Tarihli Tenbihat Örneği, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32, 3(1267-1278).</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[9]</span></span></a> Hacer Yılmaz ve Ahmet Aksın, a. g. m., s. 1268.</span></span></p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[10]</span></span></a> Hacer Yılmaz ve Ahmet Aksın, a. g. m., s. 1269.</span></span></p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Ahmet Vural, a. g. e., s. 95.</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Sedat Şenermen, Atatürk ve Türk Kadını, Nergiz Yayınları, İstanbul, 2018, s. 126., Utkan Kocatürk, <em>Atatürk'ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri, </em>s. 27-28.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Sedat Şenermen, a. g. e., s. 128-129. <em>Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, </em>1923,<em> </em>c. II, s. 147-148</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black"> Sedat Şenermen, a. g. e., s. 129. <em>Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, </em>1923,<em> </em>c. II, s. 148.</span></span></span></p>
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<div>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[15]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Zeynep Kayapınar, Türkçe Mevlidlerde Hz. Peygamber’in&nbsp; Doğum Sahnesi Tasvirlerine Dair Tespitler, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Türk Kültüründe Mevlit Geleneği Uluslararası Sempozyum, Editör: Prof. Dr. Hakan Yekbaş, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 261, Sivas 2023, s. 885.</span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">[16]</span></span></a> Zeynep Kayapınar, a. g. m. s. 887.</span></span></p>
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</div>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jun 2026 00:04:26 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>1954\&#039;ten 2026\&#039;ya: Türkiye\&#039;nin Dünya Kupası Serüveni ve Bitmeyen Umut</title>
                <category>Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/1954ten-2026ya-turkiyenin-dunya-kupasi-seruveni-ve-bitmeyen-umut-1259</link>
                <author>DrMehmetArslan@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/1954ten-2026ya-turkiyenin-dunya-kupasi-seruveni-ve-bitmeyen-umut-1259</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[1954\'ten 2026\'ya: Türkiye\'nin Dünya Kupası Serüveni ve Bitmeyen Umut]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">1954'ten 2026'ya: Türkiye'nin Dünya Kupası Serüveni ve Bitmeyen Umut</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dr Mehmet Arslan</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dünya yeniden futbolun etrafında birleşti. Milyarlarca insan ekranların başında, milyonlarca çocuk ise mahalle aralarında aynı hayalin peşinde koşuyor. Dünya Kupası başladığında yalnızca futbol konuşulmaz; ülkeler konuşulur, milletler konuşulur, tarih konuşulur. Çünkü Dünya Kupası, sporun çok ötesinde bir anlam taşır. O, ulusların kendilerini dünyaya anlattıkları en büyük sahnelerden biridir. Bu büyük sahneye baktığımızda Türkiye'nin hikâyesi ise başarılarla dolu uzun bir masaldan çok, umutlarla örülmüş inişli çıkışlı bir yolculuğu andırır. Bugün Dünya Kupası heyecanını yaşarken, Türk futbolunun bu organizasyondaki serüvenine dönüp bakmak yalnızca sportif bir değerlendirme yapmak değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal hafızamızın önemli bir parçasını hatırlamak anlamına gelir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/0b109db5-066f-4313-a56a-1a6b13a321d9.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Türkiye'nin Dünya Kupası hikâyesi sanıldığından daha eskiye uzanır. Aslında millî takımımız ilk kez 1950 Dünya Kupası'na katılma hakkını elde etmişti. Ancak dönemin ekonomik şartları ve ulaşım zorlukları nedeniyle Brezilya'da düzenlenen turnuvaya gidilemedi. Böylece Türkiye'nin Dünya Kupası macerası başlamadan sona erdi. Aradan dört yıl geçti. 1954 yılında İsviçre'de düzenlenen Dünya Kupası'nda Türkiye ilk kez dünya sahnesine çıktı. Türk futbolu artık yalnızca kendi sınırları içinde değil, uluslararası arenada da görünür olmaya başlamıştı. O günlerin Türkiye'si bugünkü Türkiye'den çok farklıydı. Televizyon yoktu. İnternet yoktu. Haberler günler sonra gazetelere ulaşıyordu. Buna rağmen millî takımın başarısı büyük heyecan yaratmıştı. Çünkü futbol yalnızca bir oyun değil, genç Cumhuriyet'in dünyaya açılan pencerelerinden biri olarak görülüyordu. Ne var ki bu ilk tecrübenin ardından uzun bir sessizlik başladı. Tam kırk sekiz yıl.! Neredeyse yarım asır boyunca Türkiye Dünya Kupası finallerinde yer alamadı. Bu süreçte nesiller değişti. Dedeler büyüdü, babalar yaşlandı, çocuklar yetişti. Türkiye birçok teknik direktör, birçok futbolcu kuşağı ve sayısız eleme kampanyası gördü. Ancak Dünya Kupası hayali bir türlü gerçekleşmedi. Belki de bu yüzden 2002 yılı Türk spor tarihinin en unutulmaz dönüm noktalarından biri olarak hafızalara kazındı.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Japonya ve Güney Kore'nin ev sahipliğinde düzenlenen Dünya Kupası'nda Türkiye yalnızca turnuvaya katılmadı; bütün dünyanın saygısını kazandı. Şenol Güneş yönetimindeki millî takım, mücadele ruhu, takım disiplini ve inancıyla futbol tarihimizin en büyük başarısına imza attı. Brezilya gibi bir devle başa baş mücadele eden, Japonya'yı eleyen, Senegal karşısında tarih yazan ve sonunda dünya üçüncülüğüne ulaşan bir Türkiye vardı sahada. O yaz yalnızca futbol konuşulmadı. Sokaklar doldu. Meydanlar doldu. Bayraklar balkonlardan eksik olmadı.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sabahın erken saatlerinde oynanan maçlar için insanlar kahvehanelerde, iş yerlerinde ve evlerde ekran başına toplandı. Türkiye'nin attığı her golde birbirini hiç tanımayan insanlar aynı sevinci yaşadı. Araç konvoyları şehirleri dolaştı. İnsanlar camlardan bayrak salladı. O günlerde toplumun farklı kesimleri, günlük hayatın bütün ayrılıklarını kısa süreliğine de olsa bir kenara bırakabildi. Belki de 2002'nin en büyük başarısı dünya üçüncülüğü değildi. Asıl başarı, milyonlarca insanın ortak bir heyecanda buluşabilmesiydi. Çünkü millet olmanın temelinde yalnızca ortak tarih değil, ortak duygular da vardır. İnsanları birbirine bağlayan bazen aynı acıyı paylaşmaları, bazen de aynı sevinci yaşayabilmeleridir. İşte Dünya Kupası tam da bu nedenle sıradan bir spor organizasyonu değildir. Bugün birçok insan Dünya Kupası'nı yalnızca futbol turnuvası olarak görür. Oysa organizasyonun ortaya çıkışında çok daha büyük bir fikir vardır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın yıkımını gören dönemin FIFA Başkanı Jules Rimet, milletlerin savaş meydanlarında değil spor sahalarında rekabet etmesi gerektiğine inanıyordu. 1930 yılında düzenlenen ilk Dünya Kupası'nın temel felsefesi buydu.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Farklı bayraklar altında yaşayan insanlar aynı sahada buluşacak, mücadele edecek ve birbirlerini tanıyacaktı. Aradan geçen yaklaşık bir asır boyunca dünya büyük değişimler yaşadı. Savaşlar, darbeler, ekonomik krizler ve ideolojik çatışmalar yaşandı. Ancak Dünya Kupası'nın temel anlamı değişmedi. Çünkü Dünya Kupası'nda kulüpler değil milletler yarışır. </span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bir insan hiç tanımadığı futbolcular için neden sevinir?&nbsp; Bir gol atıldığında neden milyonlarca insan aynı anda ayağa kalkar? Çünkü sahadaki on bir oyuncu yalnızca kendilerini temsil etmez. Onlar bir ülkenin hafızasını, umutlarını ve ortak kimliğini taşırlar. Modern çağın en ilginç gerçeklerinden biri şudur: Aynı ülkenin vatandaşları birbirlerini hiç tanımasalar bile ortak semboller etrafında birleşebilirler. Bayrak, marş ve millî takım bu sembollerin en güçlüleri arasındadır. Bu nedenle Dünya Kupası aslında modern dünyanın en büyük toplumsal ritüellerinden biridir. Geçmişte insanlar kendilerini daha çok köyleriyle, mahalleleriyle veya şehirleriyle tanımlıyordu. Modern çağ ise bunların üzerine daha geniş bir aidiyet duygusu ekledi: millet olma bilinci. Dünya Kupası sırasında milyonlarca insanın aynı formaya, aynı bayrağa ve aynı heyecana yönelmesi bu aidiyetin en görünür hâlidir. Bu yüzden Dünya Kupası'nı anlamak için sadece futbola bakmak yeterli değildir. Onun içinde tarih vardır. Toplumsal hafıza vardır.Kimlik vardır. Aidiyet vardır. Ve en önemlisi umut vardır. Aradan yıllar geçti. Ne yazık ki 2002'de yakalanan başarı kalıcı bir Dünya Kupası geleneğine dönüşemedi. Türkiye uzun yıllar boyunca yeniden finallere ulaşmak için mücadele etti. Kimi zaman son maçlarda elendi. Kimi zaman büyük umutlarla başladığı elemeleri hayal kırıklığıyla tamamladı. Fakat futbolun ve belki de hayatın en ilginç yanı burada ortaya çıkar:</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Umut hiçbir zaman tamamen tükenmez. 1954'teki ilk adım da bir umuttu. 2002'deki üçüncülük de bir umuttu. Bugün yeni nesillerin kurduğu hayaller de aynı umudun devamıdır. Dünya Kupaları gelir geçer. Kupalar kaldırılır. Şampiyonlar değişir. Efsaneler sahneden çekilir. Fakat çocukların hayalleri değişmez. Belki bugün Anadolu'nun herhangi bir şehrinde, bir okul bahçesinde ya da bir mahalle arasında top peşinde koşan bir çocuk da geleceğin millî futbolcusu olmanın hayalini kuruyordur. Ve kim bilir... Belki Türk futbolunun bir sonraki büyük hikâyesi de tam şu anda yazılmaya başlanıyordur. Çünkü Dünya Kupası'nın gerçek gücü kupalarda değil, insanlara hayal kurdurabilmesindedir.</span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 23:52:06 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>İNSANIN NE KADAR YAŞADIĞI DEĞİL, GERİDE NE KADAR HOŞ SEDA VE VEFA BIRAKTIĞI ÖNEMLİDİR</title>
                <category>Gulten Abaci</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/insanin-ne-kadar-yasadigi-degil-geride-ne-kadar-hos-seda-ve-vefa-biraktigi-onemlidir-1258</link>
                <author>gulten@bruxelleskorner.com (Gulten Abaci)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/insanin-ne-kadar-yasadigi-degil-geride-ne-kadar-hos-seda-ve-vefa-biraktigi-onemlidir-1258</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[İNSANIN NE KADAR YAŞADIĞI DEĞİL, GERİDE NE KADAR HOŞ SEDA VE VEFA BIRAKTIĞI ÖNEMLİDİR]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>İNSANIN NE KADAR YAŞADIĞI DEĞİL, GERİDE NE KADAR HOŞ SEDA VE VEFA BIRAKTIĞI ÖNEMLİDİR</h1>

<p>Hayatın içinde yıllar geçtikçe insan bazı gerçekleri daha iyi anlıyor. Gençlikte önemli görünen birçok şey zamanla anlamını yitirirken, bazı değerler her geçen gün daha da kıymetleniyor. Ben de bugün geriye dönüp baktığımda şuna inanıyorum: İnsanın ne kadar yaşadığı değil, yaşarken geride ne kadar hoş seda ve vefa bıraktığı önemlidir.</p>

<p>Çünkü hayat, sadece nefes alıp vermekten ibaret değildir. Yaşamak; dokunabilmek, hissedebilmek, iz bırakabilmek ve insanların gönlünde güzel bir yer edinebilmektir. Takvim yaprakları hepimiz için aynı hızla ilerliyor. Fakat o yaprakların arasına ne koyduğumuz, nasıl bir insan olduğumuz ve nasıl hatırlandığımız bizi birbirimizden ayırıyor.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ChatGPT%20Image%2011%20juin%202026%2C%2012_36_50.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Bugün etrafımıza baktığımızda görüyoruz ki bazı insanlar aramızdan ayrılıp gittikten yıllar sonra bile sevgiyle anılıyor. Bazıları ise yaşarken büyük kalabalıkların içinde olsa da zamanla unutulup gidiyor. Bunun nedeni sahip oldukları makamlar, paralar veya unvanlar değildir. Bunun nedeni, geride bıraktıkları insanlıktır.</p>

<p>Ben her zaman insanların kalbinde yer edinmenin hayatın en büyük zenginliği olduğuna inandım. Çünkü insanın gerçek serveti bankadaki hesabı değil, gönüllerdeki karşılığıdır. Bir insanın ardından edilen bir dua, sevgiyle anlatılan bir hatıra ya da özlemle anılan bir isim, dünyadaki birçok başarıdan daha değerlidir.</p>

<p>Hayat bana şunu öğretti: İnsanlar çoğu zaman ne söylediğinizi unutabilir, ne yaptığınızı da unutabilir; ama onlara nasıl hissettirdiğinizi kolay kolay unutmazlar. Bir gönülde bıraktığınız sıcaklık, zor zamanlarda uzattığınız bir el, karşılık beklemeden yaptığınız bir iyilik, yıllar geçse de yaşamaya devam eder.</p>

<p>Vefa da işte tam burada devreye giriyor. Bana göre vefa, insanın karakterinin en güçlü göstergelerinden biridir. Çünkü vefalı olmak sadece hatırlamak değildir; emek verileni unutmamak, dostluğu zor günlerde de sürdürebilmek ve geçmişe saygı gösterebilmektir. Ne yazık ki günümüzde en çok ihtiyaç duyduğumuz değerlerden biri de budur.</p>

<p>Hız çağında yaşıyoruz. İnsanlar birbirlerine çabuk ulaşıyor ama aynı hızla birbirlerinden uzaklaşıyor. Dostluklar kuruluyor, ilişkiler yaşanıyor, sonra çoğu zaman unutulup gidiyor. Oysa insanı insan yapan şey, biraz da hatırlayabilme erdemidir. Geçmişiyle bağını koparmayan, dostlarını unutmayan ve kendisine yapılan iyilikleri yüreğinde taşıyan insanlar her zaman farklı bir yerde durur.</p>

<p>Bazen düşünüyorum da, insan bu dünyadan ayrıldığında geriye ne kalıyor? Birkaç fotoğraf, birkaç eşya, birkaç belge... Fakat asıl kalan bunlar değil. Asıl kalan, insanların zihninde ve kalbinde bıraktığımız izlerdir. Ardımızdan söylenen samimi birkaç güzel söz, bazen koca bir hayatın özeti olabiliyor.</p>

<p>Bu yüzden hayatı yıllarla ölçmeyi hiçbir zaman doğru bulmadım. Çünkü uzun yaşamak bir başarı değildir. Asıl başarı; yaşadığın süre boyunca dürüst kalabilmek, vicdanını koruyabilmek, insanlara fayda sağlayabilmek ve geride güzel hatıralar bırakabilmektir.</p>

<p>Günün sonunda hepimiz aynı gerçeğe doğru yürüyoruz. Bu dünyada hiçbirimiz kalıcı değiliz. Kalıcı olan tek şey, geride bıraktığımız değerlerdir. Eğer bir gün adımız geçtiğinde insanların yüzünde bir tebessüm oluşuyorsa, bir dua eksik edilmiyorsa ve “iyi insandı” deniliyorsa, işte o zaman gerçekten yaşamışız demektir.</p>

<p>Benim inancım odur ki insanın ömrünün uzunluğu değil, gönüllerde bıraktığı iz önemlidir. Geride bırakılan hoş seda, gösterilen vefa ve kazanılan insan sevgisi, bir ömrün en kıymetli mirasıdır. Çünkü insan ne kadar yaşadığıyla değil, ne kadar güzel hatırlandığıyla yaşar.</p>

<p><strong>Yolunuza vefalı insanların çıkması dileğiyle...</strong></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 13:31:21 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>ABD, ÇİN, SELÇUK BAYRAKTAR</title>
                <category>Tonyukuk Boran (Uluslararası  Stratejist)</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/abd-cin-selcuk-bayraktar-1257</link>
                <author>Tonyukuk@bruxelleskorner.com (Tonyukuk Boran (Uluslararası  Stratejist))</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/abd-cin-selcuk-bayraktar-1257</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[ABD, ÇİN, SELÇUK BAYRAKTAR]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>ABD, ÇİN, SELÇUK BAYRAKTAR</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:right"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><em>Tonyukuk BORAN</em></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:right">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">İkinci Dünya Savaşı; Almanya’nın Polonya’ya saldırması ile 1 Eylül 1939 tarihinde başladı. Ancak Mayıs 1940’a kadar Almanya-Fransa sınırı hattında <strong><em>Yalancı Savaş</em></strong> olarak tanımlanan dönem yaşandı. Ülkeler birbirine savaş ilan etse de nerede ise bölgede karşılıklı eylemde bulunmadılar. İsrail/ABD-İran Savaşı ise tarihe belki de <strong><em>Yalancı Ateşkes</em></strong> olarak girecek. Zira İsrail’in Lübnan saldırıları, İran’a karşı zaman zaman kaynağı belirsiz saldırılar ve İran’ın karşı saldırıları devam etmektedir. En son olarak ABD’nin AH-64 Apache helikopterinin düşürülmesini bahane ederek İran’a karşı geniş bir saldırı başlatması Yalancı Ateşkes’in pamuk ipliğine bağlı olduğunu ve ABD’de halen İsrail destekçilerinin kararlarda etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ChatGPT%20Image%2011%20juin%202026%2C%2012_21_16.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Birçok uzman ABD-İran Savaşı’nı ABD-Çin mücadelesinin bir aşaması olarak görmektedir. Ancak ekonomi cephesinde ise ABD’nin özellikle finansal ve teknolojik gücü sebebi ile Çin’in ABD ile yarışamayacağı birçok liberal yazar tarafından paylaşılan bir fikirdir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bir ekonominin gelişimine en büyük etki eden faktörlerden bazıları; bilimsel gelişme, üretim kapasitesi ile girişimciliğin desteklenmesidir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Bilimsel gelişmeler açısından bakıldığında; ABD teknolojik anlamda Çin’in önünde gözükmektedir. Özellikle üniversite markası, Nobel, atıf geleneği ile özel sektör inovasyonunda Çin’in ilerisinde yer almaktadır. Ancak Çin’in makale sayısı, patent sayısı, üniversitelerin hızlı gelişimidevlet desteklerinin de yüksek olması sebebi ile ARGE ölçeğinde ABD’yi yakalamış veya kısa sürede yakalayacak seviyededir. Çin’in öne geçiren bir husus ise bilimsel gelişmelerin hızla uygulamaya sokulmasıdır. Örnek vermek gerekirse Microsoft tarafından araştırılan yapay zeka terminallerinin su içinde yapılması ile soğutma giderlerinin düşürülmesi yöntemi geçtiğimiz günlerde dünyada ilk olarak Çin tarafından uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca Çin’in insan gücünün büyük olması ve bu insan gücünün iyi eğitilmesi ile ilerleyen dönemlerde ABD ile en azından mücadele edebilecek seviyeye ulaşacağı öngörülmektedir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Üretim kapasitesi ekonomiyi etkileyen bir başka kritik husus olmakla beraber uzun süreli bir mücadelede en büyük etken olacağı açıktır. Nitekim ABD’nin İran’a karşı savaşta kullandığı kritik mühimmatın (Hava ve Füze savunma Füzeleri (SM-3,SM-6, THAAD Patriot PAC-3), uzun menzilli füzeleri (AGM-158 JASSM ve AGM-86 Tomahawk/CALCM)) yerine konmasının normal süreçte 5 yıl civarında olacağı birçok kaynakta belirtilmektedir. Buna karşılık ABD Savaş Bakanlığı üretim kapasitesinin artırılması için milyarlarca dolarlık kaynak ayırmaktadır. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Çin, dünya imalat sanayinde % 30 civarında bir paya sahip iken ABD’nin payı yaklaşık % 15’tir. Çin tek başına ABD, Almanya, Japonya ve Güney Kore’nin toplam kapasitesi ile yarışabilmektedir. Ayrıca tedarik zincirinin en önemli halkası olan gemilerin inşasında Çin tüm dünyadan daha fazla üretim yapabilmektedir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Yapay zeka alanında ise ABD ve Çin aralarında mücadele ederken, Çin’in çip üretiminde ABD’nin gerisinde olsa da gelişim hızının aşırı yüksek olması sebebi ile aradaki farkı kapatma yönünde çok büyük adımlar atmaktadır. Yapay zekanın diğer bir girdisi olan enerji alanında ise; dünyada güneş panelleri üretiminde dünya birincisidir. Ayrıca nükleer enerji kapasite artışı ve yeni nükleer teknolojiler konusunda da birçok çalışma yapmakta ve süratle hayata geçirmektedir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomiyi büyüten bir diğer etkili faktörde yenilikçi iş alanlarında girişimcilerin ekonomiden elde ettikleri faydanın büyük olması ve bunun da diğer girişimcilere örnek olması ile kar topu etkisi ile ekonominin büyümesidir. Kısacası <strong><em>Amerikan rüyası</em></strong> olarak tanımlanan olgudur. Forbes zenginler listesine bakıldığında; ABD’nin en zenginleri listesinin % 80 ila 90 civarında iken Çin’in karma ekonomiye yeni geçmesinin de etkisi ile bu oran % 90 üzerindedir.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ülkemizde girişimci olarak Türkiye’nin en zenginler listesine girerek dikkati çeken kişi Cumhurbaşkanımızın damadı Selçuk BAYRAKTAR’dır. Babasının başlattığı insansız hava araçlarını bizzat geliştirilmesinde de yer alarak bir servetin sahibi olmuş ve gelişimine de devam etmektedir. Bürokratik engellerden dolayı yakınması da zaman zaman açıklamalarında yer almaktadır. Ancak muhtemelen kendisinin dahi farkına varmadığı bir diğer hususa dikkat çekmek gerekmektedir. Zira bürokraside yer alan statükocu karar vericilerin (Başımıza icat çıkarma diyen zihniyet) normal şartlarda kırk dereden su getirecekleri olaylarda Cumhurbaşkanımızın damadı olması sebebi ile daha olumlu yaklaşmaktadır. Nitekim bu ülke zamanında Nuri DEMİRAĞ, Şakir ZÜMRE gibi nice girişimciyi koruyup güçlendirmeyerek gelişmesini kendisi sekteye uğratmıştır. BAYRAKTAR kardeşlerin kamuoyunda bilinen İHA’lar ile sınılı olduğunu düşünmek ise onların vizyonlarına hakaret olur. Gelecekte İHA’lardan daha çok Fergani olarak bilinen uzay çalışmaları ile ön plana çıkacaklarına kuşku bulunmamaktadır. Selçuk ve Haluk BAYRAKTAR kardeşlerin girişimleri ülkemizin ekonomi, bilim ve teknoloji, askeri ile siyasi gücüne doğrudan olumlu etki etmektedir. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Ekonomi bilimindeki gelirler ücret (çalışanların geliri), kâr (girişimcinin geliri) ve rant (Toplumumuzda her ne kadar konu gayrimenkul olarak görülse de tanımsal olarak sermayenin elde ettiği geliri tanımlamaktadır.) olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Ekonominin gelişimi için milli gelir içinde kârın artırılması ve rantın düşürülmesi önem taşımaktadır.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Sonuç olarak; ekonomik alanda Çin’in gelişiminin üretim, bilimsel ve girişimcilik faktörleri ile de desteklendiği görülmektedir. ABD’den geride olduğu alanlarda gelişim hızının yüksek olması nedeni ile de orta vadede sürdürülebilir bir şekilde ABD’yi yakalayıp geçeceğini öngörmek isabetli olacaktır. Ancak ABD’nin bir çıkar birliği olduğu, Çin tarihinin ise iç savaşlar tarihi olduğunu da hatırdan çıkarmamak gerekmektedir.</span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 13:12:53 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Ahmet Urfalı’dan “Bayrak ve Vatan Sevgisi’’ Konferansı</title>
                <category>Ahmet Urfali</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ahmet-urfalidan-bayrak-ve-vatan-sevgisi-konferansi-1255</link>
                <author>ahmeturfali@bruxelleskorner.com (Ahmet Urfali)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/ahmet-urfalidan-bayrak-ve-vatan-sevgisi-konferansi-1255</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Ahmet Urfalı’dan “Bayrak ve Vatan Sevgisi’’ Konferansı]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:18.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">Ahmet Urfalı’dan “Bayrak ve Vatan Sevgisi’’ Konferansı</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>

<p><br />
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Urfalı, Kütahya'nın Tavşanlı ilçesindeki İstiklal Ortaokulu'nda öğrencilere "Bayrak ve Vatan Sevgisi" konulu konferans verdi. </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">Okul yönetiminin ev sahipliğinde gerçekleştirilen programa öğrenciler yoğun ilgi gösterirken, konferans boyunca milli ve manevi değerler ön plana çıktı. Ahmet Urfalı, Türk bayrağının ve vatanın taşıdığı anlamı anlatarak genç nesillerin bu değerlere sahip çıkmasının önemine dikkat çekti.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/51b13e81-c87c-424c-b0b7-95a6ecb66738.jpg" style="height:800px; width:601px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Konuşmasında vatan sevgisinin sadece bir duygu değil, aynı zamanda bir sorumluluk olduğunu vurgulayan Urfalı, gençlere önemli mesajlar verdi. Bu toprakların büyük fedakârlıklarla kazanıldığını ifade eden Urfalı, öğrencilere, "Bu aziz vatanı bizlere emanet eden şehitlerimizin hatırasına ve emanetine her zaman sahip çıkmalıyız. Bayrağımız, bağımsızlığımızın ve millet olma şuurumuzun en büyük sembolüdür" dedi.Öğrencilerin ilgiyle takip ettiği konferansta milli birlik, beraberlik ve vatan sevgisinin gelecek nesillere aktarılmasının önemi üzerinde duruldu.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Konferans sonrasında açıklamalarda bulunan Ahmet Urfalı, Tavşanlı Anadolu Lisesi'nden öğrencisi olan İstiklal Ortaokulu Müdürü Mustafa Ağartan'ın daveti üzerine programa katıldığını belirtti.Urfalı, açıklamasında şu ifadelere yer verdi:"Tavşanlı Anadolu Lisesinden öğrencim, İstiklal Ortaokulu Müdürü Mustafa Ağartan'ın öncülüğü ve organizasyonu üzerine nazik davetine icabet ederek okul öğrencileriyle 'Vatan ve Bayrak Sevgisi' konulu bir söyleşi yapma imkânına kavuştuk. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/7d50925d-5ab6-498c-aa78-548751395203.jpg" style="height:800px; width:600px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ardından aynı okulda öğretmen olarak görev yapan öğrencilerimle bir araya gelerek anılarımızı tekrar yaşadık."Etkinliğin son derece düzenli ve anlamlı geçtiğini belirten Urfalı, programa katkı sunan eski öğrencilerine ve dostlarına teşekkür ederek, yıllar sonra öğrencileri tarafından hatırlanmanın ve sevgiyle karşılanmanın bir eğitimci için en büyük mutluluklardan biri olduğunu ifade etti.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yıllardır gerçekleştirdiği konferanslarla gençlere milli ve manevi değerleri aktarmaya devam eden Ahmet Urfalı, Tavşanlı'daki söyleşisinde de vatan ve bayrak sevgisinin önemini güçlü mesajlarla anlattı. Öğrenciler tarafından büyük ilgi gören konferans, hatıra fotoğraflarının çekilmesiyle sona erdi. Urfalı'nın özellikle genç nesillere yönelik gerçekleştirdiği bu tür programlar, milli şuurun güçlendirilmesine ve vatan sevgisinin canlı tutulmasına önemli katkı sağlamaya devam ediyor.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:#202020"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/af7f6bda-7214-4014-8363-43164ff7d146.jpg" style="height:800px; width:601px" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 22:08:21 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Yeni yaşam </title>
                <category>Nerkiz Sahin</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/yeni-yasam-1254</link>
                <author>nrkiz@bruxelleskorner.com (Nerkiz Sahin)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/yeni-yasam-1254</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Yeni yaşam ]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size:36px">Yeni yaşam&nbsp;</span></strong></p>

<p>Bazen mutluluğun ve hüzün yolu aynı anda kesişir. Yeni bir hayatı karşılar ve aynı zamanda hüzünle geçmişe dalabiliriz.</p>

<p>Doğum hayatımıza ışık, umut ve yeni bir başlangıç getirir. Ama hayatta mutluluk ve acı yeri gelir el ele yürür. Bu duygular birbirinin zıttı gibi görünse de, yine de yan yana var olabiliyor. Hepimizin böyle anları olmuştur mutlaka.</p>

<p style="text-align:center"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/985b8b96-2ba2-4abc-88d0-37e3193c77c9.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></p>

<p>Bugün başlayan yeni bir yaşam için mutluluk duyuyor, aynı zamanda geçmişe dair kaybettiklerimiz için yas tutuyor olabiliyoruz. Yeni hayatın sevinciyle gülümsüyor, kaybın acısıyla üzülüyoruz yeri gelince.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Biliriz hayatımızda bir bölüm biterken, her zaman yeni bir bölüm başlar. Bazen yazılan hikayemizde başlıklar aynı olur, hatta isimler aynı olur veya geri gelir. Dilimize dolanır, hiç gitmemiş gibi. Hatta hiç düşmemişti dilimizden ve yüreğimizden.</p>

<p>Her iki duyguyu aynı anda yaşamak bu yüzden mümkün.&nbsp;<br />
Hem yeni yaşamın gelişinin sevincine hem de vedanın acısına yer vermek gerekir. Gönlümüzde hepsine yer var.</p>

<p>Bu iki duygu arasında, nesilleri birbirine bağlayan bir bebek büyüyor şimdi yuvamızda.<br />
Bir isim birini geri getiremez, ama bir hikâyeyi, bir sevgiyi ve bir hatırayı yaşatmayı kesinlikle bilir.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Hayat bize aynı gün içinde en farklı duyguları yaşatabiliyor, özlemini duyduğumuz kişilerin anılarını kalbimizde taşırken yeni anılar biriktireceğimiz bir bebek doğuyor güneş gibi üzerimize.</p>

<p>Hoş geldin Dünya'mıza Hakan bebek...</p>

<p>Nerkiz</p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 17:57:33 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>Osmanlı’da Mahalle: Taştan, Topraktan ve İnsandan Örülmüş Bir Medeniyet Çekirdeği</title>
                <category>Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/osmanlida-mahalle-tastan-topraktan-ve-insandan-orulmus-bir-medeniyet-cekirdegi-1253</link>
                <author>DrMehmetArslan@bruxelleskorner.com (Dr. Mehmet Arslan - Tarihci / Bagimsiz Akademisyen)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/osmanlida-mahalle-tastan-topraktan-ve-insandan-orulmus-bir-medeniyet-cekirdegi-1253</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[Osmanlı’da Mahalle: Taştan, Topraktan ve İnsandan Örülmüş Bir Medeniyet Çekirdeği]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Osmanlı’da Mahalle: Taştan, Topraktan ve İnsandan Örülmüş Bir Medeniyet Çekirdeği</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Dr. Mehmet ARSLAN</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/9f701661-bf51-4aeb-abf8-0d1dfe4ed146.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Osmanlı toplumunda mahalle, yalnızca evlerin yan yana dizildiği kuru bir sokak topluluğu ya da sıradan bir yerleşim birimi değildi. Mahalle; insanların birbirini yakından tanıdığı, sevinci ve tasayı paylaştığı, harcı dayanışma ve ortak sorumlulukla karılmış yaşayan bir organizmaydı. Dönemin şartlarında bir insan, çoğu zaman yalnızca kendi adıyla değil, ait olduğu mahalleyle anılırdı. "Filanca Mahallesi’nden Ahmed Efendi" ifadesi, o kişinin kimliğinin, saygınlığının ve aidiyetinin en somut göstergesiydi. Merkezinde genellikle bir mescit veya caminin yer aldığı, etrafında şekillenen bu yapı, fiziksel bir mekân olmanın ötesinde tam anlamıyla bir kültür havzasıydı.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Osmanlı mahallesinin sırrı, sadece insan ilişkilerinde değil, sokakların ve evlerin mimarisinde de gizliydi. Mimari, tesadüfi bir yığılma değil, derin bir mahremiyet anlayışının sonucuydu. Çıkmaz sokaklar, dışarıdan gelen yabancıların mahalleye elini kolunu sallayarak girmesini zorlaştıran doğal bir güvenlik önlemiydi. Evlerin yüksek duvarlı avluları, sokaktan içerinin görünmesini engellerdi. Evler inşa edilirken komşunun güneşini ve rüzgarını kesmemeye özen gösterilir, cumbalı pencereler komşu evin içini doğrudan görmeyecek şekilde tasarlanırdı. Bu ince düşünce, saygının taşa ve ahşaba işlenmiş haliydi. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bu organik yapının idari ve hukuki işleyişi de son derece sağlam temellere dayanıyordu. Mahallenin en önemli figürü olan imam, sadece ibadetleri yöneten bir din görevlisi değil; aynı zamanda devletle mahalleli arasındaki bağı kuran bir temsilci ve komşular arasındaki anlaşmazlıkları çözen bir arabulucuydu. İmamın yanı sıra mahalle kethüdası (muhtarın atası) ve geceleri asayişi sağlayan bekçiler, düzenin koruyucularıydı. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı mahallesinde “Komşusu açken tok yatan bizden değildir” düsturu sadece ahlaki bir öğüt değil, kurumsal bir pratiğe dönüşmüştü. Neredeyse her mahallenin kendine ait bir "Avarız Sandığı" (mahalle vakfı) bulunurdu. Mahallelinin bağışlarıyla dolan bu fon sayesinde; ödeme güçlüğü çekenlerin vergileri ödenir, fakir kızlara çeyiz düzülür, hastaların masrafı karşılanır ve mahallenin bozulan çeşmesi, kaldırımı onarılırdı. Bu dayanışmanın en güzel yansımalarından biri de mahalle bakkalıydı. Bakkal sadece alışveriş yapılan bir yer değil, mahallenin nabzının attığı, sırların tutulduğu bir merkezdi. Zengin ve hayırsever kimseler, Ramazan aylarında veya bayram öncelerinde bakkala gelir, "Zimem Defteri" denilen veresiye defterinden rastgele sayfalar açtırarak yoksulların borçlarını sildirirdi. Borcu ödeyen kimin borcunu ödediğini, borçlu da kendisini kimin kurtardığını bilmezdi. Zarafet, yardımlaşmanın ayrılmaz bir parçasıydı. Mahalle kahvehaneleri ise erkeklerin sosyalleştiği, memleket meselelerinin konuşulduğu, işsizlere iş bulunduğu sivil toplum merkezleri gibi işlev görürdü. Elbette bu sıkı bağların doğal bir uzantısı olarak güçlü bir sosyal denetim mekanizması da mevcuttu. Bugün "mahalle baskısı" dediğimiz kavramın tarihsel kökleri burada yatar. İnsanların birbirini çok iyi tanıdığı bu düzende; bir eve kimin gelip gittiği veya kimin toplumsal düzeni bozacak davranışlar sergilediği anında fark edilirdi. Mahallenin genel ahlakına zarar veren tutumlar hoş görülmezdi. Bu durum bir yandan muazzam bir güven ve aidiyet hissi üretirken, diğer yandan bireysel sınırları daraltan bir gözetim mekanizmasıydı.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><img alt="" src="https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/public/images/detay/ed485db6-922f-4368-9c54-8a1bba1c5d41.png" style="height:450px; width:800px" /></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Gündelik yaşamın en renkli yüzünü ise çocuklar ve kadınlar oluştururdu. Mahalle çocukların misket ve çelik çomak oynayarak birlikte büyüdüğü devasa ve güvenli birer oyun alanıydı. Bir çocuk sadece kendi anne babasının değil, adeta tüm mahallenin evladı kabul edilir; yanlış bir hareketi olduğunda komşu teyze tarafından uyarılabilirdi. Kadınlar ise avlulu ev düzeninin sunduğu imkanlarla kapı önü sohbetlerinde, kışlık hazırlıklarında ve düğün organizasyonlarında bir araya gelerek bu toplumsal dokunun görünmez mimarları olurlardı.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Özetle Osmanlı mahallesi; mimarisiyle mahremiyeti koruyan, sandığıyla yoksulu doyuran, bekçisiyle güvenliği sağlayan ve insanı yalnızlık girdabından kurtaran benzersiz bir medeniyet çekirdeğiydi. </span></span></span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2026 01:50:58 +0300</pubDate>
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                <title>BORÇ İSTER Mİ? GANİ OLAN</title>
                <category>Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden</category>
                <link>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/borc-ister-mi-gani-olan-1252</link>
                <author>ProfDrHilmiozden@bruxelleskorner.com (Prof. Dr. Hilmi Özden)</author>
                <guid>https://www.bruxelleskorner.com/makale/borc-ister-mi-gani-olan-1252</guid>
                <description><![CDATA[BORÇ İSTER Mİ? GANİ OLAN]]></description>
                <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">BORÇ</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;İSTER Mİ? GANİ OLAN</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Ey insanlar, siz&nbsp;Allah'a yönelmiş yoksullarsınız!&nbsp;<strong>Allah</strong><strong>&nbsp;ise mutlak Ganî, mutlak Hamîd'dir.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;Fâtır-15.ayet&nbsp;</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">“<strong>Kimdir o ki&nbsp;Allah'a güzel <span style="background-color:#fefefe"><span style="color:black">(karşılık beklemeden) </span></span>&nbsp;bir sûrette&nbsp;borç&nbsp;versin de&nbsp;Allah&nbsp;onu, o kimseye fazlasıyla ve kat - kat ödemesin?&nbsp;</strong>Allah&nbsp;daraltır da, ferahlatır da. Hepiniz de sonunda ona dönüp ulaşacaksınız”.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Bakara suresi-245.ayet</span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Göğse yakut salınırmış?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Sen bu sözü bildin mi hiç?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Muma Güneş alınırmış</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Sen bu sözü bildin mi hiç?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Gel Oku sen Hak Kur’an’ı</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Arşa istiva duranı</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Sonsuz ok’la kul vuranı</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Sen bu sözü bildin mi hiç?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Borç</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt">&nbsp;ister mi?&nbsp;[1]&nbsp;Gani[2]&nbsp;olan</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Azrail’le canlar yolan</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Fakir gönle mülkü dolan</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Sen bu sözü bildin mi hiç?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Özden bırak nazı gözü</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Anlayanın görür özü</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Döner Hakk’a daim yüzü</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Sen bu sözü bildin mi hiç?</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Saygılarımla</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">2 Nisan 2015</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Hilmi Özden</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">[1]</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&nbsp;<strong>Kimdir o ki&nbsp;Allah'a güzel <span style="background-color:#fefefe"><span style="color:black">(karşılık beklemeden) </span></span>&nbsp;bir sûrette&nbsp;borç&nbsp;versin de&nbsp;Allah&nbsp;onu, o kimseye fazlasıyla ve kat - kat ödemesin?&nbsp;</strong>Allah&nbsp;daraltır da, ferahlatır da. Hepiniz de sonunda ona dönüp ulaşacaksınız”.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bakara suresi-245.ayet</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">[2]</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&nbsp;Ey insanlar, siz&nbsp;Allah'a yönelmiş yoksullarsınız!&nbsp;<strong>Allah</strong><strong>&nbsp;ise mutlak Ganî, mutlak Hamîd'dir.</strong></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&nbsp;Fâtır-15.ayet&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>]]></content:encoded>
                <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 01:43:21 +0300</pubDate>
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